Neoliberalism and Urbanisation

'The Changing State of Gentrification' (2001) by Jason Hackworth and the late Neil Smith is one of the most influential papers ever published in TESG. By introducing three waves, or periods, of practices and patterns of gentrification, it changed the way we think about gentrification. This Introduction to the Forum discusses the three waves introduced by Hackworth and Smith as well as fourth wave introduced by Lees et al. Finally, I will argue that during the global financial crisis we have entered fifth-wave gentrification. Fifth-wave gentrification is the urban materialization of financialized or finance-led capitalism. The state continues to play a leading role during the fifth wave, but is now supplemented—rather than displaced—by finance. It is characterized by the emergence of corporate landlords, highly leveraged housing, platform capitalism (e.g. Airbnb), transnational wealth elites using cities as a 'safe deposit box', and a further 'naturalization' of state-sponsored gentrification.

https://www.waveland.com/browse.php?t=196&r=s|urban%20life
https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=9D5FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA444&lpg=PA444&dq=%22berna+yazici%22&source=bl&ots=9oXGUhcnqg&sig=LhH71ChFYkJekU0Q3NcOzyewHwc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRweeqldrYAhUNhaYKHSkcDto4ChDoAQhdMAg#v=onepage&q=%22berna%20yazici%22&f=false

In the last two decades, critical urban studies has paid a great deal of attention to contemporary “neoliberal urbanism”, but very little to its historical and urban roots. This chapter discusses the use of neighbourhood typologies and mapping in the United States by looking at government redlining maps from the 1930s until the 1970s, and “planned shrinkage”, “urban triage” and “benign neglect” in late 1960s and 1970s New York City as well as in early 2000s New Orleans and Cleveland. A map or ranking indicating declining or shrinking neighbourhoods may lead to the withholding of not only city services, but also mortgage loans. The ranking and mapping of neighbourhoods excludes and impoverishes those places deemed racially infiltrated, declining, and dying. It could be argued that this is a form of “neoliberal urbanism”, but these policies had a pre-cursor in the ideas of the Chicago School of Sociology, Babcock, Hoyt, the HOLC and the FHA in the 1920s and 1930s, and Hoover and Vernon, Downs sr. and jr., Starr and Moynihan in the post-war years. The “old urban right” had already won several significant victories in the war of ideologies, hinting at a neoliberalism avant la lettre.

For more than 15 years, the French central State created Etablissements publics d’aménagement in a series of major cities. These EPAs are in charge of large urban development
projects mixing infrastructure, office development and housing projects and have been given formal authority over land use regulation. The similarities between French EPAs and British
Urban Development Corporations created in the 1980s are striking. In many ways, the case of the EPA fits with the neoliberalization framework provided by radical geographers. Nevertheless, this case also shows limits to the generalization of this theoretical framework. Firstly, the distinction between two clearly distinct periods characterized by different agendas, policy instruments and systems of relations between actors and levels is far from convincing in the French case. Secondly, evolutions that could be attributed to neoliberal urbanism are rather the result of processes of rationalization within organizations or professions which may have little to do with neoliberalism, or the result of a transformation of the welfare State and the reassessment of ways of producing social justice. On this basis, we argue for theoretical frameworks that put neoliberalization at its right place and allow its articulation with other trends of change such as rationalization and the refinement of Welfare mechanisms.

While population losses have accompanied urban development since the emergence of the first cities, it has only been quite recently that "shrinkage" has become a field of research in its own rights. Critical scholarly research stands in a somewhat difficult relation to this situation. On the one hand, there are numerous contributions calling for a general "acceptance" of shrinkage and more "openness" towards planning for a reduced population size. On the other hand, one can find contributions that criticize the limits of existing rightsizing policies, describing smart shrinkage as an exclusionary project, or set it into a context of the current austerity moment. The evaluation of this new round of urban policies is thus controversial. The common denominator of the papers in this special issue is a call for both widening the perspective on rightsizing policies by embedding them into a wider context of neoliberal urbanization and a demand for more attention towards context-specific pathways, dynamics and outcomes. At the same time, we want to highlight not only the local specificities but also provide a comparative political economy perspective on shrinking cities.

This article addresses the political transition of Porto Alegre’s Participatory Budget from a mechanism of restraining and managing some of the harshest manifestations of neoliberal urbanization to a promoter of profit-driven urban development. The most emblematic instance of the transition is the public–private partnership for the construction and management by a developer of a marketplace to relocate downtown street hawkers to an enclosed building. The article describes not only how the mayor´s office was able to approve, as part of the downtown revitalization project, the relocation of street hawkers into a working-class popular shopping mall but also how the executive branch succeeded in transforming a public–private partnership into an elected participatory budget demand. Furthermore, I demonstrate how neoliberal programs of public–private partnerships undermine more redistributive participatory practices, such as the participatory budget, by combining their mechanisms with the older practices rather than eliminating the rival planning tool. This article provides an analysis of local class interests and strategies regarding the issue of street hawking in Porto Alegre by contrasting models of
participatory planning. I argue that social classes with an investment in the urban question are key actors in developing hybrid models of neoliberal urbanization.
Keywords: Participatory Budget; City Planning; Neoliberalism; Street Hawkers; Informality
Forthcoming, Economic Anthropology, Vol. 2, Issue 1

David Hugill and Owen Toews

Abstract

This paper examines the controversy that emerged as the City of Winnipeg debated committing public funds to an evangelical Christian group seeking to build a youth centre in an urban neighborhood with a large Aboriginal population. It traces the emergence of a coordinated opposition to the project and demonstrates why many felt that municipal and federal support was not only inappropriate but also worked to recapitulate longstanding patterns of disregard for the needs and aspirations of Aboriginal peoples. In an era where it has become common for Canadian governments to speak of “reconciliation” we demonstrate how such ambitions continue to be impeded by pervasive logics of governance that work against genuine processes of decolonization. We argue that events in Winnipeg reveal the persistence of longstanding colonial dynamics and demonstrate how such dynamics are exacerbated by the regressive tendencies of the city’s neoliberal orientation. We insist that colonial practices and mentalities not only permeate the present but also that they interact with, and are shaped by, the exigencies of actually existing political economies. Ours is an attempt to show how insights about the form and content of urban neoliberalism can be productively engaged with insights about how colonial relations have been reproduced and transformed in the contemporary moment. It is also an effort to demonstrate how such mentalities and practices are being resisted and challenged in important ways in contemporary Canada. Our observations are based on a range of interviews with local activists,  politicians and service providers as well as a close reading of a range of political documents available on the public record.
Key Words: Winnipeg, Manitoba, Aboriginal Peoples of Canada, Urban Neoliberalism, Settler Colonialism, Evangelical Christianity, Aboriginal Non-Aboriginal Relationships, Postcolonialism.

Urbanismo renaciente: Nuevas Incursiones Misioneras, Resistencia de los Pueblos Originarios y Barreras a la Reconstitución de Relaciones en el Noreste de Winnipeg

Este artículo analiza la controversia surgida del debate acerca del financiamiento con fondos del Municipio de Winnipeg de un grupo evangélico cristiano que planeaba construir un Centro para Jóvenes en un barrio con una numerosa población aborigen. Acá se rastrea el surgimiento de una oposición coordinada al proyecto, y se demuestra por qué muchxs argumentaron que el apoyo municipal y federal no solo era inapropiado sino que además reinstituía viejos patrones de indiferencia hacia las aspiraciones y necesidades de los pueblos originarios. En una era en la que es común que los gobiernos canadienses hablen de ‘reconciliación’, acá demostramos cómo estas ambiciones continúan siendo incitadas por lógicas de gobernanza que en realidad funcionan en contra de los procesos genuinos de decolonización. En nuestra visión, los hechos en Winnipeg revelan la persistencia de viejas dinámicas coloniales y demuestran cómo esas dinámicas son exacerbadas por las tendencias regresivas de la orientación neoliberal de la ciudad. Insistimos en que existen prácticas y mentalidades coloniales que permean el presente pero también interactúan con (y son moldeadas por) las exigencias de las economías políticas realmente existentes. El nuestro es un intento de mostrar cómo los aportes acerca de la forma y el contenido del urbanismo neoliberal pueden ser relacionados con los aportes acerca de cómo las relaciones coloniales han sido reproducidas y transformadas en la actualidad. Se trata también de un esfuerzo por demostrar cómo esas mentalidades y prácticas son fuertemente resistidas y desafiadas en Canadá. Nuestras observaciones se basan en una serie de entrevistas con militantes locales y con políticos, así como también en la lectura detallada de numerosos documentos políticos de acceso público.
Palabras clave: Winnipeg, Manitoba, Pueblos Originarios de Canadá, Neoliberalismo Urbano, Colonialismo, Cristianismo Evangélico, Postcolonialismo."

This paper analyses how the interventions of the Programa Monumenta (1999-2010) – a Brazilian national program for the preservation of historic cities with the financial support of the Inter-American Development Bank – oscillated between actions called of “revitalization”, favoring projects of touristic appeal, and actions called of “requalification” of public space. First, the paper briefly contextualizes the program and its format, participants and main actions, then identifies sets of terms and different actors involved on the conformation of the two groups and main examples. Finally, it discusses the ambivalence of the policy associated to the political and economical environment in transformation during the 1990’s and 2000’s.

For more than 15 years, the French central State created Etablissements publics d’aménagement in a series of major cities. These EPAs are in charge of large urban development projects mixing infrastructure, office development and housing projects and have been given formal authority over land use regulation. The similarities between French EPAs and British Urban Development Corporations created in the 1980s are striking. In many ways, the case of the EPA fits with the neoliberalization framework provided by radical geographers. Nevertheless, this case also shows limits to the generalization of this theoretical framework. Firstly, the distinction between two clearly distinct periods characterized by different agendas, policy instruments and systems of relations between actors and levels is far from convincing in the French case. Secondly, evolutions that could be attributed to neoliberal urbanism are rather the result of processes of rationalization within organizations or profession...