Rhythmic Gymnastics

This study used a survey method, collecting data used observation, questionnaires, and interviews. The data analysis technique used in this study is qualitative descriptive statistics. The results of observations of questionnaires and interviews are that; 1) There is a need for innovations in designing or developing a media/learning model based on mobile learning that is adapted to the times and technological advances, especially in the subject of rhythmic gymnastics at the high school / vocational high school level so that students can learn independently safely and healthily during the Copid-19 pandemic. 2) Design of mobile learning material for high school / vocational gymnastics is feasible to be used as a media for distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic, based on the results of expert validation and field trials, namely; 1) the results of the validation of the gymnastics material expert explained that the series of rhythmic gymnastics movements were feasible because they could be applied, 2) the results of the validation by the media expert obtained a value of 80% in the very good category, and 3) the results of the validation of the learning experts were 81% in the very good category. While the results of field trials in both small-scale and large-scale trials, the overall results show that the mobile learning design is attractive, easy to use and students can practice the gymnastics movements that have been developed. This shows that the mobile learning design is suitable for use as a distance learning medium in the high school / vocational high school level rhythmic gymnastics material during the Covid-19 pandemic because the media is easy to use and useful in the learning process so that learning objectives can be achieved properly.

The present study aims to reconstruct, through oral and documental sources, the process of introducing the practice of Rhythmic Gymnastics in Grêmio Náutico União (GNU) Club, which occurred in the late 1970’s to the participation of their athletes and coaches in the Pan American Games in 1999 in Winnipeg, Canada. The documental analysis and interviews revealed that the GNU has contributed to the recognition of the state of Rio Grande do Sul as one of the poles of RG in Brazil.

A vast number of different artistic sports such as dance, rhythmic gymnastics, synchronised swimming and figure skating are kinesiologically speaking the most creative sports disciplines but on the other hand, they pose a great problem when standardizing the criteria for competition rulebooks.
The subject matter of this research comprising: dancesport female dancers (20), folk dance female dancers (20), balerinas (20) and rhythmic female gymnasts (20), 80 female respondents in total, arose from the dilemma regarding the extent to which different dances, as primarily artistic activities, have sporting and kinesiological features such as some fitness abilities in the area of fitness status as well as regarding the level and nature of relations between these abilities with musicality and tempo and between musicality and mental and motor potential. It is equally important to find out whether different types of dance and rhythmic gymnastics have common regulatory mechanisms which govern the control of motor response and whether different movement structures to different music form specific patterns of mental and motor behaviours such as rhythm and coordination. The subject matter also included the genetic potential of some mental abilities, rhythm, coordination and musicality and how prominent and significant it was for different types of dance and rhythmic gymnastics. Some morphological characteristics such as body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue and body composition in general most certainly have influence on the performance of movement structures in different types of dance and rhythmic gymnastics as well as on the functional ability and the overall fitness status. The key question here is whether those influences are equally significant for different dances and rhythmic gymnastics. Finally, a significant topic of this research is also the assumption of the extent to which some components of musicality and fitness status depend on specific exercise of different movements to the music.
The research subject matter is the functional analysis of different types of dance (dancesport, folk dance and ballet) and their relation to rhythmic gymnastics.
The aim of this research was to determine the relation between the fitness status, musicality, rhythm and mental and motor potential of different types of dance and rhythmic gymnastics.
In this research, a special focus was put on the functional analysis of different dance types: dancesport, folk dance, ballet and rhythmic gymnastics. This primarily refers to the assumption that efficiency in these activities by hierarchy chiefly depends on the quality of muscle activity, contractile properties, their biochemical and electrochemical processes, mental, motor and intellectual abilities and the state of mechanisms regulating these processes. Efficiency is achieved only when other components of the complex motor functioning system (nervous system, osteoarticular system, anthropometric characteristics, cardiovascular system, respiratory, digestive and endocrine systems etc.) are in optimal condition. Therefore, the functional analysis in this research refers to the integral inter-dependent regulatory functions which underlie specific movement structures (coordination) in different types of dance and rhythmic gymnastics and which refer to the fitness status, musicality, rhythm and mental and motor functions.
Functioning of the central nervous system while conducting motor tasks is at the core of phenomenological and structural models and it is explained by functional hierarchical mechanisms of different levels. The highest level in this functional hierarchy has got a hypothetical central regulatory device controlling and coordinating functions of regulatory mechanisms of not only motor but also cognitive and conative spaces. This was confirmed in this research too. The mechanism for regulating the movement is responsible for manifestation of coordination, mobility and rhythm so this is how their mutual relation was obtained in this paper in the first place. The results speak in favour of this theory since female rhythmic gymnasts proved to be more dominant compared to dancesport female dancers, folk female dancers and balerinas due to their specifically athletic kinesiological features. The largest values are detected in mobility tests, tests for evaluating the strength, muscular endurance, and musicality and in tests for coordination evaluation. Such results can most certainly be attributed to the selection which, due to its early specialisation, is extremely important for specific sports such as rhythmic gymnastics.
As a segment of movement regulator`s function, timing is responsible for manifestation of rhythmic structures and since it is connected to motor memory and intelligence, it results in the connection between motor skills and rhythmic memory and mental capacity. In addition to the repetitive, isometric and explosive strength (evaluated in this research within the fitness status), the mechanism for energy regulation is responsible for functional cardiorespiratory and metabolic response of organism to any motor requirement primarily by controlling the vegetative functions. Vegetative functions are also responsible for maintaining the well-balanced inner equilibrium of the body and thus maintaining the concentration and attention focus. In this research, a positive correlation between parameters for evaluating the functional status, rhythmic memory, mental errors and coordination in rhythm was obtained with the regulator of organic functions being the actual correlation generator.
This means that without the functional analysis of interactive and integral effects of motor regulators and cognitive processes in a specific dance type, a vast amount of relevant information would be lost in trying to understand the cause and nature of the correlation between the fitness status, musicality and mental capacity.
When attempting to test, identify and analyse integral anthropological functioning of the human body, it is almost impossible to analyse separately any anthropological characteristic since they all have a complex pervading relation with one another. This research confirmed this and also proved that manifestation variables for evaluation of several different spaces in different types of dance behaved differently and that at the first glance, they seemed illogically related to each other since they belonged to different spaces. This phenomenon is impossible to explain from the aspect of structural analysis since it solely requires deeper functional analysis of latent regulatory mechanisms in the central nervous system. Based on various studies of factorial approach, it is only possible to define so-called structural models but any proper interpretation of results is impossible without functional hypotheses, or in-depth analyses of relation causes of manifestations and without attempts to unify obtained results in which basic generators are actually functional regulatory processes of different level and view. In this research, it was confirmed that specific motor functioning (which seemed as such in all four relatively different analysed areas: dancesport, folk dance, ballet and rhythmic gymnastics) and adaptation which it inevitably results in, depend on functions of regulatory mechanisms belonging to different anthropological spaces. This definitely means that motor space cannot be analysed without simultaneous analysis of cognitive and conative functions. Complex mutual interactions are particularly noticeable in the relations between motor skills, morphology, musicality and mental capacity. This is actually a common “cluster” with motor functioning in the centre of it and with a tone, colour and character provided by the functions of mental and conative regulators.
The obtained results indicate the phenomenon which deserves attention and deeper analysis just as those apparently illogical relations of variables different in nature. Most certainly, it is possible to get to the very “epicentre” of this relation by means of functional analysis.

This study used narrative inquiry to understand the retirement experiences of rhythmic gymnastics. Eight female former competitive gymnasts (M age = 24.5, SD = 8.33) each participated in four life-history interviews. Following dialogical narrative analysis, three narrative typologies were outlined: Entangled Narrative, Going Forward Narrative, and Making Sense Narrative. The entangled narrative shows an individual with a monological athletic identity, who is unable to develop a new identity following her retirement to the detriment of her well-being, and wishes to return to being a gymnast. The going-forward narrative describes those former gymnasts who were able to develop multiple identities during their gymnastics career, and are now flourishing in their life post-retirement. The making-sense narrative is an emergent narrative, which transcends the previous two narratives. Findings expand narrative research by providing new narrative resources to understand the experience of retirement from gymnastics. These narrative resources might assist gymnasts to expand their narrative repertoire by raising awareness of different narratives available in their culture.

Gallahue & Ozmun, 2005) and it affects virtually all dimensions of the skeleton and muscles. The evolution of motor and physical performance in childhood is strongly associated with the growth processes and maturation (Ré, Bojikian, Teixeira, & Böhme, 2005), the period in which young people experience an abrupt increase in their body composition. The fitness peak happens when a girl begins to reach the greatest magnitude of her growth during the pubertal period (Ulbrich et al., 2007). The research conducted by Guedes and Guedes (1993) demonstrated the annual increase in girls' performance between the age of 7 and 14, followed by the period of stabilisation. Also, the increase of aerobic capacity maturation has a significant influence (Freitas et al., 2003). Individual sports exert a unique influence on biological maturation which is preconditioned by heterogeneity of the sport-specific demands of training and the

The aim of this study is to present the research results of intervention motion program with rhythmic gymnastics´ content on chosen motor abilities of early school age pupils. The program was performed in school within the educational process of physical education. The experiment was realized with selected pupils in the 4th classes at primary schools in Banská Bystrica. The evaluation of motor abilities was realized. Thanks to the chosen standardized tests. The content analysis of motor tests´ results show a significant (p < 0.01) impact of applied motion program on the level of chosen coordination abilities of pupils with recommendation to the school practice.

The aim of this study is to present the research results of intervention motion program with rhythmic gymnastics´content on chosen motor abilities of early school age pupils. The program was performed in school within the educational process of physical education. The experiment was realized with selected pupils in the 4th classes at primary schools in Banská Bystrica. The evaluation of motor abilities was realized. Thanks to the chosen standardized tests. The content analysis of motor tests´results show a significant (p < 0.01) impact of applied motion program on the level of chosen coordination abilities of pupils with recommendation to the school practice.

We have identified age-related changes in the level of anxiety in athletes involved in rhythmic gymnastics. In this article the need for a differentiated approach of psychological preparation is proved, when planning a training process in different periods of ontogenesis of gymnasts. In the rhythmic gymnastics it is a necessity to make a decision on the preparation of a training course.

Optimizing the technical training is a primordial (essential) requirement within the entire training process in Rhythmic Gymnastics. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to improve the execution technique, to teach or correct the technical elements and to obtain high results in competitions. We have approached this theme in order to pinpoint certain mental training techniques and their application in the training process on a sample of 10 female gymnasts of the third and the second category. After interpreting the results obtained at the competitions of 2012 and 2013, we have found an increase in the scores for both execution scores and final scores. Hence, the female gymnasts scored the following values: t =-2.771 (hoop), t =-4.483 (ball), t =-2.182 (clubs) and t =-6.805 (ribbon), all with p < 0.05 threshold. The final scores obtained had the following values: t =-5.473 (hoop), t =-3.851 (ball), t =-3.184 (clubs) and t =-4.880 (ribbon), all with p < 0.05 threshold. In conclusion, we underline the idea that the role of mental training techniques is that of channelling the athlete's attitude towards the self, thus increasing self-awareness, which leads to analyzing the personal performance. Mental training is a process of acquiring a positive attitude towards the achievements set in mind.