Papermaking

In the present studies Pine needles are evaluated for pulp and paper making properties. Different studies reported different composition of Pine needles. The pine needles collected from hilly zones of India has, 43% lignin, 52% holocellulose and 5.8% extractives content. In order to understand the paper making potential, study on pulping, bleaching and paper making properties of pine needle has been carried out. Kraft cooking of pine needle using 24% active alkali resulted into unbleached pulp of kappa number 28 and unbleached pulp yield of 24%. Due to high lignin content the unbleached pulp kappa number is also high. Pulp after DEpD bleaching could be bleached to 75% ISO. Fiber morphological properties of pine needle fiber were also carried out.

Revisión de las tecnologías y prácticas utilizadas en la elaboración del papel, como pretexto para abordar las dimensiones y formatos que ha ido adquiriendo este soporte a través de los años. Se tratan los métodos de elaboración de pliegos que recurren a fibras provenientes de fragmentos de corteza y tiras batidas a mano, para buscar relaciones entre la cultura del papiro y la del amate. También se abordan las características que el recurso del bastidor otorgó a las prácticas papeleras y la manera en que su tránsito hacia occidente condicionó la formación de distintos tamaños de hojas. Finalmente se aborda el paso hacia la industrialización del papel y los sistemas de impresión para intentar explicar su relación con la estandarización de los formatos actuales que imperan en los distintos mercados papeleros. paper, format, dimensions, measures. Abstract: In this paper we will review the technology and practices used in papermaking as a pretext to deal with the size and shape has been acquiring this support through the years. Are analyzed the methods that use fiber sheets from fragments of bark and hand-beaten strips, to find relationships between the culture of amate and papyrus are discussed. Also is treated the characteristics that the action of the frame gave bins practices and how transit westward led to the formation of different sizes of sheets are also addressed. Finally, is studied the step towards industrialization of the paper and printing systems addressed to try to explain his relationship with the standardization of the current formats that prevail in the various paper markets.. Introducción Estimado lector: encuentre en las siguientes líneas el interés por conversar sobre algunos aspectos materiales y de factura de documentos y libros, particularmente del papel como su principal soporte desde hace ya varios siglos. La intención es exponer un breve panorama sobre las características históricas relacionadas con los formatos y medidas de un material que indudablemente ha sido portador esencial

Paper was invented in China in the centuries before Christ and carried by Buddhist monks throughout East and Central Asia, where Muslim Arabs encountered it in the eighth century CE. Muslims carried paper and papermaking to the Mediterranean region, and European Christians there learned how to make it by the twelfth century. Europeans not only forgot their debt to Muslim papermakers but also remained ignorant of paper's origins in China, so that when they first encountered Chinese paper in the sixteenth century, they thought that the Chinese must have learned the art of papermaking from the ancient Egyptians! Europeans then carried paper and papermaking, along with printing, throughout the globe. While the history of paper has traditionally been overshadowed by the history of printing, the spread of paper and papermaking is arguably equally important, for this relatively permanent, cheap, and flexible material not only encouraged the spread of written culture across the globe but also transformed many other human activities. This paper studies mobilities of knowledge from the perspective of paper making by examining how and when this technique diffused from China across Eurasia to the Mediterranean region and from there to the rest of Europe in the period between 600 and 1500. The main factors that enhanced and impeded this spatial diffusion of knowledge were the availability of raw materials and the adoption of differing technologies , but the roles of mediating aspects such as religion, trade, emigration, imports, and exports will also be discussed.

In old Javanese and Chinese texts there are various references made to ‘Javanese paper’. This immediately gives rise to the question of whether paper was ever actually produced in Indonesia in the distant past. In theory this is possible because from earliest times a thriving trade existed between the islands of Indonesia and both India (where paper had been made autonomously since the year 1000) and China (where paper was invented well before the birth of Christ). Yet there has never been any sign of a ‘Javanese paper’ Dutch literary theorists and linguists discovered a number of Javanese manuscripts in Oriental library collections, written on material called dluwang, but were unable to identify it. It was botanical identification and physicochemical analysis that provided the initial answers to these questions. Dluwang is most renowned as a writing material. Handwritten manuscripts on dluwang in public collections are mainly Javanese, with one or two Malay or Madurese examples. It is not uncommon for these manuscripts to be compilations of texts in more than one language and in different scripts. There also seems to have been no inhibition about habitually binding European paper together with dluwang into one single book.

This report presents an overview of recent research in preservation of three information carriers: paper, film and photographic materials, and magnetic tape. It covers significant developments internationally over the last five years and concentrates on emerging technologies that have the potential for large-scale application.

This essay tells the story about the material origins of copperplate engraving in late Gothic and early modern Europe; how its rapid evolution into a mature graphic art form by the end of the 15th century was triggered by a concatenation of innovations in key medieval technologies, especially in the making and widespread use of paper.

For the special issue of Hand Papermaking on "Paper in Performance," this short essay primarily discusses paper works by Shiraga Fujiko (1928 - 2015), an early female member of Gutai, the Japanese avant-garde art collective active in Kansai region (1954-72). It delves into her performative practice and inspirations.

The present work is devoted to the development of a rapid method for analyzing lignin in paper using IR reflectance spectra from its surface. To develop the method, the IR absorption and reflectance spectra of model paper samples made from hardwood and softwood fibers with different lignin content were analyzed. A comparison of the intensity of the lignin absorption band at 1510 cm–1 in the absorption spectra after the Kubelka–Munk transformation of the reflectance spectra of the paper and chemical data on the lignin content in the fibers showed a good correlation. The analytical relationship between the lignin content in the paper fibers and the intensity of the lignin absorption band was used to estimate the lignin concentration in the samples of Russian stamping paper of the 19th century using their IR reflectance spectra. The cellulose structure parameter, estimated from the paper reflectance spectra, showed that the sheets containing lignin (5—16%) consisted entirely of wood fibers, and they were supplemented with kaolin. Keywords: infrared spectra, external reflection, paper, lignin content, cellulose structure, kaolin, analytical dependence.
In English : Derkacheva O.Yu., Tsypkin D.O. Lignin Content in Paper Fibers Assessed Using IR Reflectance Spectroscopy // Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 84, No. 6, January, 2018. P.1066 – 1071 - http://rdcu.be/Fmrr

In old Javanese and Chinese texts there are various references made to ‘Javanese paper’. This immediately gives rise to the question of whether paper was ever actually produced in Indonesia in the distant past. In theory this is possible because from earliest times a thriving trade existed between the islands of Indonesia and both India (where paper had been made autonomously since the year 1000) and China (where paper was invented well before the birth of Christ). Yet there has never been any sign of a ‘Javanese paper’ Dutch literary theorists and linguists discovered a number of Javanese manuscripts in Oriental library collections, written on material called dluwang, but were unable to identify it. It was botanical identification and physicochemical analysis that provided the initial answers to these questions. Dluwang is most renowned as a writing material. Handwritten manuscripts on dluwang in public collections are mainly Javanese, with one or two Malay or Madurese examples. It is not uncommon for these manuscripts to be compilations of texts in more than one language and in different scripts. There also seems to have been no inhibition about habitually binding European paper together with dluwang into one single book. This is an English translation of the Dutch report in 1996

The influence of rosin (0.1-0.3%), alum (0.4-0.6%), polyaluminum chloride (0.3-0.7%), and starch (0.5-1.5%) in the making of paper from old corrugated container (OCC) pulp on the freeness, breaking length, tear index, and burst index of pulp and paper sheets was studied. Using a full factorial design to identify the optimum operating conditions, equations relating the dependent variables to the operational variables of the chemical additives were derived that reproduced the former with errors lower than 5%. Using a high starch (1.5%), high PAC (0.7%), low alum (0.4%), and low rosin (0.1%) combination led to pulp that was sufficient to obtain paper with good strength properties (breaking length 5720m; burst index: 3.1 kPam 2 g -1 ; tear index: 6.2mNm 2 /g; Cobb test: 94; fold endurance: 1.52). SEM analysis showed increasing bonding between fibers together at this level of additives. The influence of starch on Cobb test values was not significant. terms of the resulting paper from recycled fibers. Furnish containing old corrugated container (OCC) pulp is of particular interest. Therefore, the optimization effects of rosin, aluminum sulfate (papermaker's alum), polyaluminum chloride (PAC), and cationic starch with mathematical models can be interesting to investigate.

In old Javanese and Chinese texts there are various references made to ‘Javanese paper’. This immediately gives rise to the question of whether paper was ever actually produced in Indonesia in the distant past. In theory this is possible because from earliest times a thriving trade existed between the islands of Indonesia and both India (where paper had been made autonomously since the year 1000) and China (where paper was invented well before the birth of Christ). Yet there has never been any sign of a ‘Javanese paper’ Dutch literary theorists and linguists discovered a number of Javanese manuscripts in Oriental library collections, written on material called dluwang, but were unable to identify it. It was botanical identification and physicochemical analysis that provided the initial answers to these questions. Dluwang is most renowned as a writing material. Handwritten manuscripts on dluwang in public collections are mainly Javanese, with one or two Malay or Madurese examples. It is not uncommon for these manuscripts to be compilations of texts in more than one language and in different scripts. There also seems to have been no inhibition about habitually binding European paper together with dluwang into one single book.

Twin-screw extrusion pulping is a new approach to the manufacture of pulp for paper production, designed for non-wood feedstocks. In this research, the production of pulp from rice stem with a newly fabricated twin-screw extruder was investigated. Extrusion pulping of rice stem was conducted following a central composite design using a two-level factorial plan involving three process variables (pretreatment NaOH concentration: 0.4, 0.8, 1.2%; extrusion temperature: 40, 60, 80 o C; and extruder rotational speed: 55, 70, 85 rpm). Responses of pulp and handsheets properties to the process variables were analyzed using statistical software (MINITAB 15). As the results show, pulping of rice stem fiber can be done at a relatively short pretreatment time about 4 hours and a low NaOH concentration about 0.8% by twin-screw extruder with limit extrusion temperature of about 80 o C and extruder rotational speed about 85 rpm. The effect of pretreatment solvent, NaOH, is greatly enhanced by increases in the extrusion temperature. Analysis of the results revealed that this process has suitable potential to be used to obtain a pulp with yields approximately equivalent to neutral sulfite semichemical pulping at fixed kappa number, which is applicable for fluting paper and linerboard production.

Made of recycled clothes, slaughtered animals, and felled trees, Bibles in Renaissance England were filled with visible traces of ecological matter, remainders that remind one that words on a page are thought fused with—and inflected by—matter. This essay places Henry Vaughan’s poem “The Book” in a broader conversation about the poetics of paper: the rhetorical effects of the varied colors and qualities of paper used in the production of the vernacular Bibles that transformed reading practices in Renaissance England. Historical writers and readers, who were directly involved in a flax-to-rags-to-paper economy, recognized and commented on the natural resources from which cheap, widely distributed Bibles and other texts were made. Further, this essay models a reading strategy that attends to the natural history of books, to both the function and the form of the organic matter used to mediate human ideas.

This study investigates the effect of six cultivars named Cubano, Niger, Cubano 2032, 9277, 7551 and, 7566, of kenaf and three harvesting time stages on pulp and handsheet paper properties of kenaf, which were accomplished in north of Iran. Six cultivars of an Iranian kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.), were planted on 19 May 2007, and harvested at 85, 105, and 135 days after planting. It was understood that with the increase of plant age, the fiber yield increased. Maximum yield at each of three harvesting time stages was ...

Pulping of wheat straw was studied with an organic solvent (glycerol) and 2% NaOH as a catalyst, and without catalyst, at various cooking times (180, 90, 45 and 30 min), and at reflux temperature (195-205 °C) as cooking temperature, to investigate the properties of the obtained pulp (cooking yield, kappa number, freeness (CSF), fiber length, α-cellulose, γ-cellulose, ash) and paper (breaking length, burst index, fold endurance, tear index). The best properties of the handsheets were obtained with 2% sodium hydroxide in the cooking solvent, at 30 min as cooking time. As a result of using the processing variables over the variation ranges considered, the following optimum values of the dependent variables were obtained: 64.1% (yield), 64 (kappa number), 300 mL CSF (freeness), 11.89 km (breaking length), 60.38 (folding endurance), 9.27 mNm 2 g-1 (tear index) and 4.60 kNg-1 (burst index) for pulps and handsheets. The results obtained showed that, under the cooking conditions applied, either including the use of a catalyst or not, delignification increased by increasing the cooking time, although the brightness of the handsheets was reduced. These results involved a secondary reaction between the organic solvent glycerol and the micro-fragments of fibers during cooking.

ulping of wheat straw by dimethylformamide was studied in order to investigate the effects of the cooking variables temperature (190, 200, and 210°C), time (120, 150, and 180 min), and organic solvent ratio (30, 50, and 70%) of dimethylformamide (DMF+water) value on the degradation of cellulose and delignification of organosolv pulp. The SCAN viscosity was applied to estimate the extent of cellulose degradation produced by cooking condition and it was compared with Kraft pulp at equal content of residual lignin. Response of pulp properties to the process variables were analyzed using statistical software MINITAB 14. The process variables (cooking temperature and time) were set at low variables at high DMF ratio in order to ensure of the low cellulose degradation. Generally, the cooking temperature had a significant effect while the cooking time and DMF ratio had negligible roles. By the comparison of Kraft and organosolv pulps (higher SCAN viscosity of organosolv pulp than Kraft process under equal residual lignin and scanning electron microscopy images) it can be asserted that DMF basically has an improvement role on reducing the cellulose degradation of obtained from pulp. Consequently, the protective action of organosolv on non-cellulosic polysaccharides of wheat straw against degradation under Kraft pulping conditions is considered as the main reason of the fairly high yield of organosolv pulping.

Building novel Digital Music Instruments (DMIs) requires the use of a variety of sensors to transduce human actions to electronic signals that will control sound synthesis variables. Among them, contact (force/pressure) sensors such as the Force Sensing Resistors (FSR) are the most commonly used in the design of DMIs. Similar commercial sensor designs based on conductive materials also enable to detect position, displacement or flexion. Unfortunately, although commercial sensors can be easily found at electronic resellers, only a few standardised models with predefined sizes, shapes and electric characteristics can be purchased. Moreover, the quality of the sensor appears to depend on their shape and dimension. These limitations have direct implications on the design of novel DMIs, which actually need to be adapted to the existing offer of commercial sensors.
Instead of having to choose between limited solutions of sizes and shapes, we imagined that it would be more interesting for a designer to start from raw materials and to design their own sensors. The primary objective of this research is therefore to explore ways to design novel contact sensors using materials with specific electrical properties. It involves the study of the structure and composition of existing industrial contact sensors and the research on new materials with convenient electrical properties that can be used for developing custom-made contact sensors. After various investigations with polymers, textiles, adhesives and glues, we finally chose to focus on conductive paper as a generic material for producing sustainable, flexible and customisable contact sensors. This thesis study presents two directions on paper sensors investigations:
We first began by studying the potential of building paper contact sensors using industrial paper. This type of paper is originally produced to provide optimal colour properties and is not optimised for use as a conductive material. Nevertheless, it has been shown that it provides a very efficient choice for the design of custom sensors. Several sensor prototypes were built using samples of four industrial papers from three main manufacturers (ArjoWiggins (Canson), Fabriano, and PASCO) and have been used in the design of various gesture controllers. In order to verify the electrical behaviour of these prototypes, we developed a special test machine that enabled us to characterise the sensor’s properties in terms of repeatability, drift and hysteresis, and to compare the results with commercial sensors.
The second step was to consider how to produce such a paper. Laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate the influence of the papermaking process as well as the chemicals to be added to optimise the retention and formation of a uniform mix of pigments and fibres, enabling the fabrication of a rough, porous, compressible but still elastic material. Papers with various amounts of pigment and different sheet structures were made and characterised in order to evaluate the influence of the paper characteristics onto their electrical resistance. Resulting materials were also characterised with the test machine and compared to other types of resistive materials.
This research contributes to the promotion of alternative solutions for the development of contact sensors. In particular, it shows that conductive paper and inks are an ecological alternative to conducting polymers for producing custom contact sensors. Paper sensors can replace industrial sensors in many applications, as they are equally efficient. Moreover they are recyclable or reusable, flexible and customisable, therefore extending the capabilities of industrial solutions. The production of such a paper will provide researchers with raw materials to produce their own sensors and realise new DMIs, such as the ones presented in this thesis. Apart from their usefulness in acquiring expert musical gestures, paper sensors have potential applications in many other fields such as medical (e.g. as hospital bed sheet), security (e.g. sensitive floors), intelligent packaging, etc.
Multi-disciplinary research is a profitable way for creating new technological outputs. Conductive paper can provide new ways of building DMIs at moderate cost and with an environmental-friendly label. Music and arts can in return offer an efficient and sensitive proof-of-work to convince industries that conductive papers have a major potential in other applications.

Frogmore paper mill is a kind of time machine that allows historians of technology and the senses to study mechanized paper-making as it was done one hundred years ago. Before the introduction of instrumentation and automatic process control paper-making depended profoundly on the embodied skills of the workers. This paper will focus on the sensory knowledge and skills required for monitoring and controlling old machinery. Investigating skills-in-use will help to unravel the close link between sensing and acting to keep a continuous production process stable and running. Paper-makers would shift intuitively between different senses and sensory modes of monitoring and diagnosing sensory telltales to balance the production process. The importance of sensory knowledge and embodied skills also shaped paper-makers' self-perception and professional ethos. The paper will examine the impact of new process control technology on the crucial role of sensory skills for the paper-makers' individual and collective identities.

THE PAPERBACK COVER of one of my copies of Shakespeare's Sonnets has been defaced. The cover image is an enlarged detail from Rembrandt's Man Sharpening a Quill (1632), but the man's face is missing.' Only his hands are there, husbanding a few of the natural elements in what we might call a textual economy. The left hand holds a bird's feather, its tip, the nib, turned toward the man. The right hand grips the bone handle of a knife, its mineral blade preparing animal matter to put "mind ... in character" (sonnet 59.8). Plants are also here among the animals and minerals: the man's paper, not shown in this detail, awaits the freshly sharpened quill, and the edge of a linen ruff spreads above the quill's nib, invoking the relationship between rag-based paper and the collar's flax fibers. (Recycled cloth was the stuff of paper for most of the history of Western printing.) My cover, tattered at the corners, stained from use as a coaster, and splitting at the spine is past prime, and yet the copyright page demands that it remain this volume's sole cover in perpetuity: "You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer." Surely this is an in-joke for readers already familiar with the volume's contents, for it defies nature and limits conferral. Can one really be expected to guard this flimsy cover, mere paper plus a plastic film, 'gainst Time's scythe (and coffee spills)? The legal injunction is an economical safeguard, but in emphasizing one economy, the book trade, it de-emphasizes another economy, nature. Cover and copyright renew and contribute to the Sonnets' central preoccupation with preservation and decay. Like the things it depicts, the cover must disintegrate. In the opening sonnets, the poet seeks a preservatory that might evade decay and death, reaching a cobbled solution at the end of sonnet 17, where the poet's papers and the beloved's child dually preserve the beloved's beauty. In sonnet 18, the poet is commonly thought to switch preservation strategies and "flatly contradict the overriding procreation theme of 1-17." (2) One is tempted to read this sonnet as a throwing up of hands, a decision to put a brave face on a flawed preservation effort (an effort mocked later in the first quarto, hereafter Q, by "a fickle maid full pale, / Tearing of papers" [A Lover's Complaint, 11. 5-6]). (3) However, given the Sonnets' repeated emphasis on husbandry, a preservation strategy that simply denies or ignores natural decay would seem willfully negligent. Outright defiance is uncharacteristic of the Sonnets, too. Their rhetorical tendency is toward "systems" and "economies" that comprehend divergent ideas through arrangement and re-arrangement. (4) Thomas M. Greene, for instance, considers the "rhetorical economics" of the Sonnets and suggests that the poetry's "rhetorical density" may be meant to "refute its own self-accusations of dearth." (5) In Greene's analysis, poetry is never able to produce its desired result: "The increase we desire from fairest creatures never materializes" (61). And yet, here it is. The non-referential "this" of sonnet 18--"So long lives this, and this gives life to thee" (18.14)--simultaneously implies a nearness to the original poet and a nearness to the eventual reader. (6) Reading "this," holding "this" in our hands, we are implicated into the textual economy of the Sonnets because we hold the material offspring of Shakespeare's papers. His flax-fiber pages and our tree-pulp pages are systemically linked. While sonnets 15 through 17 introduce and consider the idea of replacing progeny with poems, sonnet 18 does something different, something subtle and more systemically complex. The poet finds a biological solution to textual decay by envisioning his perishable writing materials as part of a larger system of natural matter--an ecosystem in which decay and renewal are symbiotic. (7) The poet's decaying "papers (yellowed with their age)" (17. …

Modification of calcium carbonate particles with surfactant significantly improves the properties of the calcium carbonate coating on paper. In this study, unmodified and CTAB (hexadecyltetramethylammonium bromide)-and oleate-modified calcium carbonate nanoparticles were prepared using the wet carbonation technique for paper coating. CTAB (cationic surfactant) and sodium oleate (anionic surfactant) were used to modify the size, morphology, and surface properties of the precipitated nanoparticles. The obtained particles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Coating colors were formulated from the prepared unmodified and modified calcium carbonates and examined by creating a thin coating layer on reference paper. The effect of calcium carbonate particle size and surface modification on paper properties, such as coating thickness, coating weight, surface roughness, air permeability, brightness, whiteness, opacity, and hydrophobicity, were investigated and compared with commercial ground (GCC) calcium carbonate-coated papers. The results show that the obtained calcium carbonate nanoparticles are in the calcite phase. The morphology of the prepared calcium carbonate nanoparticles is rhombohedral, and the average particle diameter is less than 100 nm. Compared to commercial GCC, the use of unmodified and CTAB-and oleate-modified calcium carbonate nanoparticles in paper coating improves the properties of paper. The highest measured paper properties were observed for paper coated with oleate-modifed nanoparticles, where an increase in smoothness (decrease in paper roughness) (+23%), brightness (+1.3%), whiteness (+2.8%), and opacity (+2.3%) and a decrease in air permeability (−26%) was obtained with 25% less coat weight. The water contact angle at a drop age time of 10 min was about 112° for the paper coated with oleate-modified nanoparticles and 42° for paper coated with CTAB-modified nanoparticles compared to 104° for GCC-coated paper. 1. Introduction Paper is a highly versatile material with various favorable properties, for example, biodegradability, renewability, recyclability, mechanical flexibility, and affordability. Paper is mainly made of cellulosic pulp fibers derived from renewable natural bioresources including wood and non-wood lignocellulosic materials.1 The paper surface can remain somewhat rough and porous as it forms on the machine and begins to dry. Coating the paper surface with a color-containing pigment is an excellent method to impart certain qualities to the paper, including weight, surface smoothness, opacity, gas permeability, and reduced ink absorbency. The pigmented coating is very important when opacity, surface smoothness, or low gas permeability are needed at a low-basis weight. For food packing, the combination of low gas permeability and opacity is important to protect food from light and to prevent loss of the volatile contents. The color used for paper coating is a suspension of pigment and binder in water and has a solid content of 50−70%. This solid content is composed of 80−90 wt % pigment and 10−20 wt % binder.2 Pigment can fill in crevices and create a tight, flat, smooth surface that the addition of sizing or a perfect blend of fibers may not achieve. The binder attracts the pigment particles to each other and provides the required mechanical strength for the coat layer. Water allows the coat to be applied as a particulate suspension on the paper surface.

‫گردد.‬ ‫مي‬ ‫تشكر‬ ‫و‬ ‫تقدير‬ ‫ضمنا‬ " ‫آقاي‬ ‫از‬ ‫شاروقي‬ ‫علي‬ ‫مهندس‬ ‫در‬ ‫كه‬ ‫ويرايش‬ ‫پااليش‬ ‫و‬ ‫مجموعه‬ ‫اين‬ ‫داشتند،‬ ‫تنگاتنگي‬ ‫همكاري‬ ‫كمال‬ ‫و‬ ‫تقدير‬ ‫گردد.‬ ‫مي‬ ‫تشكر‬ ‫مهندس‬ ‫چراني‬ ‫رضايتي‬ ‫پژمان‬ ‫چهار‬ ‫شيفت‬ ‫در‬ ‫خمير‬ ‫سازي‬ ‫آماده‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫پرسنل‬ ‫بهار‬ 8317 ‫چوكا،‬ ‫بخش‬ ‫كاغذ‬ ‫توليد‬ ‫خمير‬ ‫سازي‬ ‫آماده‬ ، -‫استاك‬ ، ‫رضايتي‬ ‫أ‬ ‫فهرست‬ ‫صفحه‬ ‫پيشگفتار‬ ‫خمير‬ ‫سازي‬ ‫آماده‬ -‫استاك‬ 1 ‫استاك‬ ‫منطقه‬ ‫فيزيكي‬ ‫وضعيت‬ 1 ‫اس‬ ‫منطقه‬ ‫در‬ ‫خمير‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫كلي‬ ‫مسير‬ ‫تاك‬ 2 ‫از‬ ‫خمير‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫كلي‬ ‫مسير‬ PMC ‫كاغذ‬ ‫ماشين‬ ‫به‬ 2 ‫از‬ ‫خمير‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫كلي‬ ‫مسير‬ SMC ‫كاغذ‬ ‫ماشين‬ ‫به‬ 3 ‫خ‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫مسير‬ ‫دهنده‬ ‫تشكيل‬ ‫اصلي‬ ‫اجزاي‬ ‫خمير‬ ‫سازي‬ ‫آماده‬ ‫منطقه‬ ‫در‬ ‫مير‬ 4 ‫چهارگانه‬ ‫هاي‬ ‫برج‬ 4 ‫خميرها‬ ‫سازي‬ ‫مخلوط‬ ‫مخازن‬ 8 ‫ها‬ ‫پاالينده‬ 32 ‫آلوم‬ 3 3 ‫رزين‬ 4 3 ‫صمغ‬ 9 3 ‫نشاسته‬ 9 3 ‫سولفوريك‬ ‫اسيد‬ 44 ‫پك‬ 41 ‫كف‬ ‫ضد‬ 41 ‫كاستيك‬ 42 ‫افزودني‬ ‫ديگر‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫از‬ 42 ‫استاك‬ ‫كنترل‬ ‫اتاق‬ ‫كنترل‬ 43 ‫كاغذ‬ ‫ماشين‬ ‫در‬ ‫آب‬ ‫جريان‬ ‫سيستم‬ -‫استاك‬ ‫سازي‬ ‫آماده‬ ‫منطقه‬ 46 ‫داغ‬ ‫آب‬ ‫تانكهاي‬ 44 ‫فشار‬ ‫كم‬ ‫داغ‬ ‫آب‬ ‫تانك‬ 4 4 ‫چوكا،‬ ‫بخش‬ ‫كاغذ‬ ‫توليد‬ ‫خمير‬ ‫سازي‬ ‫آماده‬ ، -‫استاك‬ ، ‫رضايتي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫فشار‬ ‫پر‬ ‫داغ‬ ‫آب‬ ‫تانك‬ 9 4 ‫وكليير‬ ‫كلودي‬ ‫آب‬ ‫مخزن‬ 54 ‫كاغذ‬ ‫ماشين‬ ‫ميز‬ ‫زير‬ ‫مخازن‬ 3 5 ‫سيل‬ ‫چاله‬ 3 5 ‫وايرپيت‬ ‫و‬ ‫سفيد‬ ‫آب‬ ‫مخازن‬ 5 5 ‫ساپالي‬ ‫سيوال‬ ‫مخزن‬ 4 5 ‫كوچ‬ ‫چاله‬ 8 5 ‫خشك‬ ‫خط‬ ‫پايان‬ ‫ساز‬ ‫خمير‬ ‫مخزن‬ 64 ‫استاك‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫در‬ ‫تهويه‬ 64 ‫استاك‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫برداري‬ ‫نمونه‬ ‫مناطق‬ 61 ‫ضميمه‬ ‫خمير‬ ‫سازي‬ ‫آماده‬ 61 ‫منابع‬ 68 ‫چوكا‬ ‫كارخانه‬  -‫چراني‬ ‫رضايتي‬ ‫كاغذ‬ ‫توليد‬ ‫بخش‬ 8811  ‫چوكا،‬ ‫بخش‬ ‫كاغذ‬ ‫توليد‬ ‫خمير‬ ‫سازي‬ ‫آماده‬ ، -‫استاك‬

Pulping of wheat straw was studied with an organic solvent (glycerol) and 2% NaOH as a catalyst, and without catalyst, at various cooking times (180, 90, 45 and 30 min), and at reflux temperature (195-205 C) as cooking temperature, to investigate the properties of the obtained pulp (cooking yield, kappa number, freeness (CSF), fiber length, α-cellulose, γ-cellulose, ash) and paper (breaking length, burst index, fold endurance, tear index).

Modification of calcium carbonate particles with surfactant significantly improves the properties of the calcium carbonate coating on paper. In this study, unmodified and CTAB (hexadecyltetramethylammonium bromide)-and oleate-modified calcium carbonate nanoparticles were prepared using the wet carbonation technique for paper coating. CTAB (cationic surfactant) and sodium oleate (anionic surfactant) were used to modify the size, morphology, and surface properties of the precipitated nanoparticles. The obtained particles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Coating colors were formulated from the prepared unmodified and modified calcium carbonates and examined by creating a thin coating layer on reference paper. The effect of calcium carbonate particle size and surface modification on paper properties, such as coating thickness, coating weight, surface roughness, air permeability, brightness, whiteness, opacity, and hydrophobicity, were investigated and compared with commercial ground (GCC) calcium carbonate-coated papers. The results show that the obtained calcium carbonate nanoparticles are in the calcite phase. The morphology of the prepared calcium carbonate nanoparticles is rhombohedral, and the average particle diameter is less than 100 nm. Compared to commercial GCC, the use of unmodified and CTAB-and oleate-modified calcium carbonate nanoparticles in paper coating improves the properties of paper. The highest measured paper properties were observed for paper coated with oleate-modifed nanoparticles, where an increase in smoothness (decrease in paper roughness) (+23%), brightness (+1.3%), whiteness (+2.8%), and opacity (+2.3%) and a decrease in air permeability (−26%) was obtained with 25% less coat weight. The water contact angle at a drop age time of 10 min was about 112° for the paper coated with oleate-modified nanoparticles and 42° for paper coated with CTAB-modified nanoparticles compared to 104° for GCC-coated paper. 1. Introduction Paper is a highly versatile material with various favorable properties, for example, biodegradability, renewability, recyclability, mechanical flexibility, and affordability. Paper is mainly made of cellulosic pulp fibers derived from renewable natural bioresources including wood and non-wood lignocellulosic materials.1 The paper surface can remain somewhat rough and porous as it forms on the machine and begins to dry. Coating the paper surface with a color-containing pigment is an excellent method to impart certain qualities to the paper, including weight, surface smoothness, opacity, gas permeability, and reduced ink absorbency. The pigmented coating is very important when opacity, surface smoothness, or low gas permeability are needed at a low-basis weight. For food packing, the combination of low gas permeability and opacity is important to protect food from light and to prevent loss of the volatile contents. The color used for paper coating is a suspension of pigment and binder in water and has a solid content of 50−70%. This solid content is composed of 80−90 wt % pigment and 10−20 wt % binder.2 Pigment can fill in crevices and create a tight, flat, smooth surface that the addition of sizing or a perfect blend of fibers may not achieve. The binder attracts the pigment particles to each other and provides the required mechanical strength for the coat layer. Water allows the coat to be applied as a particulate suspension on the paper surface.

https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/avery/digitalserlio/essays/mussolin.html

The contents of the paper were presentend at the «Digital Serlio Symposium», held at the Avery Library, Columbia University, October 19, 2018, on the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the publication of Myra Nan Rosenfeld's «On Domestic Architecture» (1978)