Refugees, migration and immigration

There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life.

Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.

Increasing insecurity and repeated acts of terror within Kenya has resulted in a dilemma for the government where on one hand, it is under immense pressure to bolster national security and on the other hand, it is still expected to uphold its international obligation of providing a favorable asylum regime. For decades, Kenya has generously provided a flexible and accommodative asylum regime for persons fleeing situations of persecution and generalised violence in neighboring countries. Kenya's accommodative asylum regime is exemplified by the government's

Die bewegten Biografien Geflüchteter in unserer Stadt
»Weißt Du, wer ich bin?« Diese Frage ist eine Herausforderung an uns alle, die geflüchteten Menschen tagtäglich begegnen.
»Wer bin ich? Wer bist Du?«, sind manchmal die ersten Fragen, die eine Tür zu einem Gespräch öffnen. Im Gespräch kommt man sich näher, baut Vorurteile und Unkenntnis ab. Bei der Begegnung mit Geflüchteten aus unterschiedlichen Kulturkreisen, mit unterschiedlichen Biografien, mit Andersdenkenden und Andersgläubigen,gibt es gibt viel zu entdecken: Unbekanntes und Fremdes, aber auch viel Gemeinsames.
Dieses Buch erzählt von den Lebenswegen und Geschichten 28 Geflüchteter.

Hrsg. von EMFA/Integrationsagentur
Autoren: Hidir Eren Celik, J. Michael Fischell, Christoph Gappa, Giorgia Sogos

Europe's Transforming Identity. Part 1 of the book Islam and Tolerance in Wider Europe (ed. Pamela Kilpadi) including the articles:
* 'What Values for Europe?' by Michael Emerson
* 'The Role of Islam in Europe: Multiple Crises?' by Amel Boubekeur and Samir Amghar
* 'The Southern Gate to Fortress Europe' by Rutvica Andrijasevic

Prepared for the Northern Thailand Informal Discussion Group, April 19, 2016.  This is a further mulling on my book "Bureaucratizing the Good Samaritan" which was published in 2001.  I think that the argument continues to hold.  And I look forward to returning to the subject of refugees and refugee relief in coming years.

Resumen: En este trabajo se analiza la existencia de un derecho a solicitar asilo tanto en el territorio del Estado como en frontera. Para ello se toman en consideración la normativa internacional sobre la materia, y la normativa de la Unión Europea, concretamente la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea y la Directiva de Procedimiento. El objetivo es determinar si Hungría mediante el rechazo en frontera de los refugiados, así como mediante la imposición de sanciones penales por el cruce ilegal, según la normativa húngara, de frontera, vendría a estar violando dicho de derecho a solicitar asilo. La confirmación de dicha violación, junto con la posible confirmación de las violaciones relativas a los procedimientos de asilo señaladas por la Comisión Europea en la carta de emplazamiento enviada a Hungría en 2015, planteamos podría permitir considerar a Hungría como país " no seguro " siendo de aplicación el artículo 3.2 del Reglamento de Dublín. Summary: This paper analyzes the existence of a right to seek asylum both, in the territory of the State and in the border of the State. For this purpose the international regulations on the matter, and the regulations of the European Union (namely the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the Directive of Procedure) are taken into consideration. The aim is to determine whether Hungary through the border rejection of refugees, as well as by imposing criminal penalties for the illegal crossing, according to the Hungarian legislation, would violate the right to seek asylum. The confirmation of such a violation, along with the possible confirmation of violations concerning asylum procedures outlined by the European Commission in the letter of formal notice sent to Hungary in 2015, could allow considering Hungary as a " non-safe " country and applying article 3.2 of the Dublin Regulation.

In this article, we explore the wraparound approach of service delivery as a model for transnational social work. The wraparound model, used primarily within community-based children's mental health services and child protection initiatives, has been effective when planning services for clients and their families with complicated needs, whose care has to be provided within a multiple provider context. Most social work is delivered nationally or internationally rather than transnationally. In the article we outline how the model could be structured to meet the particular needs of transmigrants, including the involvement of NGOs and INGOs, and identify key obstacles and limitations.

This paper draws on a narrative literature review in the area of refugee resettlement and adaptation and argues against the polarity found between the various disciplines working in this field.
The resettlement and adaptation of refugees in Europe is undoubtedly a complex issue which calls for interdisciplinary research and practice. Yet when reviewing the relevant literature the following dualism emerges: on the one hand, there is material concerning theoretical know why (such as psychological and sociological studies which theorise why the majority of refugees experience post-migration adversity and disadvantage) and on the other hand there is material focusing on technical know how (such as studies from the fields of social work and healthcare which explore the most efficient psychosocial interventions for different groups of refugees). These two types of knowledge- the theoretical and the technical- refer to what Aristotle defined as ‘episteme’ and ‘techne’. There is also a third intellectual virtue Aristotle called ‘phronesis’: phronesis refers to the ethically practical and is the intellectual activity most relevant to social action, which can improve people’s lives and contribute to societies’ development (Flyvbjerg et al., 2012). Phronesis is missing from contemporary social sciences (Flyvbjerg, 2001) and from refugee studies as well.
The present paper highlights this by reviewing the past decade’s literature on the theme of refugee resettlement and adaptation in Europe. It concludes by suggesting a ‘phronetic’ turn in research and practice in this field, so that refugee peoples and sending and receiving societies benefit the most.

L’instauration en France d’une "carte d’identité d’étranger", par un décret d’avril 1917, première expérience en Europe d’une identification ciblée de tous les résidants étrangers sur le sol national, marque une étape fondamentale dans l’histoire du contrôle de l’immigration en France. Ce document d’identité spécifique, réservé à un segment de la population qui se trouve définie par ce biais comme "étrangère", indique l’intérêt renouvelé des autorités politiques et administratives, à la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, pour une identification adaptée des étrangers. La création de cette carte indique un tournant dans l’histoire du régime législatif et administratif de la IIIe République et dans la régulation, nationale et internationale, du marché du travail ; elle montre aussi le poids des grands basculements historiques dans les manières d’identifier et d’enregistrer les étrangers.

Civil War in Syria created a large scale humanitarian crisis causing a mass human migration up to seven million in total. The largest neighboring country-Turkey has the greatest number of Syrian refugees exceeding 2.7 million. In the expectation of a quick resolution for the conflict and sending the immigrants back, the host country has taken only palliative temporary actions. This study investigates the options that Turkey has for the immigration problem. Elaborating on integration techniques for immigrants, the paper suggests possible policies for implementation of social integration in the future decades. Based on strategic management principles, the author presents advantages and disadvantages of integration, maintenance of status quo, and prevention of immigration.

In a context of increasing internal displacement and mixed migration flows, it reveals crucial to safeguard and promote the human rights of IDPs, asylum seekers and migrants who already underwent abuses, as well as inhuman and degrading treatments both in the countries of origin and in the countries of transit. The article explores the potential of sport in promoting the human rights of such groups; in particular, the human right to the highest attainable standard of mental health. It further investigates the role of sport both in promoting integration and in counteracting stereotypes, exclusion and discrimination. It follows by exploring the contribution of sport to development and peace by making reference to several United Nations resolutions and other documents. The article closes putting forward some critical considerations regarding the de facto application of de jure provisions.

This work examines how the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) attempted to carry out its mandate in regards to the Afghan refugee populations created as a result of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. It focuses on the experience of Afghan refugees in the three chief countries of first asylum: Pakistan, Iran, and India. In exploring how this refugee crisis was handled, this work follows three lines of inquiry reflecting the major concerns of the UNHCR. The first line, UNHCR involvement, encompasses the recognition of refugee status for Afghans and UNHCR presence on the ground in refugee-receiving countries. The second line, international considerations, moves beyond the UNHCR and explores accession to relevant international refugee instruments, as well as problems with the concept of first asylum. The third line, donor financing of the Afghan refugee relief effort, is an entirely new approach in academic literature on the Afghan refugee crisis. These three lines of inquiry were pursued to determine how such factors facilitated or hindered the action of the UNHCR on Afghan refugees.

This study of refugee resettlement contributes a novel conceptual framework to the sociology of forced migration. Drawing on interviews with Syrian refugees in their first year of resettlement in Ontario, Canada, we demonstrate how successful sponsorship counters the “non-person” status associated with refugee recognition. During displacement refugees mobilize their pre-conflict roles to secure self-rescue against forces of conflict. During resettlement refugees assert their eligibility to exist and authority to act as “persons” in a reception context that challenges the normative authority of their pre-conflict social roles. Refugee-host interactions that affirm pre-conflict social roles provide the basis for shared trust and enhance the experience of resettlement, confirming statuses which counter the structural violence of refugee role confinement.

(request paper from author or follow link and download from Social Forces homepage)

Dealing with refugees is one of the most contested political issues in Australia. We examine how media images of asylum seekers have framed ensuing debates during two crucial periods over the past decade. By conducting a content analysis of newspaper front pages we demonstrate that asylum seekers have primarily been represented as medium or large groups and through a focus on
boats. We argue that this visual framing, and in particular the relative absence of images that depict individual asylum seekers with recognisable facial features, associates refugees not with a humanitarian challenge, but with threats to sovereignty and security. These dehumanising visual patterns reinforce a politics of fear that explains why refugees are publicly framed as people whose plight, dire as it is, nevertheless does not generate a compassionate political response.

"The Criminalization of Immigration: Contexts and Consequences explores these competing narratives and the consequences of criminalizing immigration in the United States and abroad. It examines the impact of national, state, and local legislation on the psychosocial well being of immigrants. The book explores key ways in which immigration is criminalized, and examines how the problematization of immigration becomes a political tool. The first chapters of the book explore the criminalization of immigration through the lens of pacification and the theater of cruelty. In both chapters, the authors seek to understand the process of “othering” members of the immigrant population to exact social control and to mollify the public. These front chapters set the tone for remainder of the book. They provide the impetus for why states have enacted, or have attempted to enact state level immigration laws that make it nearly impossible for the undocumented to live within the boundaries of these states. In section two, three U.S. states are highlighted: Arizona, Alabama, and Indiana. While the chapters on Arizona and Alabama summarize key aspects of state laws, author Sujey Vega highlights the life of one undocumented immigrant as she navigates life in the Heartland.

The book then turns its focus to the criminalization of immigration in a socio-political context. Here, four chapters provide explorations of the criminalization of immigration on labor standards enforcement, immigrant detention, the right wing perspective in the United States and in Europe, and white supremacy. Labor standards impact the rate by which undocumented immigrants are paid, which in turn impacts their health and safety within and outside the workplace, protections from workplace discrimination, and collective activity protections. The criminalization of immigration erodes many of the workplace and labor protections that we have come to view as essential. Similarly, the privatization of corrections has influenced the incarceration and detention of many undocumented immigrants and has even influenced the very laws described in section two of this book. If not for the possibility of profiting off of the detention of the undocumented, many of immigration related laws would not have come to fruition.

The next section of the book provides a transnational and international context to the criminalization of immigration. With chapters focusing on human rights violations, the transnational dimensions of Mexican migration, the making of the Maras, and the criminalization of immigration in the United Kingdom, these chapters ask the reader to examine the criminalization of immigration from a broader perspective. The reader learns how national issues become international and, likewise how international immigration issues influence national policy.

The final chapters of the book put the human face on the criminalization of immigration. Each chapter represents a case study of a specific aspect of the criminalization of immigration. They approach the issue from the viewpoint of a day laborer, an undocumented woman who has become a victim of domestic violence, a child whose parents are undocumented, and a detention officer who wrestles with his decisions to continue his job. Regardless of which chapters one reads, the raw emotion felt by placing oneself in each context is overwhelming.

Overall, The Criminalization of Immigration: Contexts and Consequences provides a complete examination of an issue that cuts through emotional value conflicts. It provides the facts and knowledge essential for a fair and balanced debate"

Three disparate yet related things happened in November 2008 that suggest it is apposite to revisit a film that was controversial when released but which provides a
sophisticated reading of London in the early 21st century. First, Dirty Pretty Things (Frears 2002) was aired on Channel 4. Second, ID cards started to be issued to overseas nationals and airport workers. Third, London Mayor Boris Johnson called for an amnesty for all British migrants working illegally. Soon after the film was released the frenzied moral panic about asylum seekers was peaking, until knocked off the tabloid agenda by the Iraq war. The film was controversial when released and still provokes strong positive and negative reactions. It weaves together with great aplomb complex elements of the material, imagined, live, surveiled and (immigration) policed city. The inner London location filming adds credibility which counters the somewhat implausible, though tense and engaging plot. Cinema has long influenced our perception of the modern city even to the extent of producing the city (Clarke 1997 and Shiels & Fitzmaurice 2001). Many reviews of Dirty Pretty Things have been written but I want to concentrate, first on some misconceptions and then on its neo noir (Schwartz 2005) credentials, which affect the manner in which it portrays divergent yet proximate
aspects of the city big condition in a globalised neoliberal political economy.

This contribution interprets the east-central European post-liberal governments’
recent anti-immigrant, anti-refugee and anti-human-rights hysteria in the context of the increasing dependence of the region’s societies for livelihood on employment in the western EU, the widespread racialization of east European labor in the western EU, and the refusal of east European political elites and societies at large to consider possible “Left” critiques of the EU. Given those circumstances, and laboring under related anxieties, post-state-socialist political elites and societies have assumed a fundamentalist-racialist posture. They redirect their repressed anger toward incoming refugees, claim an ahistorical, essential kind of Whiteness and contribute to rigidifying European discussions of “race.”

To access the article, please follow the link to the publisher https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/unbearable-whiteness-of-the-polish-plumber-and-the-hungarian-peacock-dance-around-race/59244B15CB295020E51DF252BDA76604.

If the above link does not work, please look up Slavic Review in your own institution's library website and download the paper from there.

If that fails, please contact the authors at [email protected] or [email protected] or [email protected] and they will be happy to provide a copy. Sorry for the inconvenience.

Since 2015, the situation of refugees in Europe has become one of the main issues in Europe’s political agenda and at a global scale.

Protocols to handle influx, basic rights and integration of refugees have been thoroughly scrutinized and put into question in numerous occasions. Yet, NGOs on the ground keep raising concerns on the conditions newly arrived refugees suffer.

As the number of refugees arriving to Europe has risen, the number of those who are vulnerable has risen exponentially. We observe how refugee women are often especially unsafe. This is especially worrying because prior to 2015 refugee crises, migration was a mainly male phenomenon (in 2015 women and children accounted for merely 27% of the new arrivals), but in 2016 the percentage of women migrants rose above 50%. National and European public policies and humanitarian aid by NGOs and civil society has unfortunately proven insufficient to deal with this situation and its complexity.  Integration protocols have not been able to either prevent or efficiently deal with the dangers, exploitation and multiple forms of gender violence which women and girls face on their way to Europe or upon arrival.

Author of this report, Helena Castellà, believes it is important to analyse human and refugee rights within EU’s legal framework to stand against discrimination faced by refugee women coming Europe. In this report, she lists, human rights violations suffered by refugee women in their country of origin, in transit and at their destination to try to understand in depth this specific element of the current refugee crisis.

Drawing on empirical data from a recent study of the resettlement practices, challenges and concerns of privately sponsored refugees and sponsor groups in Ontario, Canada, we examine how Orientalist scripts of refuge frame “the Syrian refugee crisis” but are interactively challenged and reconfigured in the sponsor-sponsored relationship. Key to this contestation are the pre-conflict practical identities through which “refugees” assert their authority to act as “persons of self-rescue” in pursuit of a life beyond refuge. Relatedly, their authority to act is impeded or enhanced in their interaction with sponsors whose corporate group identity, formed in response to community expectations, policy obligations, media representations, and personal motivations, is a conduit of (mis)recognition. Focusing on resettlement practices of refugeeness, we argue that the Canadian private sponsorship scheme provides deep insight into refugee-host relations.

Keywords: Orientalism; private sponsorship; refugee resettlement; 'Syrian refugee crisis'.

Between February 2001 and May 2003, approximately 1,200 Somali secondary migrants relocated to Lewiston from a number of U.S. cities and states. Although the presence of this number of immigrants in a small Maine city is not unusual given Portland, Maine’s diversity, the speed of the Somali secondary migrant arrival and the absence of any significant refugee resettlement in this 96% white city sets Lewiston’s experience apart from most municipalities in the United States. Many Somalis in Lewiston arrived with limited English speaking ability and cultural, social, and religious practices unlike any other ethnic group in the city.  The relocation of the East African refugees generated fiscal, social, and programmatic changes that have influenced city and statewide policy changes. In a highly charged national news media environment, community reactions produced community meetings, public comment, political action and community activism.

In recent decades, the criminalization of immigration and the use of private prisons have increased in popularity. The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of prisons work hand in hand in shaping the American criminal justice response to immigration. Privatization creates a powerful opportunity for the social construction of the undocumented immigrant into a powerful potential source of revenue for for-profit corporations. Private prison corporations, such as Corrections Corporation of American and The GEO Group, stand to profit significantly from the private immigration detention center. Several investigative reports have focused on how these companies stand to profit, but little attention has been given to the psychosocial consequences that impact immigrant detainees and their families.

prologue, intro and afterword of book
Publication date: October 20, 2016
Abstract:
Restrictive border protection policies directed toward managing the flow of refugees coming into neoliberal democracies (and out of failing nation-states) are a defining feature of contemporary politics. In this book, Verónica Tello analyses how contemporary artists--such as Tania Bruguera, Isaac Julien, Rosemary Laing, Dierk Schmidt, Hito Steyerl, Lyndell Brown and Charles Green--negotiate their diverse subject positions while addressing and taking part in the production of images associated with refugee experiences and histories. Tello argues that their practices, which manifest across a range of contexts including Cuba, the United States, Australia and Europe, represent an emergent, global paradigm of contemporary art, 'counter-memorial aesthetics'.

Counter-memorial aesthetics, Tello argues, is characterized by its conjunction of heterogeneous signifiers and voices of many times and places, generating an experimental, non-teleological approach to the construction of contemporary history, which also takes into account the complex, disorienting spatial affects of globalization. Spanning performance art, experimental 'history painting', aftermath photography and video installation, counter-memorial aesthetics bring to the fore, Tello argues, how contemporary refugee flows and related traumatic events critically challenge and conflict with many existing, tired if not also stubborn notions of national identity, borders, history and memory.

Building on the writings of such thinkers as Michel Foucault and Jacques Rancière, this book offers a useful concept of 'counter-memory' for the twenty-first century. It shows how counter-memorial aesthetics is not only central to the nexus of contemporary art and refugee histories but also how it can offer a way of being critically present with many other, often interrelated, global crises in the contemporary era.

http://bloomsbury.com/us/counter-memorial-aesthetics-9781474252737/

The 20th Century revolved politically around competing interpretations of Capitalism, Communism, Socialism and Fascism. These are all ways to organize the lives of people on a large scale. Are real alternatives or new interpretations likely to emerge in the challenging years ahead? What might they look like?

The OHB of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies - edited by Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Gil Loescher, Katy Long and Nando Sigona - has now been published in paperback and is available to purchase with a 30% discount with the code on this flyer. 53 excellent chapters by leading academics, policy makers and practitioners.

Türkiye’nin Göç Tarihi, 14. Yüzyıldan 21. Yüzyıla Türkiye’ye Göçler adlı bu eser, Anadolu topraklarının yüzlerce yılın ötesine uzanan son derece hareketli, zengin ve o ölçüde de çok yönlü, çok kültürlü sonuçlar yaratan göç tarihinin, dünden bugüne ulaşan hikayesini konu ediniyor. Aslında çalışma, Anadolu coğrafyasının kısa sayılabilecek bir tarihsel dilimi üzerinde yoğunlaşmakta ve genel olarak Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşundan bu yana gerçekleşen göçlerin yaratmış olduğu toplumsal, ekonomik, siyasal ve kültürel yapılanmalarını sonuçlarıyla birlikte ele almaktadır. Bir başka açıdan da bakıldığında bu önemli eser, bir anlamda çokkültürlü Anadolu’yu resmetmekte, bu geniş çerçeve içinde yüzlerce yıl sürekli değişen ama hiçbir zaman tek renkli olmayan zengin ve çarpıcı tabloyu anlamamızı sağlamaktadır.
Her biri konularında uzman olan değerli bilim insanlarımızın özgün çalışmalarının yeraldığı kitapta, Türkiye’nin artık giderek artan oranda göçmen kitlesine evsahipliği yapacağı gerçeğinin reddedilemeyeceği vurgulanmakta, toplumumuzun belli bir kesiminde potansiyel olarak varolan ve son Suriyeli göçmenlerin gelmesiyle de yükselmeye başlayan “göçmen karşıtı” söylemlere karşı doğru politikalar üretilmesi önerilmektedir. Bunun da yolu ciddi ve güvenilir toplumsal, siyasal, kültürel ve hukuki bir yapılanma oluşturup, ırkçı, yabancı düşmanı ve ötekini dışlayıcı retoriği tarihin çöplüğüne atıp, doğru ve insani bir dil kullanmaktan geçmektedir.

Partition of India displaced huge population in newly created two states who sought refuge in the state where their co-religionists were in a majority. Although much has been written about the Hindu refugees to India, very less is known about the Muslim refugees to Pakistan. This article is about the Muslim 'returnees' and their struggle to settle in East Pakistan, the hazards and discriminations they faced and policy of the new state of Pakistan in accommodating them. It shows how the dream of homecoming turned into disillusionment for them. By incorporating diverse source materials, this article investigates how, despite belonging to the same religion, the returnee refugees had confronted issues of differences on the basis of language, culture and region in a country, which was established on the basis of one Islamic identity. It discusses the process in which from a space that displaced huge Hindu population soon emerged as a 'gradual refugee absorbent space'. It studies new policies for the rehabilitation of the refugees, regulations and laws that were passed, the emergence of the concept of enemy property and the grabbing spree of property left behind by Hindu migrants. Lastly, it discusses the politics over the so-called Muhajirs and their final fate, which has not been settled even after seventy years of Partition. This article intends to argue that the identity of the refugees was thus 'multi-layered' even in case of the Muslim returnees, and interrogates the general perception of refugees as a 'monolithic community' in South Asia. Note I have categorically used the term 'returnees' to denote the 'refugees who migrated to and fro India and East Bengal (Pakistan)' in many sentences including in the title of this article, as it was mentioned in the contemporary official and legal documents (I.B. records, files of the Home-Political department and External Affairs). Also, I have mostly mentioned the term 'East Bengal' in this article to denote the geographical area of the Eastern wing of Pakistan, while writing up till mid-1950s. As, the name 'East Bengal' officially continued within that geographical territory until the Constitution of 1956 formally renamed the Eastern wing as 'East Pakistan'. For describing the land after 1956, I used the term 'East Pakistan' in my writing.

Pro gradu -tutkielma käsittelee sosiaalityötä osana kotoutumista. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on lisätä ymmärrystä pakolaisasiakkaiden kanssa tehtävän työn erityispiirteistä ja tuoda esiin miten monin eri tavoin asiakkaat merkityksellistävät samaa palvelua. Tässä tutkielmassa pakolaisella tarkoitetaan oleskeluluvan kansainvälisen suojelun perusteella saanutta ihmistä. Tutkimustehtävänä on selvittää millaisia merkityksiä asiakkaat antavat kotouttavalle sosiaalityölle ja mitkä tekijät edistävät tai estävät asiakkaan valtaistumista. Tässä tutkielmassa valtaistuminen nähdään siirtymänä marginalisoidusta pakolaisesta tasavertaiseksi yhteiskunnan jäseneksi.

Tutkielma on laadullinen tapaustutkimus, jonka aineisto on kerätty haastattelemalla yhdeksää erään suuren kaupungin kotouttavan sosiaalityön asiakkaana ollutta ihmistä. Teemahaastattelut on toteutettu neljänä yksilöhaastatteluna ja kolmena ryhmähaastatteluna kevään ja kesän 2015 aikana. Aineisto on analysoitu käyttäen teoriaohjaavaa sisällönanalyysiä.

Tämän tapaustutkimuksen perusteella kotouttavan sosiaalityön organisaatiolähtöisyys ja rakenteelliset ongelmat asettuvat asiakkaan valtaistumisen esteeksi. Tällöin asiakas on passiivinen tekemisen kohde työntekijän ollessa aktiivinen toimija. Palvelu on riittämätöntä tai se ei vastaa asiakkaan tarpeisiin. Asiakkaan valtaistumista edistää asiakkaan ja työntekijän välinen toimiva vuorovaikutussuhde. Tuttuun työntekijään syntynyt luottamuksellinen suhde ja työntekijän tavoitettavuus ovat tärkeitä tekijöitä yksilön ja yhteisön välisen suhteen vahvistamisessa. Asiakkaan yksilöllisen tilanteen ottaminen työskentelyn lähtökohdaksi on asiakaslähtöisyyden perusta.

Tutkielman aihe on ajankohtainen, koska kansainvälistä suojelua saavien ihmisten määrä on kasvussa. Jokaisella ihmisellä on pakolaisuudesta huolimatta oma tarinansa ja yksilölliset tarpeensa ja tavoitteensa, jotka selvittämällä voidaan tarjota hänen tarpeisiinsa vastaavaa palvelua. Asiakasmäärien kasvaessa myös kunnan peruspalvelujen ja kolmannen sektorin tarve kotoutumisen tukena kasvaa.

¿Por qué el exilio de los judíos perseguidos por el régimen nazi fue para México un "exilio incómodo"? ¿Cuáles fueron las razones que explican que la generosa política de asilo de México frente a los perseguidos por los regímenes totalitarios europeos no se haya implementado en el caso de los refugiados judíos? ¿Por qué México prohibió en 1934 la inmigración de judíos al país? ¿Cómo ayuda este episodio a comprender más cabalmente el alcance de la ideología del mestizaje y su influencia en la construcción de la política inmigratoria mexicana?

РУССКАЯ ЭМИГРАЦИЯ В БОЛГАРИИ СОГЛАСНО ПЕРЕПИСЕЙ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ 1920 И 1926 ГОДОВ

Пенка Пейковска, Нина Киселкова

РЕЗЮМЕ


По своей численности и исторической значимости российская эмиграция в Болгарии в межвоенный период сопоставима с „российским зарубежьем” в Париже, Праге, Белграде, при этом российские эмигранты в нашей стране, как и те в Белграде, имеют значительный вклад в развитие науки и культуры принимающей страны.
За последние два десятка лет, тема о российской эмиграции в Болгарии находится активно в полезрении болгарских историков по разным причинам: переосмысление написанного по этим проблемам в эпоху социализма, потребность в очистке идеологического взгляда на них, и создании углубленных исследований, основанных на болгарских архивных материалах.
Настоящая разработка ставит своей целью представление некоторых демографических аспектов вопроса о российской эмиграции в Болгарии, таких как: динамика российского эмиграционного потока в нашу страну, его отправные точки и этнический состав, религиозная принадлежность и внутренняя миграция российского населения в нашей стране, его половая структура. Упомянутые демографические процессы и явления были исследованы посредством количественного анализа данных с переписей населения в Болгарии, осуществленных в 1920 и 1926 годах. Перепись населения в качестве специфического исторического источника привлекла наше внимание главным образом потому что до сих пор не представляла интересом для исследователей, изучающих проблемы российской эмиграции.
Проанализированые переписи населения, проведенные в 1920 и 1926 годах в Болгарии дают детальное и углубленное (и в некоторых случаях и абсолютно новое) представление о демографических характеристиках российской диасппоры в нашей стране в 20-е годы ХХ столетия, которое в других статистических источниках затрагивалось только поверхностно, или полностью отсутствует, особенно по отношению к динамике, начальным точкам, этническому и конфессиональному составу миграционного потока из России в Болгарию, а также и относительно внутренней миграции российского населения в Болгарии, и его структуры по полу.
Кроме того, эти две переписи характеризуются использованием единой методики для сбора данных по интересующим нас демографическим показателям (пол, гражданство, национальность, вероисповедание, родной язык, место рождения), что делает их сопоставимыми и позволяет проследить некоторые демографические процессы в диаспоре.
Различия в количественных показателях о родном языке, гражданстве и национальности для 1920 и 1926 „описывают” основные тенденции в движении российской эмиграции в Болгарии. Основной эмиграционный поток приезжает из европейской части России, следуемый потоком из Украины (который представлен отдельно в переписях), и из Румынии (в основном Северной Добруджы и Бессарабии). Относительно этнического и национального состава в нем преобладают русские, но присутствуют и другие более малочисленные этнические группы (болгары, евреи, татары, армяне, кальмыки). В отличие от других стран в конфессиональной структуре российской эмиграции в Болгарии, преобладают восточноправославные, а другие вероисповедания (католики, протестанты, армяно-грегориане, мусульманы, израельтяне) - представлены минимальными относительными долями. Внутренняя мобильность российской эмиграции в Болгарии направлена с побережья Черного моря в глубь страны (с основным центром притяжения - София и Софийская область, однако также и районы Пловдива, Старой Загоры, Великого Тырнова, Шумена, Плевни) и, в частности, крупные городские центры, хотя только треть эмигрантов направляется в деревни. Половая структура старой довоенной российской диаспоры характеризуется балансом между двумя полами, что характерно для оседлых общин. В новой российской эмиграции число мужчин значительно превышает число женщин.

Russian Emigration to Bulgaria according to the 1920 and 1920 Population Census in Bulgaria. Demographic Profile.

Penka Peykovska (IHS-BAS), Niana Kisselkova (NSI)

Summary

According to its size and historical significance the White Russian emigration to Bulgaria in the interwar period is comparable to the "Rossiiskoe zarubezhie" in Paris, Prague, Belgrade, bearing in mind that Russian immigrants in Bulgaria, as well as those in Belgrade, had a significant contribution to the development of culture and science of the host country. Over the past two decades the subject of the Russian emigration to Bulgaria has been actively in the sight of Bulgarian historians for various reasons: rethinking written on this topic during the socialist era, the need for clearing the ideological perspective on it, and the creation of in-depth studies based on Bulgarian archive materials. This paper aims at presenting some demographic aspects of the Russian emigration in Bulgaria, i.e. the dynamics of the Russian emigration flow to Bulgaria, its starting points and ethnic composition, religious affiliation and internal migration of the Russian population within the country, its sex structure. The envisioned demographic processes and phenomena are investigated by quantitative analysis of the data coming from the population censuses conducted in Bulgaria in 1920 and 1926. Population census as a special kind of historical source has attracted our attention mainly because it has not been of interest to researchers studying the problems of White Russian emigration. The analyzed 1920 and 1926 population census in Bulgaria provide detailed and thorough (and in some cases brand new) picture of the demographic outlook of the Russian community in the country in the 1920s, which in other statistical sources is reflected only superficially, or is entirely lacking, especially in terms of dynamics, exit points, ethnic, confessional and gender structure of the migration flow from Russia to Bulgaria, internal migration of the Russian population in Bulgaria. Moreover in the two censuses a similar methodology was used for collecting data on the demographic indicators we are interested in (i.e. sex, citizenship, nationality, confession, mother tongue, place of birth), which makes them comparable and allows us to trace some demographic processes within the diaspora.
      The differences in the quantitative indicators of mother tongue, citizenship and nationality for 1920 and 1926 "describe" the main trends in the mobility of the Russian emigration in Bulgaria. Its main migration flow came from European Russia, followed by Ukraine (which is given separately in the censuses) and Romania (mainly Northern Dobrudja and Bessarabia).
      In terms of ethnic and national composition within it dominated the Russians, but there are other smaller in number ethnic groups (such as Bulgarians, Jews, Tatars, Armenians, Kalmyks).
      Unlike other countries Russians in Bulgaria were overwhelmingly Orthodox; other confessions of the Russian emigration to Bulgaria (Catholic, Protestant, Armenian Gregory, Muslims, Judaism) were presented with an insignificant share.
      The internal mobility of the Russian immigration within Bulgaria was in the direction of the Black Sea coast to the interior of the country (with main point of attraction Sofia and Sofia region, but also Plovdiv, Stara Zagora, Veliko Tarnovo, Shumen, Pleven) and in particular into the large urban centers, although about a third of them went to the villages.
      The gender structure of the old pre-war Russian community in Bulgaria was characterized by a balance between the sexes, which is typical of the settled communities. Within the new Russian immigration flow men significantly outnumbered women.

Este libro, basado en entrevistas y etnografías, cuenta la historia de un puñado de hombres y mujeres que  en la niñez o la adolescencia temprana vivieron en diferentes regiones de Europa en tiempos de la Guerra Civil Española, la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la Posguerra y la dictadura de Franco. En la mayoría de los casos llegaron a la Argentina a fines de la década de 1940.
"El viaje de los niños..." narra historias de infancias en tránsito, indaga la manera en que la memoria marca la existencia y recupera las emociones y los recuerdos de la niñez en un tiempo en el que el mundo se había embriagado de crueldad.

After the Nazi regime took power in 1933, many German restorers were affected by legislative and bureaucratic changes. These changes were also applied in Austria after the Anschluss. This paper examines the exclusion, flight and early integration of Helmut Ruhemann and Sebastian Isepp in their country of exile, the UK, in the context of the assistance extended to them by those employed or associated with the National Gallery.

This book offers a much-needed new political theory of an old phenomenon. The last decade alone has marked the highest number of migrations in recorded history. Constrained by environmental, economic, and political instability, scores of people are on the move. But other sorts of changes—from global tourism to undocumented labor—have led to the fact that to some extent, we are all becoming migrants. The migrant has become the political figure of our time.

Rather than viewing migration as the exception to the rule of political fixity and citizenship, Thomas Nail reinterprets the history of political power from the perspective of the movement that defines the migrant in the first place. Applying his "kinopolitics" to several major historical conditions (territorial, political, juridical, and economic) and figures of migration (the nomad, the barbarian, the vagabond, and the proletariat), he provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary migration.

During study & research of the history of partition of India in 1947, what appears to have been, a bit, neglected so far is the investigation & analysis of 'propaganda literature' which had a significant role in organizing the horrific riots, both before & after the partition process. For reconstructing a true history, an impassioned retrospection seems to be in order. With the objective in view, we endeavor to examine the propaganda literature of that time & to analyze whether it paved the way for the massive exodus & the much needed rehabilitation effort thereafter. There were some few isolated voices of reason which were unfortunately inundated by the poignant stream of communal propaganda of the times. But the veracity of Communist Party towards their anti communal propaganda was prominent enough, though 'inadequate' to stop the riots. Very quickly after partition the prerogative of the people of West Bengal, particularly the refugees of Calcutta & suburb, had been changed & they showed a steady disdain towards the communal hatred. It might not be too fashionable if we can give the credit to the continuous counter propaganda of anti communalism by the Communist Party & their outfit.

Съдържание Предговор / 13 Част първа. Външна миграция в България / 23 1. Външномиграционни политики на централната власт в България и тяхното въздействие върху механичното движение и териториалното (пре)разпределение на населението по време на войните и през 20-те години на ХХ в. / 23 1.1. Задачи и извори на изследването / 24 1.2. Миграционна ситуация / 35 1.3. Външномиграционни политики / 43 Имиграционни политики по решаването на проблемите с българите бежанци / 44 Имиграционни политики, засягащи руските и арменските бежанци / 56 Емиграционни политики по изселване на гръцкото и турското население / 62 Външномиграционни политики, засягащи трудовата миграция / 65 1.4. Количествени измерения на въздействието на българските външномиграционни политики върху механичното движение и териториалното (пре)разпределение на населението / 73 Етническа структура на имиграционния поток и нейното въздействие 73 Динамика на имиграционните потоци / 89 Пространствена насоченост на бежанските потоци от българско етническо население / 93 Концентрация на бежанците и имигрантите / 114 Въздействие на политиките, засягащи трудовата имиграция / 119 Въздействие на споразуменията за размяна на население с Гърция и Турция / 120 Въздействие на Закона за емиграцията върху обема на трудовата емиграция / 126 1.5. Заключение / 133

The paper aims to present the first of its kind—virtual
museum of the Bulgarian migrants in North America
(www.immigrant.bg) and to discuss the goals and perspectives of the
online museum and its role as a tool in the contemporary global
conversation. The virtual museum entitled “The Immigrant’s Suitcase”
is based on the idea of the suitcase as a metaphor for everything that
an individual brings during migration including belongings, cultural
identity, and memories. It is based on an ongoing historical-
anthropological study that combines research methods from the
anthropology of migration and visual anthropology. This text
summarizes the collected materials for the VM project and the exhibited
content on the website. Finally, the paper examines how the first
virtual museum of Bulgarian immigration responds to the new social
necessity for advanced intercultural connections in contemporary
global society, where individuals and groups relocate more intensively,
and when “migration” more often becomes “mobility.”

To cite: Ivanova, D. “The Virtual Museum of the Bulgarians in North America: Shared Heritage and Intercultural Communications.” In: Fwd: Museums. Chicago: StepSister Press, pp. 110-123, 2016.