Revenge Pornography

Criminality in cyberspace has been the subject of much debate since the 1990s, yet comparatively little attention has been paid to technology-facilitated sexual violence and harassment (TFSV). The aim of this article is to explore the ways in which retraditionalized gender hierarchies and inequalities are manifested in online contexts, and to conceptualize the cause and effects of TFSV as "embodied harms." We argue that problematic mind/body and online/off-line dualisms result in a failure to grasp the unique nature of embodied harms, precluding an adequate understanding and theorization of TFSV.

Criminality in cyberspace has been the subject of much debate since the 1990s, yet, comparatively little attention has been paid to technology facilitated sexual violence and harassment (TFSV). The aim of the paper is to explore the ways in which retraditionalized gender hierarchies and inequalities are manifested in online contexts, and to conceptualize the cause and effects of TFSV as “embodied harms.” We argue that problematic mind/body and online/offline dualisms result in a failure to grasp the unique nature of embodied harms, precluding an adequate understanding and theorization of TFSV in cyberspace.

This 2020 report describes the key findings of a cross- national survey into image-based sexual abuse. This is a follow-up study to our 2016 Australian survey and extends the research to New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It provides data on respondents’ experiences of image- based sexual abuse victimisation as well as self-disclosed perpetration behaviours. At the time of writing, this research is the first cross-national survey into victimisation and perpetration of image-based sexual abuse.

Μετά από μια ενδελεχή και εκτεταμένη μελέτη του Ελληνικού Ποινικού κώδικα, όπως και αρκετών μελετών που σχετίζονται άμεσα και άρρηκτα με τα σύγχρονα εγκληματικά φαινόμενα του Sextortion και του Sexting, καθίσταται καθόλα διαυγές και προφανές ότι είναι επιβεβλημένος ο περαιτέρω εκσυγχρονισμός του συγκεκριμένου Κώδικα για την αντιμετώπιση του ολοένα και ραγδαία αυξανόμενου σε εμφάνιση φαινομένου της εκδικητικής πορνογραφίας (revenge pornography). Γενικότερα, καθίσταται σαφές κυρίως στο νομικό και όχι μόνο κόσμο της Ελλάδας, ότι ο Ελληνικός Ποινικός κώδικας στηρίζεται σε συγκεκριμένα πρότυπα εγκληματικής συμπεριφοράς που χρήζουν αντιμετώπισης στα πλαίσια ενός δημοκρατικού κράτους δικαίου, τα οποία ομολογουμένως χρειάζονται άμεσα έναν εκσυγχρονισμό και μια σημαντική αναβάθμιση προκειμένου να αντιμετωπιστεί εν τέλει αποτελεσματικά, ικανοποιητικά και με τον καλύτερο δυνατό τρόπο το εγκληματικό αυτό φαινόμενο στα πλαίσια της ελληνικής έννομης τάξης, καθώς τα πολύ δυσμενή αποτελέσματά του καθίστανται προφανή και ορατά σε όλους μας.

This piece analyses and situates the crisis Pornhub currently faces. It argues that the crisis is largely of Pornhub’s own making and is symptomatic of an industry ripe with deep issues that are starkly at odds with contemporary values. As a result, this crisis will likely only mark the beginning of Pornhub’s unraveling.

Pornography is extensively produced, distributed, and used as a medium of entertainment around the world but has been little studied in Bangladesh. The present study examined the attitudes and risk factors of Bangladeshi university students' pornography consumption. A survey was carried among 313 undergraduate students at Jahangirnagar University (Dhaka, Bangladesh). The study found that 72% of students consumed pornography at least once within their entire life, and approximately half of them were occasional consumers. Approximately two-thirds (67%) encountered pornography during high school, although females typically encountered pornography much later. Logistic regression analysis showed that pornography consumption was predicted by being male, living in a rural area, being in a relationship, engaging in online activities (such as using Facebook), and watching movies. Further research is needed to further determine the behavioral patterns and associated factors that influence pornography consumption among Bangladeshi students.

Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) refers to the non-consensual recording, distribution, or threat of distribution, of nude or sexual images. Over the past five years, numerous jurisdictions have amended their criminal laws to respond more effectively to this growing phenomenon, yet increased criminalization has not automatically translated into increased prosecu- tions. Drawing on stakeholder interviews with 52 Australian legal and policy experts, domestic and sexual violence advocates, industry repre- sentatives, police, and academics, this article examines law enforcement responses to IBSA in Australia. We argue that although there is evidence to suggest IBSA is being treated more seriously by police, there are five primary barriers to responding to IBSA, including: inconsistent laws; a lack of resources; evidentiary limitations; jurisdictional boundaries; and victim-blaming or harm minimization attitudes. Suggestions are made for how to respond to these challenges to facilitate more effective policing of IBSA.

Considerable scholarly attention has been paid to a range of criminal behaviours that are perpetrated with the aid of digital technologies. Much of this focus, however, has been on high-tech computer crimes, such as hacking, online fraud and identity theft, or child exploitation material and cyberbullying. Less attention has been paid to ‘technology-facilitated sexual violence’, where new technologies are used as tools to perpetrate or extend the harm of a sexual assault, extend control and abuse in a domestic violence situation, or distribute sexual or intimate images of another without their consent. In this article, we focus on the scope and limitations of criminal legislation for responding to these varied but interconnected gendered harms. We argue that although there have been some developments in a range of international jurisdictions, particularly relating to the phenomenon of ‘revenge pornography’, much more needs to be done both within and beyond the law. Whilst we support the intervention of the criminal law, we argue that equal attention must be given to policies and practices of educators, law enforcement agencies, service providers, online communities and social media networks to fulfil the promise of equal and ethical digital citizenship.

Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) involves three key behaviors: the non-consensual taking or creation of nude or sexual images; the non-consensual sharing or distribution of nude or sexual images; and threats made to distribute nude or sexual images. IBSA is becoming increasingly criminalized internationally, representing an important and rapidly developing cybercrime issue. This paper presents findings of the first national online survey of self-reported lifetime IBSA perpetration in Australia (n = 4,053), with a focus on the extent, nature, and predictors of perpetration. Overall, 11.1% (n = 411) of participants self-reported having engaged in some form of IBSA perpetration during their lifetime, with men significantly more likely to report IBSA perpetration than women. With regard to the nature of perpetration, participants reported targeting men and women at similar rates, and were more likely to report perpetrating against intimate partners or ex-partners, family members and friends than strangers or acquaintances. Logistic regression analyses identified that males, lesbian, gay or bisexual participants, participants with a self-report disability, participants who accepted sexual image-based abuse myths, participants who engaged in or experienced sexual self-image behaviors, and participants who had a nude or sexual image of themselves taken, distributed, or threatened to be distributed without their consent were more likely to have engaged in some form of IBSA perpetration during their lifetime.

Cinsel suç kavramından yalnızca ceza kanunlarında yer alan suç tipleri dikkate alınacak olursa cinsel taciz, sarkıntılık, basit cinsel saldırı ve nitelikli cinsel saldırıdan ibaret algılanır. Oysa cinsel suç kavramı bundan geniş ve etkileri açısından ise bunun ötesindedir. Özellikle bilişim devriminden sonra internetin hayatımızın vazgeçilmez bir parçası olması ve özel yaşamlarımız dahil her türlü kişisel verimizin sosyal medyaya taşınmasıyla bu suçların işlenme sıklığı ve etki alanı öngörülemeyecek bir şekilde artmıştır. İnternet öncesi devirde bir kişiye cinsel suç işlemek için onunla fiziksel temas kurabilecek yakınlıkta olunması en azından mektup vs. gönderilmesi gerekirken, günümüzde failin anonim kalarak dijital alanda cinsel saldırıda bulunması son derece kolaydır. Bu bir yandan failin bulunmasını zorlaştırırken, diğer yandan da suçun işlenmesini kolaylaştıran bir ortamdır. Son zamanlarda eski sevgili ya da eşlerin, diğer tarafın çıplak ya da sevişme anında çekilen görüntü ya da videolarını anonim olarak paylaştıkları "intikam pornosu" (revenge porn) olgusu bunun en yaygın örneğidir. Dijital çağın gündeme getirdiği bir başka cinsel suç işleme yöntemi ise, bir şekilde dijital ortamda elde edilen özel görüntülerin ya da bilgilerin kullanılmak suretiyle mağdurların şantaja maruz bırakılarak, failin kendisi ya da üçüncü kişilerle cinsel ilişki kurmaya zorlanmasıdır. Bir diğer cinsel suç ise çocuk pornografisi, hayvan pornografisi ya da şiddet içeren pornografik içeriklere erişimin kolaylıkla sağlanmasıdır. Özellikle bunlar tüm dünyanın mücadele ettiği suç işleme modelleridir. Makalemde, aslında çok eski bir suç türü olan cinsel suçların, günümüzün dijital dünyasında geçirdiği dönüşüm, olumsuz anlamda suç failleri için yarattığı fırsatlar ve bunlarla mücadele yöntemleri hakkında genel bir değerlendirmede bulunmaya çalışacağım. Anahtar Kelimeler: internet, cinsel suçlar, cinsel saldırı, cinsel taciz, bilişim suçları, intikam pornosu, çocuk pornografisi.

Este trabalho se propõe a realizar um estudo acerca dos crimes digitais, sua execução e consequências jurídicas e sociais do delito. De modo geral, pretende abordar as formas de execução dos delitos do gênero, apontando os principais meios de prática dos crimes digitais próprios e impróprios. Procura também esclarecer alguns pontos comuns no ambiente digital que, por sua vez, não são bem compreendidos pela sociedade num todo. Busca afastar a desconfiança comum do meio digital, em especial da deep web, demonstrando que os crimes digitais não são cometidos tão somente fora da surface. De maneira mais específica, buscará tratar dos crimes sexuais ocorridos na Internet, em especial da pornografia de vingança e da pornografia infantil. O presente trabalho ainda busca demonstrar as consequências penais dos delitos ocorridos no ambiente digital e, principalmente, os reflexos sociais das condutas lesivas de tais delitos. Por fim, tenciona demonstrar os reflexos negativos da falta de regulamentação de alguns pontos da Internet, além da inexistência de tipificação penal de alguns delitos graves ocorridos no ambiente digital, estes punidos tendo como base apenas analogias de tipos penais que tratam de delitos simples.

Palavras-chaves: Direito Penal. Crime digital. Crimes sexuais na Internet. Pornografia de vingança. Pornografia infantil.

This paper is concerned with the gendered biases that are evident not only in the perpetration of revenge porn but also in the criminal justice (non)response to victims. Female social status has historically been closely tied to chastity and modesty and women are particularly vulnerable to humiliation when their ‘private’ sexual life is made ‘public’. In revenge porn, male offenders seek to instrumentalise double standards in sexual mores to punish an ex-partner for leaving them. However these double standards are also evident in the lacklustre response of police to victim reports. In the absence of legal redress, victimised women and their allies have been forced to use extra-judicial methods to find justice and restore the dignity and honour that revenge porn seeks to tarnish. Revenge porn reveals ongoing efforts to use sexual violence to contest women’s parity of participation in the public sphere and the culture of excuse and victim blaming that facilitates this. However revenge porn has also prompted innovative uses of social media to challenge the legal impunity afforded to perpetrators of gender-based online abuses.

This paper makes an attempt to explain the construction of a newly developed genre called revenge porn flourishing in new media. The study analyzes the patterns of production and display of revenge porn content as well as the mechanisms of the site that archives such materials. The analyses reveal that young women are more frequently exposed in the revenge porn website. Biased and sexualized representation of their body coupled with misogynistic labeling present them as objects of pleasure and desire in front of a majority of hetero sexual male audience who further objectify the victim by making lustful and/or derogative comments . The results of this study suggest that the development of such a genre cannot be attributed only to liberatory and/or victimizing effects of the electronic space. Rather, social power structures based on  discourses like gender, heterosexuality and capitalist patriarchy that exploit the surveillance mechanism of the internet are  significantly influencing both individual uses of the internet as well as its apparatus and technologies. These are the major forces contributing to the institutionalization and  commercialization of revenge porn in new media. This is a case study based investigation that uses both content analysis and discourse analysis as methods to interpret the revenge porn genre in new media.

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) provide many open-ended and undefined possibilities for online violation. ICTs bring several distinctive features to everyday life: time/ space compression of distance and physical separation, instantaneousness in real time; asynchronicity; reproducibility of images; creation of virtual bodies; blurring the ‘real’ and the ‘representational’; broader bandwidth, wireless portability and globalised connectivity; personalisation, and blurring, even abolition, of online/offline boundaries.

Many jurisdictions have enacted laws in recent years to criminalise the use of image-based technologies to non-consensually observe a person's private parts or a person engaging in a private act (voyeurism), to record images of a person's private parts ('upskirtphotography'), or to possess, disseminate or threaten to disseminate intimate images ('revenge pornography'). No such offences have yet been adopted in Hong Kong and the 2019 decision of the Final Court of Appeal in Secretary for Justice v Cheng Ka Yee has closed the door on using the existing offence of access to computer with criminal or dishonest intent to prosecute some of these behaviours. In response the Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong expeditiously prepared a report in 2019 calling for the enactment of offences to cover voyeurism and 'upskirt-photography'. The report does not, however, consider the need for offences to cover the related behaviour of non-consensually possessing, distributing or threatening to distribute imitate images. This article therefore examines the need for, and advantages of, new offences to cover such behaviours. Based on a review of newly created offences in various Australian jurisdictions, England and Wales and Singapore a recommendation for reform in Hong Kong is developed.

*Winner of:
(1) Top Journal Article of the Year Award from the Communication Ethics Division of the National Communication Association (2014).
(2) the Ellen A. Wartella Distinguished Research Award from the Moody College of Communication, University of Texas at Austin (2014)* 

This study seeks to understand and critique the growing online trend of “revenge porn,” or the intentional embarrassment of identifiable individuals through the posting of nude images online.
This posting of intimate pictures, often done out of motives of revenge for perceived relational scorn, is enhanced by the varying levels of online anonymity. Using the theoretical framework of John Dewey’s pragmatism, this study both analyzes this understudied but complex new problem precipitated by the conditions of the online self and establishes the groundwork for the use of pragmatist ethics in other areas of communication ethics.

O termo revenge porn popularizou-se internacionalmente por comunicar uma modalidade virtual de violência: o ato de um ex-parceiro tornar online imagens ou vídeos íntimos com teor sexual públicos online. A rigor, o chamado revenge porn poderia vitimizar qualquer pessoa, mas em geral envolve a violação de mulheres. O impacto sobre a vida das vítimas de revenge porn pode ser devastador: algumas são forçadas a abandonar a escola, o local de trabalho, ou a retirar-se do convívio social; outras enfrentam depressão e até mesmo cometem suicídio. Embora essa forma de violência existisse anteriormente - o ato de circular informações privadas de um relacionamento íntimo anterior a fim de prejudicar a outra pessoa não é novidade – as tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) fazem com que o impacto seja sentido de forma mais ampla. Em razão das várias mulheres afetadas pelo revenge porn on-line, o tema está agora no centro do debate feminista. Ao redor do mundo, todos os atores sociais - governo, setor privado e sociedade civil - têm desenvolvido iniciativas para discutir e propor alternativas para a erradicação ou minimização dos efeitos do revenge porn. Existem projetos de lei e legislações que responsabilizam autores da divulgação de imagens/vídeos, campanhas de conscientização da população e para oferecer apoio às vítimas, ou iniciativas de empresas de Internet para remover essa espécie de conteúdos. Não tem sido diferente no Brasil. No entanto, quando acompanhamos aqui este problema, deparamo-nos com uma situação peculiar: um caso em que adolescentes com idades entre 12 a 15 anos, moradoras da periferia de São Paulo, foram expostas on-line, em um fenômeno que ficou conhecido como o "Top 10". Entretanto, esse fenômeno não se encaixava na definição estrita de "revenge porn". A análise desse problema, combinada com um olhar mais geral para o que o governo pode fazer, oferece possíveis ideias sobre como criar políticas públicas para a violência contra as mulheres na Internet no Brasil e, nós suspeitamos, no resto do mundo.

The term “revenge porn” has become popular internationally for describing a virtual form of violence: the act of an ex-partner making private sexual images or videos public online. Strictly speaking, so-called revenge porn could victimise anyone, but it most involves the violation of women. The impact on the lives of victims of revenge porn can be devastating: some are forced to leave school, or a place of employment, or to withdraw from social life; others face depression and even commit suicide. While this form of violence existed previously – the act of circulating private information from a previous intimate relationship in order to harm the other person is not new – information and communications technologies (ICTs) allow the impact to be felt more widely. Because many women are affected by revenge porn online, it is now at the centre of feminist advocacy. Across the world, all stakeholders – government, business and civil society – have been coming up with initiatives to discuss and propose alternatives to eradicate or minimise the effects of revenge porn. There are bills and laws that punish those who upload private images and videos,1 campaigns aimed at building awareness and offering support to victims,2 and initiatives by internet companies that aim to block this kind of content.3 It is no different in Brazil. While monitoring this problem here, however, we were faced with a peculiar situation: a case where teenagers aged 12 to 15 years and living on the outskirts of São Paulo were exposed online, in a phenomenon that became known as the “Top 10”. However, this phenomenon did not fit the strict definition of “revenge porn”.4 The analysis of this problem, combined with a more general look at what the government can do, offers insight into how to design public policies for violence against women on the internet in Brazil and, we suspect, elsewhere in the world.

Young people's use of technology as a tool for the negotiation of their sexual identities and encounters has increasingly become a focal point in popular and scholarly discussion. Much of this debate centres on the sending of explicit sexual images and/or video (‘selfies’ or ‘sexting’) by mobile phone, email or social media. In Australia and elsewhere, legislative frameworks have arguably over-regulated or criminalised young people's consensual, digital, sexual communications. Equally, the law has failed to respond to the harm that is experienced by victims of non-consensual making and/or distribution of such sexual images. In this paper, we examine the non-consensual creation and distribution of sexual images in the context of harassment, stalking and family or intimate violence. We argue that harmful digital communications are often framed as a problem of user naiveté rather than gender-based violence. Moreover, we argue that current legal and policy approaches fail to adequately capture the social and psychological harm that results from the use of sexual imagery to harass, coerce or blackmail women. We draw on preliminary data from a larger project investigating adult women's experiences of technology-mediated sexual violence and harassment.

The emergence of the internet and social media is changing the lives of people
everywhere. This thesis explores the fluidity of offline and online contexts in the lives of
adolescents, arguably known as digital natives, growing up in a digital age. Through the
theoretical lens of Erving Goffman and Judith Butler, the idea that offline and online contexts are
fluid and play a meaningful role in the identity construction and social interaction of modern
adolescents is presented. On the basis of this argument, the impact of cyberbullying and privacy
violations is explored. Utilizing the published literature available on the impact of cyberbullying,
privacy violations, and trauma, there is a gap in the research linking negative online experiences
to trauma. This is due to the restrictive nature of Criterion A in the diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic
stress disorder. This thesis proposes that there is evidence to support the argument
that a broader conception of trauma is needed in order to account for all events that may lead to
trauma, both offline and online.

The non-consensual distribution of intimate images, also known as ‘revenge pornography’ has been increasingly identified as a significant and serious problem, warranting substantial legislative reform and non-legal remedies. Yet little information is available to date on these types of behaviours, or the extent of harms caused to victims. What is clear is that this form of image-based sexual exploitation is occurring globally, and research is needed to assist in the development of: concise laws, training for criminal justice authorities, social workers and victim advocates, and education and prevention campaigns, in order to respond effectively to the victims and perpetrators of these harms.

• 1 in 5 Australians have experienced image-based abuse
• Victims of image-based abuse experience high levels of psychological distress
• Women and men are equally likely to report being a victim
• Perpetrators of image-based abuse are most likely to be male, and known to the victim
• Men and young adults are more likely to voluntarily share a nude or sexual image of themselves
• Women are more likely than men to fear for their safety due to image-based abuse
• Abuse risk is higher for those who share sexual sel es, but they are not the only victims
• 1 in 2 Australians with a disability report being a victim of image-based abuse
• 1 in 2 Indigenous Australians report image-based abuse victimisation
• Image-based abuse victimisation is higher for lesbian, gay and bisexual Australians
• Young people aged 16 to 29 years are also at higher risk of image-based abuse
• 4 in 5 Australians agree it should be a crime to share sexual or nude images without permission

This chapter examines the putatively simple concepts of "revenge porn" and "nonconsensual pornography" to argue that these are really complex online phenomena. While partisan narratives tend to see them as simple and unified occurrences, we demonstrate the variations of revenge porn posting behaviors.  Using this novel analysis as a foundation, we discuss a series of revenge porn posting cases to demonstrate the complex nature of consent in the world of online content sharing.

The growth, and popularity, of the Internet is unprecedented. Internet World Stats (2020) reports that more than 59 percent of the world's population has access to the World Wide Web, and the Real Time Statistics Project (2020) live Internet statistics shows there are now nearly 1.8 billion websites worldwide. According to the Internet safety website, Enough is Enough (2019), around 30 percent of Internet content is pornography, and around 88 percent of that contains violence against women. Whilst such numbers might be contestable, there is no doubt that online pornography has mushroomed and online violence against women is endemic (Kyriak et al. 2018, Mihajlov and Vejmelka 2017).
Online sexual abuse and violation concern matters of sexuality and violence, through the medium of new information and communication technologies (ICTs). In this chapter, we approach this nexus through attending to the phenomenon of what has come to be called ‘revenge pornography’, which, as we shall shortly discuss, is better conceptualised in rather different terms. Indeed, one of the more recent consequences of the relationship between pornography and the development of Internet and mobile technologies has been the borderless spread of various forms of online harassment, humiliation, abuse and violation, along with invasion of privacy and loss of reputation.
Here we examine online sexual abuse and violation, and specifically so-called ‘revenge porn’, in relation to its transnational production, consumption, interventions to counter it, and its very existence as a new online-offline configuration. We consider the transnational dispersions of sexualities, sexual abuse and sexual violations, and how global and transnational approaches can inform analysis, theorizing, and politics related to these phenomena. In turn, critical attention to ‘revenge porn’ as a theoretical and political problematic can assist rethinking transnational processes more broadly.

Author discusses cases of revenge porn he handled from the both side of Law i.e representing the victim and representing the accused in criminal courts. How young boys out of revenge upload private nude pictures and sexually explicit videos. He also discusses cyber law scenario in India.

Revenge porn is part of a long line of practices—including pornography and prostitution—used to repress women. This paper places revenge porn in the context of the industrial capitalist system, a system that works to rationalize products that hurt women by conceptualizing them as valuables in a market. It’s possible to trace how images become revenge porn, highlighting their transformation from private sexual representations to public sexual commodities. Revenge porn complements a hegemonic-masculine paradigm, wherein men assert or re-assert a hegemonic masculinity by posting revenge porn images.

Artigo publicado na obra "Brazil’s Internet Bill of Rights: A Closer Look" coordenada por Carlos Affonso Souza, Mario Viola e Ronaldo
Lemos.
Disponível integralmente em: https://itsrio.org/pt/publicacoes/marco-civil-da-internet-visoes-para-o-publico-internacional/

Una delle principali novità contenute nel c.d. “Codice Rosso” (il disegno di legge di contrasto alla violenza di genere) è rappresentata dalla introduzione nel codice penale, precisamente all’art. 612-ter, del delitto
di «diffusione illecita di immagini o video sessualmente espliciti». Si tratta della criminalizzazione in via specifica del
fenomeno conosciuto con il controverso neologismo “Revenge porn”, nato nel mondo inglese per indicare la divulgazione non
consensuale, dettata da finalità vendicative, di immagini intime raffiguranti l’ex partner.
Si tratta, tuttavia, di un testo di legge che, anche ad una prima lettura,  presenta gravi criticità, sia dal punto di vista della effettiva repressione del fenomeno disciplinato che sul piano del trattamento sanzionatorio.

Young people's use of technology as a tool for the negotiation of their sexual identities and encounters has increasingly become a focal point in popular and scholarly discussion. Much of this debate centres on the sending of explicit sexual images and/or video ('selfies' or 'sexting') by mobile phone, email or social media. In Australia and elsewhere, legislative frameworks have arguably over-regulated or criminalised young people's consensual, digital, sexual communications. Equally, the law has failed to respond to the harm that is experienced by victims of non-consensual making and/or distribution of such sexual images. In this paper, we examine the non-consensual creation and distribution of sexual images in the context of harassment, stalking and family or intimate violence. We argue that harmful digital communications are often framed as a problem of user naiveté rather than gender-based violence. Moreover, we argue that current legal and policy approaches fail to adequately capture the social and psychological harm that results from the use of sexual imagery to harass, coerce or blackmail women. We draw on preliminary data from a larger project investigating adult women's experiences of technology-mediated sexual violence and harassment.