Oral Epidemiology

A b s t r a c t: The paper deals with short review and determination of macro-, micro-, trace and ultratrace elements
in some natural waters from еastern and сouth-eastern Macedonia. In our study were investigated 16 samples
of natural waters from the villages Trabotivište near the city of Delčevo, Istibanja near Kočani, Neokazi near Probištip,
Plačkovica, Karaorman, Gorni Balvan and Lakavica near Štip, Jargulica near Radoviš, Murtino, Robovo, Gabrovo
and Smolare near Strumica. Obtained results showed that most of the analyzed elements in all selected water
samples were below the Macedonian maximum allowable levels and WHO water standards. Increased concentrations
of some elements indicate anthropogenic pollution of the water from the fertilization of arable land, livestock farms.
There is a strong positive correlation between Ca → SO4, Na, Mg; Ti → Ca, Mg, Na, K, B; U → Mo, Rb, Cs, As; B
→ Ca, Ti, Ge, Cl, HCO3; Li → Mg, Na, K, B, Sr, Rb; Ge → Ca, Mg, Na, B, Ti, Li, Cl, Pb; Cl → Mg, Na, K, B, Sr,
Li, Pb; HCO3 → Ca, Mg, Na, K, B, Ti, Sr, Li, Pb, Co, Se, Ge; NO3 → Na, Sr, Li, Pb, Cs, Se; SO4 → Na; TDS → EC.
According to the obtained values for total hardness, investigated waters are hard, moderately hard and very hard.
High values for total hardnes sare mainly due to solubility of carbonate rocks. Positive CAI values noted in Neokazi
(samples 1 and 2), Jargulica (samples 1 and 2), Novo Selo, Murtino, Robovo, Gabrovo and Smolare suggest that sodium
and potassium from water are exchanged with magnesium and calcium in rock following base exchange reactions
(chloro-alkaline equilibrium), whereas negative CAI values noted at Trabotivište, Istibanja, Karaorman Plačkovica,
Lakavica (samples 1 and 2) suggest that magnesium and calcium from water are exchanged with sodium and
potassium in rocks favouring cation-anion exchange reactions (chloro-alkaline disequilibrium). After Piper diagram
the type of water in the study area is mainly calcium/magnesium bicarbonate and are most likely result of the composition
of the geological environment through which the water flows where this natural water circulates. Knowing the
natural water quality of the research area is of particular importance because these waters are used by the residents of
this region as drinking water and for irrigation.

Background: The oral health conditions of indigenous peoples in Amazonia are closely associated with ecological and dietary changes related to interaction with non-Indians. Aim: The study investigated the incidence of caries in an indigenous community from Central Brazil
focusing on gender differences. Subjects and methods: The research was conducted among the Xavante Indians and was based on
longitudinal data collected in two surveys (1999 and 2004). The study included 128 individuals, 63 (49.2%) males and 65 (50.8%) females, divided in four age brackets (6
12, 13
19, 20
34, 35
60 years
of age). The DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) index and incidences (difference between 1999 and 2004) were calculated for each individual. The proportion of incidence was also calculated.
Differences in caries risk between gender and age brackets were compared by parametric and nonparametric
tests.
Results: There were statistically significant differences in relation to caries incidence between age
brackets and gender. The greatest incidence was observed in the 20
34 age bracket, which presented
3.30 new decayed teeth, twice the risk of the 6
12 age bracket (pB0.01), chosen as reference. While
females in most age groups did not show higher risk for caries when compared to males, there was a
4.04-fold risk in the 20
34 age bracket (pB0.01).
Conclusion: It is concluded that factors related to the social functions of each sex (gender issues) and
differential access to information, health services, and education may help to understand the
differences observed in the incidence of caries.