PV cell/module

In this paper, the research of the optimal layout of photovoltaic (PV) modules in a PV array giving the maximum output power under different shaded working conditions is carried out. The particular condition of non uniform solar exposition of the modules is analyzed. The study of the different configurations has been carried out starting from a circuital model used for the design of PV cells and for the simulation of the working behavior of PV arrays. The attained results appear to be interesting although the complexity of the problem in mathematical terms is huge when the number of panels is high. Moreover, the results confirm that this approach often allows to attain a higher electrical energy production compared to that attainable with PV arrays with a static layout.

This paper presents a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller employing a modified hill top algorithm implemented using embedded microcontroller for solar photovoltaic (PV) module. The proposed MPPT algorithm has high efficiency compared to conventional hill top algorithm in terms of transferring power from source to load. The designed controller regulates the output voltage through control of the DC-DC boost converter under varying environmental conditions. The comparative result for hill top and modified hill top algorithm based on the proposed MPPT controller has been obtained through the simulation studies in PSCAD/EMTDC software. The validity of the proposed modified hill top algorithm has been obtained through experimental implementation of the MPPT controller on a solar PV module driving a load.

Ce papier a pour objectif de valoriser une nouvelle technique MPPM (MPPT) pour extraire le maximum de puissance générer par le panneau photovoltaïque. L’environnement Proteus est utilisé pour implémenter et simuler la nouvelle approche MPPM grâce à la carte Arduino UNO et un afficheur LCD. Les résultats de simulation prouvent la meilleure performance de notre commande MPPM par rapport à les deux traditionnelles techniques P&O et INC de dépister le point de puissance maximale PPM sous des conditions de changement brusque de l’éclairement solaire.

As well known, the market of PV systems is having a great development nowadays. In this process both companies and governments require to evaluate the projects of PV plants both in terms of revenue and quality. Therefore accurate tools for predicting their performances are becoming more and more important. The accuracy of the estimation is key for photovoltaic applications since this technology is characterized by quite low efficiency and high fixed costs. In this scenario, it is extremely important to develop models of each component of the system in order to evaluate the PV plant behavior in any working condition. In this paper a flexible model of PV module suitable for off-line and on-line simulation will be presented and discussed. It will be shown that beside its simplicity, the accuracy is very good. Furthermore its parameters can be easily measured or estimated from the rated values.

Module temperature Nominal operating cell temperature Outdoor exposure Modeling of temperature PV-module a b s t r a c t Simple analytical and statistical models for the evaluation of the temperature of PV-modules from climatic data (ambient temperature, global solar irradiation, and wind speed) are investigated. The parameters which describe the effects of cell technology and module design were evaluated from outdoor exposure data at different climatic regions. The models were validated by comparison of the simulated module temperatures with measured module temperatures at different test sites. A simplified way to determine a Realistic Nominal Module Temperature (ROMT) instead of the Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) is proposed.

This paper is aimed at harvesting the photovoltaic systems extracting power under difficult irradiance and load conditions, by proposing a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT). This proposed MPPT tactic has been examined under various climatic and load conditions using two powerful and accurate simulation environments for PV systems, MATLAB/Simulink and Proteus. The first implementation using the MATLAB/Simulink software was carried out to examine the performance of the novel MPPT tactic under sudden insolation and load change, where the second implementation using the Proteus software was carried out in order to prove that the novel MPPT tactic can be easily implemented using low-cost components, Arduino board, and LCD display. The simulation results prove that the novel MPPT tactic has a high convergence speed to locate the MPP, especially at fast solar irradiation and load variation with zero oscillation under steady-state operation, which takes less than 9.6 milliseconds (m...

This project proposes a simplified PV module simulator with MPPT. The PV model is designed in Matlab/Simulink based on various mathematical equations. This paper explains the use of MPPT technique in a photovoltaic system. The MPPT is implemented by incremental conductance or perturbation and observation methods. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK

Under the AM1-5g spectrum, the efficiency of a c-Si module can be increased by 0.5-1.5% (relative) by using a silicone encapsulant rather than EVA. This increase is primarily due to photons of wavelengths less than ~400 nm being transmitted by silicone but blocked by EVA. The highest increase in efficiency arises for cells with a good `blue response' and for silicones of a higher refractive index. In this work we show that when calculated for the AM1-5g spectrum, the optical advantage of silicone over EVA tends to be an underestimate of what can be expected in the field. This is because incident spectra are frequently `bluer' than the AM1-5g spectrum, particularly in summer and on cloudy days. In such cases, a larger fraction of photons have a wavelength less than 400 nm. With ray tracing, we find that the relative advantage of silicone over EVA is increased by an additional 0.3% on a sunny summer day in Phoenix AZ, and by 0.7% on a cloudy summer day in Brownsville TX. Still greater increases are expected for maritime climates and for installations with high albedo.

In this paper, an effective new approach for estimating the operating temperature of a photovoltaic (PV) module by using the simple diode model is presented. The developed method is simple and does not need any additional hardware. The proposed approach uses an analytical formula to derive the temperature from the maximum power point voltage and current. Since the temperature estimation (TE) is based on the model of the PV module, at first the model is explained. In the model, effects of the temperature coefficients are considered. Moreover, a new approach to find all parameters of a PV module model is described.

Use of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) for Street Lighting Systems (SLS) is an ideal application of SPV for illumination of streets and crossroads located in areas that are not connected to the power grid. This paper presents the performance and degradation analysis of two pairs of the Champion PV modules which were used for SLS installed at Solar Energy Centre, India during the year 1990. These PV modules have experienced minimal degradation in their power output even after operating for 21 years. The power loss observed in all modules is less than 10%, which is less than the specified level in IEC 61215 standard. These modules showed unique behavior and the most surprising aspect is that only one of the modules in each pair is affected by browning inspite of installed at same location and under similar environmental conditions. A detailed investigation has been performed by using the I-V measurement and characterization techniques like Lock-in thermography and Electroluminescence imaging.

A comparison between photovoltaic hybrid systems (PVHS), standalone photovoltaic (PV) and standalone diesel generator options is performed using the net present value (NPV) technique. A typical village mini-grid energy demand of 7.08 kWh/day is considered in the computation of energy costs and breakeven grid distances. A first sensitivity analysis is conducted using remote diesel prices of 0.8 V/l, 0.98 V/l, 1.12 V/l, 1.28 V/l with a PV module cost of 7.5 V/Wp. A second sensitivity analysis is also done using PV module costs of 5.25 V/Wp, 6 V/Wp, 6.75 V/Wp, 7.5 V/Wp with a diesel price of 1.12 V/l. The energy cost for the diesel option was found to be 0.812 V/kWh at a diesel fuel price of 1.12 V/l. The sensitivity analyses showed that minimum energy costs were attained in PVHS at renewable energy fractions in the range 82.6e95.3%. In the second sensitivity analysis the energy costs and breakeven grid distances were found to be in the ranges 0.692e0.785 V/kWh and 5.1e5.9 km respectively. For a PV module cost of 5.25 V/Wp, the lowest energy cost for the PVHS option was 0.692 V/kWh at a final renewable energy fraction of 95.3% with the diesel generator hours being 37 h compared to 2075 h in the standalone diesel generator option. Consequently, a 30% reduction in custom duties and taxes on imported PV modules and sub-systems would increase the use of small-scale and climate friendly PV mini-grids in remote areas of far north Cameroon that have an annual insolation of at least 5.55 kWh/m 2 /day.

This paper presents a neural network based approach for improving the accuracy of the electrical equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic module. The equivalent circuit parameters of a PV module mainly depend on solar irradiation and temperature. The dependence on environmental factors of the circuit parameters is investigated by using a set of current-voltage curves. It is shown that the relationship between them is nonlinear and cannot be easily expressed by any analytical equation. Therefore, the neural network is utilized to overcome these difficulties. The neural network is trained once by using some measured current-voltage curves, and the equivalent circuit parameters are estimated by only reading the samples of solar irradiation and temperature very quickly without solving any nonlinear implicit equations that is necessary in conventional methods. To verify the proposed model, an experimental set up is installed. The comparison between the measured values and the proposed model results shows higher accuracy than the conventional model for all operating conditions.

The importance of energy increases in human life with the development of technology. However, most of the world's energy needs are still met by fossil fuels. The interest in renewable energy is increasing due to the increase in demand for fossil fuels, their limitedness, and environmental damage. Solar energy, which is an unlimited and clean energy source, is among the most popular renewable energy sources. Solar energy is used by processes such as heating and electricity generation. In this study, the emission amount of polycrystalline and cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic (PV) panels to the environment during the life cycle were compared. During the life cycle, the amount of emission released to the environment during the production, recycling, and electricity generation of the panel was determined. In addition, energy payback times of these two PV types were calculated. The emission amount for both of 1 m 2 polycrystalline and CdTe PV panel throughout the life cycle was determined to be 201.4 and 115.04 kg−CO 2 , respectively. Besides, the average energy payback period of the polycrystalline panel is 0.92 years, while it is 0.57 years for the CdTe panel. In addition, the emission amount of the solar panel and the natural gas-powered thermal power plant known as a clean energy source were compared. As a result, a huge difference was observed between the emission amount released by the PV panel to the environment and the emission released as a result of the energy produced by the thermal power plant under the same conditions during its 17-year lifetime. PV panel saves 1.72 tons of CO 2 emissions compared to the thermal power plant, and so PV panels appear to be 9.52 times more environmentally friendly.

A numerical procedure for the extraction of the double-diode model parameters of photovoltaic (PV) modules is described. A particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to fit the calculated current-voltage characteristic of a PV module to the experimental one. As no recurrent solution was found in the large number of simulations carried out, mainly because of the stochastic nature of the optimization algorithm, statistics in combination with cluster analysis was employed to give an insight into the PV module parameters. This approach allows one to obtain a set of parameters which is reasonable and representative of the physical system.

The major purpose of the present study is to understand the performance of an integrated photovoltaic and thermal solar system (IPVTS) as compared to a conventional solar water heater and to demonstrate the idea of an IPVTS design. A commercial polycrystalline PV module is used for making a PV/ T collector. The PV/ T collector is used to build an IPVTS. The test results show that the solar PV/ T collector made from a corrugated polycarbonate panel can obtain a good thermal efficiency. The present study introduces the concept of primary-energy saving efficiency for the evaluation of a PV/ T system. The primary-energy saving efficiency of the present IPVTS exceeds 0.60. This is higher than for a pure solar hot * water heater or a pure PV system. The characteristic daily efficiency h reaches 0.38 which is about 76% of s * the value for a conventional solar hot water heater using glazed collectors (h 5 0.50). The performance of a s PV/ T collector can be improved if the heat-collecting plate, the PV cells and the glass cover are directly packed together to form a glazed collector. The manufacturing cost of the PV/ T collector and the system cost of the IPVTS can also be reduced. The present study shows that the idea of IPVTS is economically feasible too.

In this paper, the electrical and thermal performances of a single-crystalline submerged photovoltaic (PV) solar panel (SP2) is investigated. In particular, due to the presence of water, several phenomena occur such as the modification of solar-radiation spectrum and the reduction of the module operating temperature. These phenomena have different impacts on the global energy performance of the PV module, which depends on the environmental conditions, on the PV technology, and on the water depth. Energy performances of an SP2 module are measured using two different experimental setups in different environmental conditions, with an increase in power ranging from 10% to 15%.

In this communication, an attempt has been made to develop a thermal model of an integrated photovoltaic and thermal solar (IPVTS) system developed by previous researchers. Based on energy balance of each component of IPVTS system, an analytical expression for the temperature of PV module and the water have been derived. Numerical computations have been carried out for climatic data and design parameters of an experimental IPVTS system. The simulations predict a daily thermal efficiency of around 58%, which is very close to the experimental value (61.3%) obtained by Huang et al.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of non-uniform solar irradiation distribution on energy output of different interconnected configurations in photovoltaic (PV) arrays. In order to find which configuration is less susceptible to mismatch effects, a PV module model is developed. This model can take into consideration the effects of bypass diodes and the variation of the equivalent circuit parameters with respect to operating conditions. The proposed model can provide sufficient degree of precision as well as solar cell-based analysis in analyzing large scale PV arrays without increasing the computational effort. In order to produce more reliable and robust simulations, improved and extended algorithms are presented. Some results are discussed in detail and some recommendations are extracted by testing several shading scenarios.

It is well known that the rapidly growth of business and population are putting more and more pressure on world energy resources. Photovoltaic Solar Power plant price will play a vital role in the larger development of solar power generation. Therefore, it is most important  to develope new methodology and techniques for reduced cost of solar power plant. This paper shows the result of designing of a solar power plant in SHAHRYAR area. A total production of about 3900 MWh yearly showed favourable  conditions for the development of photovoltaic solar power systems, due mainly to the high average daily radiation in this area. In this research, PVSYST software was used to calculate and design all part of this power plant.

High-pressure hydrogen production Fuel-cell electric vehicle Hydrogen generation efficiency Hydrogen fueling a b s t r a c t Hydrogen for fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) was produced using clean, renewable solar energy to electrolyze water. This report describes the design, construction, and initial performance testing of a solar hydrogen fueler at the GM Proving Ground in Milford, MI.

This paper is aimed at harvesting the photovoltaic systems extracting power under difficult irradiance and load conditions, by proposing a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT). This proposed MPPT tactic has been examined under various climatic and load conditions using two powerful and accurate simulation environments for PV systems, MATLAB/Simulink and Proteus. The first implementation using the MATLAB/Simulink software was carried out to examine the performance of the novel MPPT tactic under sudden insolation and load change, where the second implementation using the Proteus software was carried out in order to prove that the novel MPPT tactic can be easily implemented using low-cost components, Arduino board, and LCD display. The simulation results prove that the novel MPPT tactic has a high convergence speed to locate the MPP, especially at fast solar irradiation and load variation with zero oscillation under steady-state operation, which takes less than 9.6 milliseconds (m...

Photovoltaic module a b s t r a c t In this paper it is presented hydrogen production using alkaline water electrolysis where a 30 W photovoltaic (PV) module was involved as a source of electric energy. Therefore, the process is without emitting CO 2 . There is constructed and tested an alkaline electrolyzer with 50 Â 50 Â 2 mm Ni metal foam electrodes, 50 Â 50 Â 0.4 mm Zirphon Ò membrane and 25% alkaline (KOH) solution electrolyte. Electrolyzer UI characteristics for natural and forced flow of electrolyte with PV module UI characteristics are presented. The results are in favor of forced flow circulation, and these are better if the flow velocities are higher.

This study presents a PVediesel hybrid power system with battery backup for a village being fed with diesel generated electricity to displace part of the diesel by solar. The hourly solar radiation data measured at the site along with PV modules mounted on fixed foundations, four generators of different rated powers, diesel prices of 0.2e1.2US$/l, different sizes of batteries and converters were used to find an optimal power system for the village. It was found that a PV array of 2000 kW and four generators of 1250, 750, 2250 and 250 kW; operating at a load factor of 70% required to run for 3317 h/yr, 4242 h/yr, 2820 h/yr and 3150 h/yr, respectively; to produce a mix of 17,640 MWh of electricity annually and 48.33 MWh per day. The cost of energy (COE) of diesel only and PV/diesel/battery power system with 21% solar penetration was found to be 0.190$/kWh and 0.219$/kWh respectively for a diesel price of 0.2$/l. The sensitivity analysis showed that at a diesel price of 0.6$/l the COE from hybrid system become almost the same as that of the diesel only system and above it, the hybrid system become more economical than the diesel only system.

The overall performance of solar cell varies with varying Irradiance and Temperature with the change in the time of the day the power received from the Sun by the PV panel changes. Not only this both irradiance and temperature affect solar cell efficiency as well as corresponding Fill factor also changes. This paper gives an idea about how the solar cell performance changes with the change in irradiance in reality and the result is shown by conducting a number of experiments. In this paper authors also try to show that parasitic resistance of the solar cell be a function of irradiance that was not considered in any PV model. All effects are observed from 105 W/m 2 to 602 W/m 2 in this experiment.

Two methods for the fault location in PV module string were experimentally studied. One was the earth capacitance measurement (ECM) and the other was the time-domain reflectometry (TDR). By ECM, the disconnection position in the string was estimated by the earth capacitance value without the effects of the irradiance change, and the estimation error was small enough to determine the disconnection position in actual repair/maintenance operation. On the other hand, TDR could detect the degradation (series resistance increase) and the positions in the string by the change of response waveform.

The authors are studying a diagnostic method of a PV power generating system. We consider that the change of I–V characteristics can be utilized for the diagnosis. However, the report on the change of I–V characteristics is very little. In this paper, we investigate the relation between the output lowering due to shaded PV cells and the change of I–V characteristics, utilizing the computer simulation. It was proven from the simulation that I–V characteristics are changed by the condition of the shadow, which covered the module. The change of I–V characteristics of a PV module with shaded PV cells is discussed by the shift of the avalanche breakdown voltage of shaded PV cells.

Hydrogen production a b s t r a c t Hydrogen fuel for fuel cell vehicles can be produced by using solar electric energy from photovoltaic (PV) modules for the electrolysis of water without emitting carbon dioxide or requiring fossil fuels. In the past, this renewable means of hydrogen production has suffered from low efficiency (2-6%), which increased the area of the PV array required and therefore, the cost of generating hydrogen. In this research, the efficiency of the PV-electrolysis system was optimized by matching the voltage and maximum power output of the photovoltaics to the operating voltage of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers. The optimization process increased the hydrogen generation efficiency to 12% for a solar powered PV-PEM electrolyzer that could supply enough hydrogen to operate a fuel cell vehicle.

This paper presents a single-phase cascaded H-bridge converter for a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) application. The multilevel topology consists of several H-bridge cells connected in series, each one connected to a string of PV modules. The adopted control scheme permits the independent control of each dc-link voltage, enabling, in this way, the tracking of the maximum power point for each string of PV panels. Additionally, lowripple sinusoidal-current waveforms are generated with almost unity power factor. The topology offers other advantages such as the operation at lower switching frequency or lower current ripple compared to standard two-level topologies. Simulation and experimental results are presented for different operating conditions. Index Terms-Multilevel inverters, photovoltaic (PV) power systems, power conversion.

Fossil fuels are a non automobiles is using electricity which can be generated by renewable resources to power up the vehicle. This paper gives an idea about charging these Elec using solar panels and provide the maximum power generated. The proposed system is controlled using the Arduino UNO to view the amount of charge generated through an LCD. GSM modules an overcharge or undercharges. A rain sensor is also integrated to alert the user if there are any changes in climatic conditions that affect the charging of PV cells. The entire status of the battery along with the amount o transferred is uploaded to the cloud and can be seen through a webpage at any time. The main aim of this paper is in reducing the consumption of non Keywords: based; iot; charging As the population increases, are dependent on fossil fuels such as petrol, diesel, LPG, etc. Fossil fuels are a non time use. To find an alternative energy resource th vehicle engine development have been conducted, one such energy source is electrical energy. After successful development across years, vehicles powered by electric energy are becoming t of its many advantages. As such charging stations for electric vehicles are in need. To accommodate easy access, we have designed a solar-powered charging station. Solar energy is not only a renewable energy resource but to obtain from Sun. [14] [15]. Electric vehicles withdraw the required current to power up using the rechargeable batteries that are integrated with it. Around 1832, one of the very basic electrically running motor vehicles was invented by Robert Anderson, and later time first commercia investing more to develop e reasons why future generations will start using EVs mainly becaus any smoke or toxic gases to the environment. They are very quiet in nature and use renewable sources of energy which decreases the use of fossil fuels. Overall, the advantage of using EVs is more to the envi are using an Arduino controller to make the system more cost system applications wider and mobile.

Nous présentons dans ce papier, une méthode de dimensionnement optimal du générateur photovoltaïque et du banc de batteries dans un système hybride de production d'électricité (éolienphotovoltaïque) totalement autonome. Pour une charge et une probabilité de perte d'énergie données sous le critère d'un prix minimum du système, un nombre optimal de batteries et de modules photovoltaïques a été calculé. Ainsi, à partir de données horaires de l'irradiation solaire, de la température ambiante et de la vitesse du vent, nous avons calculé la puissance horaire produite par l'aérogénérateur et par le générateur photovoltaïque sur une période d'analyse d'une année. Ces données sont issues de mesures au centre de Bouzaréah. Un profil de consommation type a été adopté. Il correspond au profil rencontré généralement dans les sites isolés.

—In photovoltaic (PV) power generation, partial shading is an unavoidable complication that significantly reduces the efficiency of the overall system. Under this condition, the PV system produces a multiple-peak function in its output power characteristic. Thus, a reliable technique is required to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) within an appropriate time. This study aims to employ a hybrid evolutionary algorithm called the DEPSO technique, a combination of the differential evolutionary (DE) algorithm and particle swarm optimization (PSO), to detect the maximum power point under partial shading conditions. The paper starts with a brief description about the behavior of PV systems under partial shading conditions. Then, the DEPSO technique along with its implementation in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is explained in detail. Finally, Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed technique under different partial shading conditions. Results prove the advantages of the proposed method, such as its reliability, system-independence, and accuracy in tracking the GMPP under partial shading conditions. Index Terms—Differential evolution (DE) algorithm, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), partial shading, particle swarm optimization (PSO), photovoltaic (PV) system.

Solar panels are gaining importance as a major alternate source of energy in the prevailing condition of depleting non renewable energy sources. Photovoltaic (PV) modules are being increasingly used in large as well as small scale installations. The performance of PV panels is affected by the shading effect due to trees, passing of clouds, neighboring buildings and any other means. This paper is an attempt to carry out systematic study of the effect of shading on the Power output, Fill factor and Efficiency of solar panel. A direct correlation was found between short circuit current and solar irradiation under uniform shading conditions. On the other hand, non uniform shading conditions yielded a variety of performance behavior. Such shading conditions should be avoided for better performance of solar panels.

In order to characterize photovoltaic devices a procedure to measure I-V curves is required. The main methods used to perform this task are reviewed. It is shown that at least six distinct methods have been reported in the literature with many variations in implementation. A detailed comparison taking into account typical parameters for measuring systems is accomplished. This paper could be used as a reference for future work on photovoltaic module characterization.

Ce papier a pour objectif de valoriser une nouvelle technique MPPM (MPPT) pour extraire le maximum de puissance générer par le panneau photovoltaïque. L’environnement Proteus est utilisé pour implémenter et simuler la nouvelle approche MPPM grâce à la carte Arduino UNO et un afficheur LCD. Les résultats de simulation prouvent la meilleure performance de notre commande MPPM par rapport à les deux traditionnelles techniques P&O et INC de dépister le point de puissance maximale PPM sous des conditions de changement brusque de l’éclairement solaire.

The objective of present study is to evaluate the performance of the photovoltaic (PV) module integrated with air duct for composite climate of India. In this case, thermal energy is produced along with electrical energy generated by a PV module with higher efficiency. An analytical expression for an overall efficiency (electrical and thermal) has been derived by using energy balance equation for each component. Experimental validation of thermal model of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system has also been carried out. It has been observed that there is a fair agreement between theoretical and experimental observations. Further it is concluded that an overall thermal efficiency of PV/T system is significantly increased due to utilization of thermal energy in PV module. r

... S.Thanakodi**, MS Majid* , F.Hussin* * Center of Electrical Energy Systems, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia ... REFERENCES [1] A Photovoltaic Array Simulation Model for Matlab-Simulink GUI Environment, by Yun Tiam Tan, Student Member ...

module efficiency 20 Inverter efficiency 21 Performance ratio 22 2 3 a b s t r a c t 24 This paper presents results obtained from monitoring a 1.72 kW p photovoltaic system installed on a flat 25 roof of a 12 m high building in Dublin, Ireland (latitude 53.4°N and longitude 6.3°E). The system was 26 monitored between November 2008 and October 2009 and all the electricity generated was fed into 27 the low voltage supply to the building. Monthly average daily and annual performance parameters of 28 the PV system evaluated include: final yield, reference yield, array yield, system losses, array capture 29 losses, cell temperature losses, PV module efficiency, system efficiency, inverter efficiency, performance 30 ratio and capacity factor. The maximum solar radiation, ambient temperature and PV module tempera-31 ture recorded were 1241 W/m 2 in March, 29.5°C and 46.9°C in June respectively. 32 The annual total energy generated was 885.1 kW h/kW p while the annual average daily final yield, ref-33 erence yield and array yield were 2.41 kW h/kW p /day, 2.85 kW h/kW p /day and 2.62 kW h/kW p /day 34 respectively. The annual average daily PV module efficiency, system efficiency and inverter efficiency 35 were 14.9%, 12.6% and 89.2% respectively while the annual average daily performance ratio and capacity 36 factor were 81.5% and 10.1% respectively. The annual average daily system losses, capture losses and cell 37 temperature losses were 0.23 h/day, 0.22 h/day and 0.00 h/day respectively. 38 Comparison of this system with other systems in different locations showed that the system had the 39 highest annual average daily PV module efficiency, system efficiency and performance ratio of 14.9%, 40

As well known, the market of PV systems is having a great development nowadays. In this process both companies and governments require to evaluate the projects of PV plants both in terms of revenue and quality. Therefore accurate tools for predicting their performances are becoming more and more important. The accuracy of the estimation is key for photovoltaic applications since this technology is characterized by quite low efficiency and high fixed costs. In this scenario, it is extremely important to develop models of each component of the system in order to evaluate the PV plant behavior in any working condition. In this paper a flexible model of PV module suitable for off-line and on-line simulation will be presented and discussed. It will be shown that beside its simplicity, the accuracy is very good. Furthermore its parameters can be easily measured or estimated from the rated values.

This paper presents the modeling and simulation of a solar tracker. The PV system is a string of PV modules which simultaneously change their daily position, being actuated by a rotative actuator. The system is designed using a virtual prototyping platform: CAD software (SolidWorks) -for the solid model, MBS software (Adams/View) -for the dynamic model, and DFC software (Matlab/Simulink) & Adams/Controls -for the control system model. The control system comprises two controllers, for position and velocity, whose factors are determined through an parametric optimization process. The simulation was performed in mechatronic concept. The system was optimized so that it has a maximum gain of solar energy, but keeping at minimum the energy consumed during tracking.

Ce présent travail consiste à tester le module photovoltaïque ISOFOTON I-100/24, sous les conditions opérationnelles réelles, dans la région d'Adrar au sud-ouest de l'Algérie (zone saharienne). Le module a exposé au ciel clair du lever du soleil jusqu'à midi solaire. Les essais ont été effectués à l'extérieur sous les différentes conditions de rayonnement solaire, de température ambiante et de masse d'air. Pendant ce test environ 70 caractéristiques I-V ont été acquises. On utilise ces données expérimentales pour déterminer le rendement de ce module, qu'est en fonction de rayonnement, de température du module et de masse d'air. On Applique le modèle semi-empirique développé par W. Durisch [1] pour déterminer l'impact de chaque paramètres climatiques (le rayonnement global sur le module PV incliné, la température de module et la masse d'air) sur le rendement de ce module PV. Après l'étude qu'on a fait on déduit que le rayonnement solaire influe sur le rendement d'une manière positive c.-à-d. l'augmentation de celui-ci provoque une augmentation de rendement, par contre la température a un effet négatif sur le rendement.

The paper introduces hybrid photovoltaic-wind-diesel generation systems for supplying remote power plant taking into account the enhancement of the sustainable energy on the economic point of view. The possibility to introduce a Fuel Cell generation device in a photovoltaic-wind existing plant for supplying Telecommunication apparatus is also investigated and the results are reported and discussed in the paper. Furthermore, starting from measured data, a control system is realized in order to verify the functionality of the plant.