Non locality

An analysis of the physical implications of abstractness reveals the reality of three interconnected modes of existence: abstract, virtual and concrete. This triple-aspect monism clarifies the ontological status of subatomic quantum particles. It also provides a non-spooky solution to the weirdness of quantum physics and a new outlook for the mind-body problem. The ontological implications are profound for both physics and philosophy.

Abstract. This paper will demonstrate that the transportation of high energy subatomic particles through wormholes occurs at superluminal speeds through an ‘elastic ’ wormhole entity which adjusts its diameter based upon the kinetic energy of the subatomic particle. Additionally, it is shown that the diameters of such wormholes are of sub-Planckian lengths for energetic subatomic particles. This is demonstrated by the use of the Phi-based solution to the Schrödinger wave equation, the theorem of residues and the Cauchy integral formula of complex analysis. Furthermore, it will be shown that a possible quantum gravitational constant called the Giandinoto-Amoroso-Rauscher Quantum Gravitational Constant (GAR-QGC) may be the quantal unit of the hypothetical spin-2 graviton. It will also be shown that the expansion of the universe at the Planck time occurred with a kinetic energy of approximately 4.14 x 1029 eV.

A number of interesting and testable theories of precognitive information transfer have been posited, and focus on the potential role of both ultraweak photon emissions and the geomagnetic field. While many experiments examining this anomalous phenomenon have been previously conducted, a precognitive study of a magnitude similar to the Premonitions project (ThePremonitions.com) has not yet been undertaken to our knowledge. By using an internetbased study to statistically examine this intriguing occurrence, the main objective of Premonitions is to acquire data from a large population of participants from across the globe. Furthermore, if some individuals are truly capable of receiving or accessing this apparently nonlocal information for accurate prediction of future events, a significant increase in the available sample size should increase the "signal resolution" for the detection of global non-local information.

Quantum mechanics have always shown great predictive successes, but also some weird aspects concerning the mathematics-reality correspondence, such as superposition of contradictory events, like a dead and alive cat. Although physicists claim that we have to live with these contradictions, a psycho-biological analysis could propose another explanation. Observation of extra-mental reality is based on direct physical contact between an object, its corresponding sense organ and its mental representation in the brain. In contrast, prediction of the future is no longer directly linked to extra-mental reality, but projects possible observations from the memory of the past into the future. Due to the uncertainty of the future, predictions require mental potentiality, meaning that it may or may not happen in extra-mental reality. Nevertheless, if past observations are regular as in classical physics, they allow predictions with high reliability, whereas if they are irregular as in quantum physics, they are limited to uncertainty and probability. Superposition in classical physics increases space or time units accordingly, whereas quantum superposition considers multiple space locations for the same object at the same time. Thus, the quantum mechanical formalism is in direct contradiction to the philosophical law of non- contradiction, which does not allow considering it as extra-mental reality. However, it has all characteristics of mental potentiality, which allows prediction of future outcomes with probability. The consideration of quantum mechanics as mental potentiality would solve the superposition problem, as well as the measurement and the non-locality problem. According to the regularity or irregularity of observation, classical or quantum mechanical formalism has to be applied for prediction of future dynamics. There is no collapse or continuation of superposition in the wave function, but simply the replacement of an uncertain prediction model by the more certain observation. With this interpretation some weird aspects could be completely eliminated.

The author proposes a holoinformational view of consciousness based on the holonomic theory of brain function and quantum brain dynamics developed by Karl Pribram, Sir John Eccles, Hameroff, Jibu and Yasue, and on the quantum-holographic and holomovement theory of David Bohm. This conceptual framework is integrated to the non-local information property of the Quantum Field Theory of Umesawa, the concept of negentropy, order, and organization developed by Shannon, Wiener, Szilard and Brillouin, and to theories of self-organization and complexity of Prigogine, Atlan, and Jantsch. Wheeler's "it from bit" concept of a participatory universe, and the developments of the physics of information made by Zurek and others with the concepts of statistical entropy and algorithmic entropy, related to the number of bits being processed in the mind of the observer, are also considered. This new synthesis gives a self-organizing quantum-holographic non-local informational basis for a transpersonal model of consciousness in a participatory universe. In this synthesis, consciousness is conceived as quantum non-local significant information interconnecting the brain and the cosmos by means of a holoinformational field, with a nonlocal/quantum holistic component interconnecting mind and cosmos, and a local/Newtonian mechanistic component interconnecting brain and mind. This non-local quantum-holographic cosmos manifests itself through a quantum-holographic transpersonal consciousness, interconnecting in a participatory holistic and indivisible way the human brain to all levels of the universe.

Abstract: In questi ultimi anni si sono sviluppate diverse teorie di quantizzazione primordiale sulla scala di Planck. Il loro obiettivo è quello di fornire un modello di vuoto in grado di sostenere la ricerca oltre il Modello Standard. Benché il loro obiettivo sia dunque assai più ambizioso e punti in
direzione della fisica delle particelle, una conseguenza necessaria notevole è una lettura emergente
della Meccanica Quantistica. Sono possibili diverse ipotesi sulle celle elementari. In questa sede ci soffermeremo principalmente sugli aspetti concettuali delle teorie di G. ‘t Hooft e F. Winterberg, con un attenzione speciale per l’emergere delle correlazioni non–locali.

Entanglement and non-locality are non-classical global characteristics of quantum states important to the foundations of quantum mechanics. Recent investigations have shown that environmental noise, even when it is entirely local in influence, can destroy both of these properties in finite time despite giving rise to full quantum state decoherence only in the infinite time limit. These investigations, which have been carried out in a range of theoretical and experimental situations, are reviewed here.

The paper seeks to make progress from stating primitive ontology theories of quantum physicsnotably Bohmian mechanics, the GRW matter density theory and the GRW flash theory -to assessing these theories. Four criteria are set out: (a) internal coherence; (b) empirical adequacy; (c) relationship to other theories; (d) explanatory value. The paper argues that the stock objections against these theories do not withstand scrutiny. Its focus then is on their explanatory value: they pursue different strategies to ground the textbook formalism of quantum mechanics, and they develop different explanations of quantum non-locality. In conclusion, it is argued that Bohmian mechanics offers a better prospect for making quantum non-locality intelligible than the GRW matter density theory and the GRW flash theory.

It is elucidated, herein, that the cosmos is, in essence, a gigantic computer with time as the central agent that spearheads the execution of its operating software. It is composed of a core that represents an omnipotent conscious energetic reactor that supports and keeps everything at bay by imposing the constraint that everything must inevitably gravitate towards it. And, it is this very mandate of gravitation to the central SOURCE that epitomizes the phenomenon of time. Time may be depicted as a tensorial quantity, a rotating vector that can stretch while freely flowing spinning about the central SOURCE, giving rise to a continuum that reflects the body of such a Prime Creator that may be referred to as the 'cosmos.' And, as the vector of time stretches within the cosmos while freely subtending revolution about the SOURCE, it progressively congeals to create the said space continuum. It may be regarded that the process of congealment as to create space completes when the vector of time subtends a full revolution about the SOURCE. This gives rise to a curvilinear (spheroidal) surface to depict the space and the radius of its curvature to epitomize the time aspect of creation. Such a continuum of time and space is referred to as a 'dimension.' And, this process of creation of dimensions continues until a nested edifice of spheroidal surfaces is created. It is clear that the process of creation of dimensional space-time occurs in a discrete manner involving the constraint or the requisite of completion

ABSTRACT: This review supports cardiologist Pim van Lommel's continuity claim for human existence in his recently published book Consciousness Beyond Life: The Science of the Near-Death Experience (2010). Van Lommel and colleagues (van Lommel, van Wees, Meyers, & Elfferich, 2001) studied NDEs among 344 Dutch hospital patients who had been resuscitated following cardiac arrest. From their and others' NDE research findings (e.g., accurate perceptions during the arrest period), van Lommel and colleagues concluded that mental activity can take place even in the absence of cerebral function. Extrapolating from this conclusion, van Lommel claimed in Consciousness Beyond Life a fundamental continuity for individual human existence: that death and birth mark not final limits but instead the transition from one state of consciousness to another. In the course of making his continuity claim, van Lommel referred to other topics such as deathbed visions and past-life memories. In addi...

Abstract. The author proposes a holoinformational view of consciousness based on the holonomic theory of brain function and quantum brain dynamics developed by Karl Pribram, Sir John Eccles, Hameroff, Jibu and Yasue, and on the quantum-holographic and holomovement theory of David Bohm. This conceptual framework is integrated into the non-local information property of the Quantum Field Theory of Umesawa, to the concept of negentropy, order, and organization developed by Shannon, Wiener, Szilard and Brillouin, and to the theories of self-organization and complexity of Prigogine, Atlan, Jantsch and Kauffman. Wheeler’s “it from bit” concept of a participatory universe, and the developments of the physics of information made by Zurek and others with the concepts of statistical entropy and algorithmic entropy, related to the number of bits being processed in the mind of the observer, are also considered. This new synthesis gives a self-organizing quantum non-local informational basis for ...

This book uses the formal semantics of counterfactual conditionals to analyze the problem of non-locality in quantum mechanics. Counterfactual conditionals (subjunctive conditionals) enter the analysis of quantum entangled systems in that they enable us to precisely formulate the locality condition that purports to exclude the existence of causal interactions between spatially separated parts of a system. They also make it possible to speak consistently about alternative measuring settings, and to explicate what is meant by quantum property attributions. The book develops the possible-world semantics of quantum counterfactuals using David Lewis’s famous approach as a starting point but modifying it significantly in order to achieve compatibility with the demands of the special theory of relativity as well as quantum mechanics. There have been several attempts to use counterfactual semantics to strengthen Bell’s theorem and its cognates such as the GHZ and Hardy theorems. These are critically evaluated in the book. Finally, a counterfactual reconstruction of the EPR argument and Bell’s theorem is proposed that sheds a new light on their philosophical consequences regarding the relations between realism and local causation.

An introduction of entanglement (non-locality). The discovery of a data based informa-tional wave pattern that infuses entanglement into the system. This discovery of how to add entanglement into the model is the missing key, that has opened the door to understanding the universe. It is found that the inclusion of entanglement at the start of the system is extremely simple and in fact it is so simple that it has simply been overlooked. Entanglement is the must fundamental aspect of our universe when we include it, we find a hidden math system called Wave Pattern Entangled Math. A data system created by entanglement. Creating an unbreakable pattern of information, including entangled energy entropy, entangled spin, entangled universal expansion and compression, entangled velocity of light C 2 .

Предметом внимания настоящей статьи являются феномены порядка слов и фразовой просодии, доступные для изучения на разных уровнях и описываемые при помощи правил двух типов – локальных и глобальных. Сочетание данных типов правил характерно для многоуровневых моделей языка и для алгоритма порождения структурных объектов в формальных грамматиках. Действующий в русском языке механизм выбора носителя фразового акцента зеркально отражает иерархию членов предложения и может быть задан в виде локального правила. Порядок слов в русском языке регулируется Линейно-Акцентными преобразованиями (ЛА-преобразований), одновременно меняющими место и акцентную маркировку коммуникативных составляющих. Предлагается список из 7-8 ЛА -преобразований,
позволяющих строить исчисление русских предложений с уже приписанными темами и
ремами, и обсуждается возможности задать правила ЛА-преобразований способом, совме-
стимым с Мягко Контекстно-Свободными Грамматиками.

The syntropic effect, or life-energy,  from various sources was found to be transmitted remotely using pairs of identical images on paper: one close to the source, and the other remote from it. This effect was shown to occur even across the Atlantic. It also occurred between samples of human hair, in the place of  paper images. These data were obtained not only by dowsing, but were backed up objectively by quantitative experiments with seedling growth, and UV spectroscopy of water. It is concluded that stable macroscopic quantum entanglement can be obtained provided that a strong source of syntropic energy is used.

Entanglement and non-locality are non-classical global characteristics of quantum states important to the foundations of quantum mechanics. Recent investigations have shown that environmental noise, even when it is entirely local in influence, can destroy both of these properties in finite time despite giving rise to full quantum state decoherence only in the infinite time limit. These investigations, which have been carried out in a range of theoretical and experimental situations, are reviewed here.

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A connected discussion of Absolute Physics and modern cosmology emphasizing gravitation and inertia, with concluding remarks on the rageful “spiritus mundi” that is said to stalk the World.

Most working scientists hold fast to the concept of 'realism' -a viewpoint according to which an external reality exists independent of observation. But quantum physics has shattered some of our cornerstone beliefs. According to Bell's theorem, any theory that is based on the joint assumption of realism and locality (meaning that local events cannot be affected by actions in spacelike separated regions) is at variance with certain quantum predictions. Experiments with entangled pairs of particles have amply confirmed these quantum predictions, thus rendering local realistic theories untenable. Maintaining realism as a fundamental concept would therefore necessitate the introduction of 'spooky' actions that defy locality. Here we show by both theory and experiment that a broad and rather reasonable class of such non-local realistic theories is incompatible with experimentally observable quantum correlations. In the experiment, we measure previously untested correlations between two entangled photons, and show that these correlations violate an inequality proposed by Leggett for non-local realistic theories. Our result suggests that giving up the concept of locality is not sufficient to be consistent with quantum experiments, unless certain intuitive features of realism are abandoned [1].

The aim of this article is to discuss the concepts of non-local rheology and fluidity, recently introduced to describe dense granular flows. We review and compare various approaches based on different constitutive relations and choices for the fluidity parameter, focusing on the kinetic elasto-plastic model introduced by Bocquet et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett 103, 036001 (2009)) for soft matter, and adapted for granular matter by Kamrin et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 178301 (2012)), and the gradient expansion of the local rheology μ(I) that we have proposed (Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 238301 (2013)). We emphasise that, to discriminate between these approaches, one has to go beyond the predictions derived from linearisation around a uniform stress profile, such as that obtained in a simple shear cell. We argue that future tests can be based on the nature of the chosen fluidity parameter, and the related boundary conditions, as well as the hypothesis made to derive the models and the dynamical mechanisms underlying their dynamics.

A quantum metaphor developed previously for homeopathy, involving triadic patientpractitioner-remedy (PPR) entanglement, is extended by importing concepts used in chemistry to describe the electronic structures of molecules. In particular, the electronic energy states of triangular tri-atomic molecules are used metaphorically to predict that (a) the more a homeopathic medicine is potentised, the deeper the level of cure is likely to be, and (b) the practitioner can be included as a beneficiary of the therapeutic process. The model also predicts that remedy attenuation and degree of PRR interaction could (in the quantum theoretical sense) represent a pair of complementary conjugate variables. Homeopathy (2003) 92, 35-43.

[issue 20211210]
Qbism (quantum bayesism) is a philosophical interpretation of quantum mechanics (QM) that places the agent and its expectations at the heart of theory. The QBists advocate a "subjectivist" interpretation of probabilities that allows to understand the quantum laws of Born and to eliminate certain enigmas of interpretation of the QM going "beyond" the interpretation of Copenhagen. The Ontology of Knowledge (OK) is in agreement with the main ideas of the Qbism.
For the OdC indeed:
-The agent is the focal point of the representation
-Representation is specific to the agent
-There are no "states of the world" but only "states of knowledge"
-There is no probability of evolution of the "state of the world" but only probabilities, for the subject, of evolution of his Knowledge.
-These probabilities lead to the future actions and experiences of the agent.
The aim of this article is to propose, according to the OK, ways for an extension of the explanatory power of the QBism.

The Relational Blockworld (RBW) interpretation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics (NRQM) is introduced. Accordingly, the spacetime of NRQM is a relational, non-separable blockworld whereby spatial distance is only defined between interacting trans-temporal objects. RBW is shown to provide a novel statistical interpretation of the wavefunction that deflates the measurement problem, as well as a geometric account of quantum entanglement and non-separability that satisfies locality per special relativity and is free of interpretative mystery. We present RBW’s acausal and adynamical resolution of the so-called “quantum liar paradox,” an experimental set-up alleged to be problematic for a spacetime conception of reality, and conclude by speculating on RBW’s implications for quantum gravity.

The interpretation of the detection of very slow rate of photo counts in interference and diffraction experiments have given rise to the prevailing interpretation that photons interfere by themselves and they are indivisible, albeit non-local. The purpose of this paper is to inspire the development of alternate models for the photons by underscoring that, in reality, light does not interfere with light. The effects of superposition, registered as interference fringes, can become manifest only when a suitable detector can respond simultaneously to all the superposed light beams separately arriving from all the paths (or, slits). It should be a strictly causal process. In fact, different detectors with different quantum properties, report different results while exposed to the same superposed fields. Interference and diffraction effects are always observed as fringes through the processes of re-distribution and/or re-direction of the measured energy of the superimposed fields. Accordingly, we present a number of experiments, actual and conceptual, which highlight the contradictions built into the notion of non-locality in interference. A closer examination of these experiments can guide us to develop a conceptually congruent and causal model for both the evolution of photons and the interference (diffraction) effects by adapting to the classical diffraction theory. This theory has been correctly predicting the characteristics of light whether it is star light propagating through the inter galactic space, or nano tip generated light propagating through complex nano photonic waveguides.

Science is always presupposing some basic concepts that are held to be useful. These absolute presuppositions (Collingwood) are rarely debated and form the framework for what has been termed ''paradigm'' by Kuhn. Our currently accepted scientific model is predicated on a set of presuppositions that have difficulty accommodating holistic structures and relationships and are not geared towards incorporating non-local correlations. Since the theoretical models we hold also determine what we perceive and take as scientifically viable, it is important to look for an alternative model that can deal with holistic relationships. One approach is to generalise algebraic quantum theory, which is an inherently holistic framework, into a generic model. Relaxing some restrictions and definitions from quantum theory proper yields an axiomatic framework that can be applied to any type of system. Most importantly, it keeps the core of the quantum theoretical formalism. It is capable of handling complementary observables, i.e. descriptors which are non-commuting, incompatible and yet collectively required to fully describe certain situations. It also predicts a generalised form of non-local correlations that in quantum theory are known as entanglement. This generalised version is not quantum entanglement but an analogue form of holistic, non-local connectedness of elements within systems, predicted to occur whenever elements within systems are described by observables which are complementary to the description of the whole system. While a considerable body of circumstantial evidence supports the plausibility of the model, we are not yet in a position to use it for clear cut predictions that could be experimentally falsified. The series of papers offered in this special issue are the beginning of what we hope will become a rich scientific debate.

Using small angle neutron scattering we have studied the square to hexagonal flux line lattice symmetry transition in different members of the borocarbide superconductors. The studies were performed using samples of ErNi B C, 2 2 Ž . Lu Ni Co B C with cobalt doping levels x s 1.5-9% and Y Lu Ni B C. We find that the onset field of the 1yx

We present numerical data showing that three-qutrit correlations for a pure state, which is not maximally entangled, violate local realism more strongly than three-qubit correlations. The strength of violation is measured by the minimal amount of noise that must be admixed to the system so that the noisy correlations have a local and realistic model.

ABSTRACT. We put forward the hypothesis that there exist three basic attitudes towards inconsistencies within world views: (1) The inconsistency is tolerated temporarily and is viewed as an expression of a temporary lack of knowledge due to an incomplete or wrong theory. The resolution of ...

This paper presents a new numerical method for multiscale modeling of composite materials. The new numerical model, called DECM, consists of a DEM (Discrete Element Method) approach of the Cell Method (CM) and combines the main features of both the DEM and the CM. In particular, it offers the same degree of detail as the CM, on the microscale, and manages the discrete elements individually such as the DEM-allowing finite displacements and rotations-on the macroscale. Moreover, the DECM is able to activate crack propagation until complete detachment and automatically recognizes new contacts. Unlike other DEM approaches for modeling failure mechanisms in continuous media, the DECM does not require prior knowledge of the failure position. Furthermore, the DECM solves the problems in the space domain directly. Therefore, it does not require any dynamic relaxation techniques to obtain the static solution. For the sake of example, the paper shows the results offered by the DECM for axial and shear loading of a composite two-dimensional domain with periodic round inclusions. The paper also offers some insights into how the inclusions modify the stress field in composite continua.

Many beautiful experiments have been addressed to test standard quantum mechanics against local realistic models. Even if a strong evidence favouring standard quantum mechanics is emerged, a conclusive experiment is still lacking, because of low detection efficiencies. Recently, experiments based on pseudoscalar mesons have been proposed as a way for obtaining a conclusive experiment. In this paper, we investigate if this result can effectively be obtained. Our conclusions, based on a careful analysis of the proposed set ups, are that this will not be possible due to intrinsic limitations of these kind of experiments.

Many beautiful experiments have been addressed to test standard quantum mechanics against local realistic models. Even if a strong evidence favouring standard quantum mechanics is emerged, a conclusive experiment is still lacking, because of low detection efficiencies. Recently, experiments based on pseudoscalar mesons have been proposed as a way for obtaining a conclusive experiment. In this paper, we investigate if this result can effectively be obtained. Our conclusions, based on a careful analysis of the proposed set ups, are that this will not be possible due to intrinsic limitations of these kind of experiments.

Most working scientists hold fast to the concept of 'realism' -a viewpoint according to which an external reality exists independent of observation. But quantum physics has shattered some of our cornerstone beliefs. According to Bell's theorem, any theory that is based on the joint assumption of realism and locality (meaning that local events cannot be affected by actions in spacelike separated regions) is at variance with certain quantum predictions. Experiments with entangled pairs of particles have amply confirmed these quantum predictions, thus rendering local realistic theories untenable. Maintaining realism as a fundamental concept would therefore necessitate the introduction of 'spooky' actions that defy locality. Here we show by both theory and experiment that a broad and rather reasonable class of such non-local realistic theories is incompatible with experimentally observable quantum correlations. In the experiment, we measure previously untested correlations between two entangled photons, and show that these correlations violate an inequality proposed by Leggett for non-local realistic theories. Our result suggests that giving up the concept of locality is not sufficient to be consistent with quantum experiments, unless certain intuitive features of realism are abandoned [1].

There are two disjointed problems in cosmology within General Relativity (GR), which can be
addressed simultaneously by studying the nature of geodesics around t → 0, where t is the physical
time. One is related to the past geodesic completeness of the inflationary trajectory due to the
presence of a cosmological singularity, and the other one is related to the homogeneity condition
required to inflate a local space-time patch of the universe. We will show that both the problems
have a common origin, arising from how the causal structure of null and timelike geodesics are
structured within GR. In particular, we will show how a non-local extension of GR can address
both problems, while satisfying the null energy condition for the matter sources.

Spirituality is a topic of recent interest. Mindfulness, for example, a concept derived from the Buddhist tradition, has captivated the imagination of clinicians who package it in convenient intervention programs for patients. Spirituality and religion have been researched with reference to potential health benefits. Spirituality can be conceptualised as the alignment of the individual with the whole, experientially, motivationally and in action. For spirituality to unfold its true potential it is necessary to align this new movement with the mainstream of science, and vice versa. Hence, both a historical review, and a systematic attempt at integration is called for, which we are trying to give here. It is useful to go back to one of the roots: parapsychology. Parapsychology was founded as a counter movement to the rising materialist paradigm in the 19th century. Adopting the methods of the natural sciences, it tried to prove the direct influence of consciousness on matter. After 12...

In this letter we discuss entanglement properties of neutral kaons systems and their use for testing local realism. In particular we show that, as previous proposals, also a scheme recently suggested for performing a test of hidden variable theories against standard quantum mechanics cannot be conclusive.

We study the multiparticle generalized GHZ states. It has been shown that for an odd number of qubits and for a specific range of parameters, they do not violate any Bell inequality for correlation functions. We show here both analytically and numerically that, nevertheless, such states violate local realism, once a more detailed analysis of the correlations is made than the one allowed by correlation functions. The results imply that multiparticle Clauser-Horne-type inequalities involving probabilities are stronger tools for analyzing violations of local realism in multiparticle systems than inequalities involving the correlation functions.

There are more phenomena in quantum mechanics and in cosmology that we cannot imagine how they work. The four most known phenomena are the result of the double-slit experiment, the spooky action at a distance (the working method of the non-local correlation in quantum entanglement), how the tunneling works, and why the Universe accelerates. These phenomena cannot be explained in the system of the space-time model. We need a new model with a new axiom. Space-matter theory changes the axiom of space and time. Space waves. We can express spatial distances, time units and energy with space waves. Space is what the matter senses as space. Time is one characteristic of space waves. Using this new approach, we can solve our old mysteries.

Spirituality is a topic of recent interest. Mindfulness, for example, a concept derived from the Buddhist tradition, has captivated the imagination of clinicians who package it in convenient intervention programs for patients. Spirituality and religion have been researched with reference to potential health benefi ts. Spirituality can be conceptualised as the alignment of the individual with the whole, experientially, motivationally and in action. For spirituality to unfold its true potential it is necessary to align this new movement with the mainstream of science, and vice versa. Hence, both a historical review, and a systematic attempt at integration is called for, which we are trying to give here. It is useful to go back to one of the roots: parapsychology. Parapsychology was founded as a counter movement to the rising materialist paradigm in the 19th century. Adopting the methods of the natural sciences, it tried to prove the direct infl uence of consciousness on matter. After 125 years this mission must be declared unaccomplished. Surveying the database of parapsychological research it is obvious that it will not convince sceptics: Although there are enough exceptional fi ndings, it has in general not been possible to reproduce them in replication experiments. Th is is, however, a characteristic signature of a category of eff ects which we call eff ects of generalised entanglement, predicted by a theoretical model analogous to quantum theory. Using this perspective, parapsychological eff ects can be understood, and the original aim of the founding fathers can be recovered, as well as a new, systematic understanding of spirituality be gained. Generalised entanglement is a formal and scientifi c way of explaining spirituality as alignment of an individual with a whole, which, according to the model, inevitably leads to non-local correlations.

Spirituality is a topic of recent interest. Mindfulness, for example, a concept derived from the Buddhist tradition, has captivated the imagination of clinicians who package it in convenient intervention programs for patients. Spirituality and religion have been researched with reference to potential health benefi ts. Spirituality can be conceptualised as the alignment of the individual with the whole, experientially, motivationally and in action. For spirituality to unfold its true potential it is necessary to align this new movement with the mainstream of science, and vice versa. Hence, both a historical review, and a systematic attempt at integration is called for, which we are trying to give here. It is useful to go back to one of the roots: parapsychology. Parapsychology was founded as a counter movement to the rising materialist paradigm in the 19th century. Adopting the methods of the natural sciences, it tried to prove the direct infl uence of consciousness on matter. After 125 years this mission must be declared unaccomplished. Surveying the database of parapsychological research it is obvious that it will not convince sceptics: Although there are enough exceptional fi ndings, it has in general not been possible to reproduce them in replication experiments. Th is is, however, a characteristic signature of a category of eff ects which we call eff ects of generalised entanglement, predicted by a theoretical model analogous to quantum theory. Using this perspective, parapsychological eff ects can be understood, and the original aim of the founding fathers can be recovered, as well as a new, systematic understanding of spirituality be gained. Generalised entanglement is a formal and scientifi c way of explaining spirituality as alignment of an individual with a whole, which, according to the model, inevitably leads to non-local correlations.

We describe the realisation of a new test of Bell inequalities using a new scheme obtained by the superposition of type I parametric down conversion produced in two different nonlinear crystals pumped by the same laser, but with different polarisations. This experiment is the first test of Bell inequalities using a non-maximally entangled state and thus represents an important step in the direction of eliminating the detection loophole. * [email protected]. Tel. 39 011 3919234, fax 39 011 3919259