Mediterranean Studies (Area Studies)

In the era of globalization and multilateralism, nation states have become too narrow to face the challenges and threats of the 21st century alone. In the aftermath of World War II, new avenues for multilateralism and international judicial bodies for the protection of human rights were created, ending the absolute sovereignty and impunity of nation states and governments. In my speech at the COMEN Intercultural Colloquia 2020-2021, on 30 November 2020, I delivered a few words emphasizing the values which, in my view, support a cosmopolitan Mediterranean area and agenda. Following is a brief summary of my talk divided in two parts. Firstly, I draw on European integration to show the limitations of the Mediterranean and European states in dealing with the challenges that the emerging economies and globalization pose alone, underlying the benefits that a cosmopolitan Mediterranean region can offer to the rest of the world. Secondly, I highlight the relevance of a developmental approach that focuses on basic human capabilities and the need to put citizens' opportunities and wellbeing, without discrimination on the grounds of sex, gender, race, ethnicity or nationality, at the center of the economic policies and indicators. I am very grateful to the COMEN Mediterranean Conference's convenors, particularly to Prof. Francesco Venerando Mantegna, for giving me the opportunity to participate at such an interdisciplinary and intercultural colloquium.

To fight the spread of the plague, early modern Mediterranean states commonly quarantined goods and people on the move inside complexes called lazzaretti. These institutions, managed by the health magistracies of different Mediterranean cities, formed a transnational plague-preventative system. Based on an exploration of both the early modern theory of contagion and the eighteenth-century quarantine procedures shared between Health Offices across the Mediterranean, this article demonstrates that goods were categorised into different levels of contagion depending on their materials. Different disinfection practices were followed according to the level of danger posed by different types of goods. Anxieties caused by the interaction between surfaces and the human body shaped the procedures, the architecture and the everyday routine inside lazzaretti. While analysing the materiality of quarantined goods, the regulations and the architecture of the lazzaretti, this article highlights the relevance of material culture to early modern medical preventative practices.

Polazeći od pretpostavke da diskursi pod nazivom orijentalizam i balkanizam ne obuhvaćaju u osnovi bogate kulturne odnose između Srednje Europe i Sredozemlja, tvrdim da je potrebno istraživanje trećeg diskursa pod radnim nazivom mediteranizam, tj. kulturna imaginacija Sredozemlja kao misaone i književne figure u europskom pismu. Glavna je zadaća razraditi povijest pojma mediteranizam, deducirati heurističke teoretske hipoteze te provesti kontrastivnu i komplementarnu komparaciju ovih triju diskursa. Pritom treba imati na umu da su ta tri diskursa istovremeno isprepletena i suprotstavljena u načinima na koje Europa zamišlja samu sebe. Osim toga, sadrže cijeli niz osjetilnih, osjećajnih i spoznajnih opreka i proturječnosti, koje će se istražiti na odabranim primjerima njemačkih djela novog doba.

Keywords - Anahtar Sözcükler:
Mediterranean countries, Portugal, historic gardens, water system
Akdeniz ülkeleri, Portekiz, tarihi bahçeler, su sistemi

ABSTRACT
Portugal is both an Atlantic and a Mediterraenan country. In the South the climate and the landscapes are similar
to those of North Africa and the irrigation during the 5 dry months is indispensable in gardens. Strategies
such as subterranean dripping canals, and lifting the water from underground, collecting it in large reservoires
have been developpedfrom early ages. During the last 3 years the restoration of water system in 11 portuguese
historic gardens confirms the influence of many hydraulic systems henerited from islamic mediterranean culture.
This influence fused with others will be presented.

ÖZET
Portekiz, hem bir Atlantik hem de bir Akdeniz ülkesidir. Ülkenin güneyinde iklim ve çevre Kuzey Afrika'ya benzemekle
beraber bahçeler için beş ay boyunca sulama gerekmektedir. Erken çağlardan itibaren su, yeraltı suları
kanalları ve damlama yöntemiyle büyük rezervuarlarda biriktirilmiştir. Son üç yıldan beri Portekiz kentinin
11 tarihi sulama sistemi üzerinde yapılan restorasyon çalışmaları, su sağlama sisteminin birçoğunun Akdeniz
İslam kültürünün etkisi altında olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında bu etki tarışılacaktır.

1528 y›l›nda bin kiflinin biraz üstündeki nüfusuyla köy irisi bir kasaba görünümündeydi ‹zmir. Ancak sadece 50 y›l sonra bafllayan h›zl› bir geliflim ve dönüflüm süreci, bu küçük yerleflim birimini bütün Akdeniz'in ticaret a¤›n›n merkezi "liman kenti" haline getirecekti.

Torino, 2-3 settembre 2021 - Polo del '900, via Del Carmine 14
XV CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI STORICI DI
"SPAGNA CONTEMPORANEA"
1820-1830: RIVOLUZIONE, REAZIONE, LIBERALISMO
Convegno in omaggio a Alberto Gil Novales e Jean-René AymesLa vicinanza del Bicentenario delle rivoluzioni liberali in Grecia, Polonia, Portogallo, Spagna e Italia tra il 1820 e il 1830 e dell’estensione della crisi all’Atlantico e al Mediterraneo è utile per un primo bilancio sulle ricerche in corso e sulle prospettive storiografiche.
Si trattò di una crisi globale, che svolse un ruolo di primo piano nelle origini del mondo contemporaneo, intrecciando guerra e rivoluzione, progetti costituzionali e rinnovamenti delle monarchie, o viceversa rilancio del loro assetto materiale e ideologico tradizionale. Essa mobilitò eserciti e comunità politiche, favorendo la circolazione di uomini e generando una imponente messe di testimonianze e memorie.
La proposta di convegno prende le mosse dal corpo di studi internazionali che negli anni recenti, focalizzandosi sull’epoca post-napoleonica, si è misurato sui contenuti e i modi della politicizzazione e del conflitto civile; così come sull’istituto monarchico e sulle ideologie, le correnti e le pratiche controrivoluzionarie in Europa e in America; come, infine, sui caratteri transnazionali della Restaurazione, la nascita dei diversi patriottismi nazionali e le differenti e tipiche declinazioni del liberalismo.All’interno di questo mondo, il conflitto tra la Rivoluzione e la Restaurazione ha prodotto soluzioni politiche, statali, nazionali e costituzionali differenti: e in tal senso lo studio della crisi del decennio 1820-1830 offre ancora oggi la possibilità di formulare innovative prospettive interpretative sui modi della transizione che portò dalla guerra globale del 1792-1815 alla creazione delle comunità politiche ed istituzionali caratteristiche del mondo contemporaneo.
Le nuove domande della storiografia politica, istituzionale e culturale aprono uno spazio proficuo ai fini dell’innovazione della ricerca su questo periodo. Discuterle è l’obiettivo principale di questo convegno.
All’iniziativa hanno aderito oltre quaranta studiosi, provenienti da dieci Paesi (Francia, Germania, Grecia, Messico, Polonia, Portogallo, Regno Unito, Spagna, Stati Uniti, Italia), che da diversi punti di vista e con diversi approcci metodologici affronteranno i vari temi enunciati nel titolo.

4 febbraio 2022 - 15.30-15.50 SESSIONE : LA DIPLOMAZIA: SPERANZE, ILLUSIONI E AMBIZIONI : ROSA MARIA DELLI QUADRI: "ALLE ORIGINI DELLA MOBILITAZIONE INGLESE PER LA GRECIA: LA CESSIONE DI PARGA"

I recenti scavi della Missione archeologica a Mozia della Sapienza nella Zona C hanno individuato il primo stanziamento fenicio, con una serie di pozzi e l'Edificio C8, i cui resti fotografano i momenti iniziali di vita della colonia fenicia nel secondo quarto dell'VIII secolo a.C.

In this article, I suggest that the analysis of a few episodes in El perro del hortelano, thanks to the play's credible Mediterranean context, can help qualify its adscription to the genre of palatine comedies. My aim is to contribute to our understanding of how Lope, in a period of creative maturity, not only reshapes and updates the literary material of his sources, but also demonstrates that the blending and hybridization of genres lies at the core of his Comedia Nueva. Throughout the article, I engage diverse critical readings of the play and consider them within the context of recent contributions in Mediterranean Studies. I likewise analyze several of the play's dramatic themes related to the Mediterranean Sea and draw attention to its ingenious conclusion. Finally, I explain why Lope chooses the gracioso to end the plot by impersonating a Greek-Armenian merchant, a figure only comprehensible at the beginning of the seventeenth century.

En este trabajo sugiero que el análisis de algunos episodios de El perro del hortelano a través de su verosímil contexto mediterráneo puede ayudar a matizar su adscripción al género de las comedias palatinas. Con ello quiero aportar claves para entender cómo Lope, en un período de madurez creativa, no solo reorienta y actualiza el material literario de sus fuentes, sino que también muestra una vez más que la mezcla e hibridación de géneros está en la base de la Comedia Nueva. A lo largo del artículo complemento diversas aportaciones críticas sobre la obra con los así llamados Estudios Mediterráneos, analizo múltiples rasgos dramáticos de la pieza vinculados a este mar, e incido especialmente en su ingeniosa conclusión; finalmente propongo una explicación respecto de por qué Lope elige para resolver la trama que el gracioso encarne precisamente a un mercader intermediario greco-armenio, una figura solo entendible a principios del siglo XVII.

Salgın hastalıklar Osmanlı topraklarında oldukça fazla görülen doğal afetlerden biridir. Özellikle Osmanlı coğrafyasında başta İstanbul ve İzmir olmak üzere liman kentleri hastalığın ana merkezleri konumundadır. Salgın hastalıklar içerisinde büyük can kaybına yol açan ve XVII. yüzyıla kadar en sık görüleni vebadır. XVI. ve XVII. yüzyıl veba hastalığı ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaların yanısıra konu ile ilgili önemli kaynaklardan biri de Cenova Devlet Arşivi'nde bulunan belgelerdir. Özellikle mezkûr yüzyıllarda Osmanlı topraklarında görev yapan Ceneviz elçilerinin ve konsoloslarının mektupları ile raporları son derece değerlidir ve kıymetli bilgiler ihtiva etmektedir. Aynı zamanda iyi birer gözlemci olan bu görevlilerin yazışmalarına konu olan hususlardan biri de Osmanlı topraklarında başlarından geçenlerle ilgilidir. Çalışmamızda Ceneviz elçi ve konsoloslarının Osmanlı topraklarında görülen veba salgınlarıyla ilgili tespitlerini ve buna dair verdikleri bilgilerin ortaya konması amaçlanmaktadır. Resmin bütününü aydınlatan bazı hususlar ve örnekler üzerinden bir değerlendirme yapılmaktadır.

Although much has been written on the subject of ancient Mediterranean harbours, the relatively new area of harbour
geoarchaeology remains dispersed in the geoscience and archaeological literature. Over a decade of research has amassed rich and varied datasets of anthropogenically forced coastal evolution, with a remarkable number of between-site analogies. This new research field also shows the rich potential of geoscience to reconcile important archaeological questions. No single publication, however, has yet drawn on these geological patterns to yield a detailed overview suitable for geoscientists and environmental archaeologists. The aim of this review article is to
(1) discuss how ancient harbours have come to be preserved in the geological record;

(2) expound the basic principles and palaeoenvironmental tools underpinning ancient harbour geoarchaeology;

(3) outline some of the most significant research advances made; and

(4) discuss a new chrono-stratigraphic model applicable to harbour.
sequences.

Sintesi

In questo volume vengono presentati tutti i tipi ed elementi distintivi dei navigli menzionati nei primi tre volumi dei Regesti marittimi croati (RMC I-III) che comprendono circa 16.000 documenti riguardanti, tra l’altro, i velieri in uso nell’Adriatico durante il Settecento. Lo studio espone 18.536 menzioni di bastimenti classificati in 79 termini diversi messi a confronto rispetto l’etimologia e caratteristiche peculiari di ogni natante (quali stazza, attrezzatura velica, uso e quant’altro). L’analisi dimostra che i piccoli paroni preferivano velieri più piccoli, dalla portata fra le 20 e 300 t, essendo più veloci e manovrabili con buone capacità di navigazione. Si trattava innanzitutto del trabaccolo con il 14,55% di presenza nei documenti, poi della tartana (11,49%), del pielego (8,06%), della polacca (6,23%), della marciliana (6,18%), della feluca (5,10%), della barca (4,86%), della checcia (2,21%) e della brazzera (2,01%). I velieri minori, ovvero piccoli e medi, di portata inferiore alle 300 t, rappresentavano perfino il 70,82% di tutti i bastimenti nominati, mentre i velieri maggiori, di portata superiore alle 310 t, fra cui le grandi navi/nave ovvero vascelli (15,33%) ed i fregatoni (4,36%) avevano mantenuto il 20,65% del traffico marittimo, soprattutto verso le Isole Ionie ed altri porti mediterranei. Tramite l’analisi comparata delle loro caratteristiche e peculiarità è stato dimostrato che fra i porti delle coste orientali e occidentali dell’Adriatico nel Settecento vi era un intenso commercio quotidiano e che tale traffico era caratterizzato da un forte dinamismo del piccolo e medio ceto imprenditoriale che è riuscito ad imporsi sia nel commercio marittimo che nella costruzione navale che ha interessato ambo le coste adriatiche.

Parole chiave: velieri, terminologia, Adriatico, Settecento, navigazione, commercio, trabaccolo, nava/vascello, tartana, pielego, polacca, marciliana, feluca, barca, fregatone, checcia, brazzera

************

Abstract – Adriatic ships between the two shores in the eighteenth century. A historical and iconographic review

This historical and iconographic review outlines all the types and main characteristics of the sailers mentioned in the first three volumes of the Croatian Maritime Regesta (RMC I-III). These three volumes include around 16,000 documents which, among other things, present the sailing ships used in the Adriatic during the eighteenth century. The analysis shows 18,536 mentions of ships classified under 79 different names (types), and compares them with respect to etymology and characteristics such as DWT, sailing equipment, purpose. The analysis demonstrates that small shipowners preferred lighter sailing ships with a DWT of up to 300 t, being faster and more maneuverable with good navigation skills. The dominant type of ship was trabaccolo, which accounts for 14.55% of mentions in the documents, followed by tartane (11.49%), pielego (8.06%), polacre (6.23%), marciliana (6.18%), felucca (5.10%), barca (4.86%), ketch (2.21%), and brazzera (2.01%). Small and medium ships with a DWT of up to 300 t account for 70.82% of all the mentioned sailers. Larger sailing ships, with a DWT over 310 t, including navas/vessels (15.33%) and frigatoons (4.36%), maintained 20.65% of maritime traffic, especially towards the Ionian Islands and other Mediterranean ports. The comparative analysis of their characteristics and peculiarities has indicated that intense daily trade was taking place between the ports of the Eastern and Western coasts of the Adriatic in the eighteenth century, and that this traffic was characterized by a strong dynamism of the small and middle entrepreneurial class which established themselves both in maritime trade and in shipbuilding, and thus left an enormous impact on both Adriatic coasts.

Key words: sailers, terminology, Adriatic, 18th c., navigation, trade, trabaccolo, nava/vessel, tartane, pielego, polacre, marciliana, felucca, barca, frigatoon, ketch, brazzera

La tesis para la obtención del grado de doctor que pasamos a exponer en las siguientes páginas responde a la necesidad de ahondar en los múltiples campos – inexplorados o poco abordados– de la Historia de la Diplomacia durante la Edad Moderna. De entre ellos, las relaciones entre la Monarquía Hispánica y la República de San Marcos durante el siglo XVII ha sido un tema claramente desatendido. En primer lugar, por la consideración asentada de la falta de sintonía entre Venecia y Madrid en la Península Itálica; y, segundo, a tenor de sus alianzas con el resto de las potencias europeas, muchas veces contrapuestas.
Sin embargo, durante la segunda mitad del seiscientos, ambas potencias se vieron obligadas a reconfigurar las líneas fundamentales de su política exterior. Hasta entonces, en el caso hispano esta se había basado en el ideal de Monarquía Universal; mientras que, en el veneciano, en mantener la neutralidad en el ámbito europeo y concentrarse en el comercio en el Mediterráneo.
Mas el estallido de la Guerra de Candía (1645-1669) entre el Imperio Otomano y la Serenísima supuso un punto de inflexión en las relaciones entre estas potencias, pero también en la correspondencia de esta última con la corona española. Un cambio que, fundamentalmente, se debió al rol desempeñado durante el siglo XVI por el Rey Católico como Paladín de la Cristiandad, el cual convertía a Felipe IV en el mejor situado –junto a la Santa Sede– para amparar nuevamente a los venecianos.

Recent scholarship has explored port cities of the medieval and early modern Mediterranean-from the Iberian peninsula, to Italy and North Africa, to the Levant-as complex sites of artistic encounter, exchange, and mobility. In dialogue with current research on the movement of artworks, materials, and people across the Mediterranean world, we invite art and architectural historians, archeologists, and historians to consider the forms and cultural dynamics of port cities themselves. These natural and built environments both configure relationships between land, sea, and the world beyond, and create unique spatial, cultural, social, and economic conditions for artistic production and transformation.

La più antica memoria del Tesoro della Cappella Palatina di Palermo si conserva grazie ad un inventario 1 , datato al 1309 e verosimilmente copia di uno risalente all'epoca del sovrano angioino Carlo I 2 : diplomi, libri liturgici, tessuti preziosi e suppellettili sacre si accumularono fin dal tempo di Ruggero II, promotore dell'edificazione della sacra cappella di palazzo. Purtroppo soltanto una parte di questo sontuoso patrimonio ci è pervenuta: oltre ai documenti del Tabularium 3 , sono i cofani e le cassette d'avorio a portare testimonianza dell'illustre passato normanno-svevo. Il nucleo di oggetti eburnei rappresenta la traccia più consistente di un tesoro unico, perché conservato nel luogo più sacro del Palazzo dei

"Piracy along the coasts of Lycia, Pamphylia and Cilicia Tracheia from 188 BC to 67 BC: Reasons and Consequenses

The purpose of this paper is to discuss why piracy grew along the coasts of Lycia, Pamphylia and Cilicia Tracheia during the second century BC onwards and what kinds of measures were taken by the Romans during the first century BC in order to gain control of the southern Anatolian coast.

After the peace of Apameia in 188 BC, the status of the Hellenistic Kingdoms changed. The Seleucid Kingdom was compelled to give up its claim to the northern range of the Taurus Mountains and its navy was reduced in the Eastern Mediterranean. This was the primary factor for the rise of piracy along the southern coast of Asia Minor.

Another factor was the fact that the Rhodians, who up until the battle of Pydna had taken effective measures to suppress piracy in the Eastern Mediterranean, had their ,economy severely damaged when the Roman senate cut their privileges, making Delos a free port and liberating several cities of the Peraia. After 168 BC, therefore, the Rhodians no longer had the resources to fight against the pirates.

The political chaos that followed as the rival Syrian kings fought each other, combined with the incompetence of the Seleucid rulers, made it easy for pirates to take control over stretches of land along the southern coast of Anatolia, mainly from Rough Cilicia to Phamphylia and Eastern Lycia.

The sea trade route from Syria to the Aegean and the western Mediterranean, which ran along this coast, created plenty of opportunities for piracy. Initially the pirates sailed out in small boats, harassing passing merchant shipping. Eventually they became more numerous and navigated larger ships, and organised themselves under leaders mentioned as 'tyrants' or 'kings', some of whom were notorious and were powerful enough to leave their mark in the historical record. Soon the pirates raided the rich cities of the Syrian and Phoenician coastline, as well as the trade ships going to the Aegean.

During the second half of the second century BC neither the enemies of the Seleucids, principally the Ptolemaic kings of Egypt and Cyprus, nor the Rhodians did much to hinder this development, as they saw it as a means of weakening their respective rivals. Until the end of the second century BC the Romans did not consider themselves responsible for the general security of the region either. Busying themselves with a civil war at this period, they were unable to control these developments in Anatolia.

Consequently, the pirates steadily increased in numbers and made a profit from both piracy and trafficking in slaves, the latter of which proved to be most lucrative. Slave markets like Side, Crete, Rhodes and Delos willingly assisted the pirates in this business. By the end of the 2nd century BC piracy had become so widespread that the Romans finally took action. Marcus Antonius lead a military campaign in ca. 102 BC, and as that proved ineffective, Rome issued a Senatus consultum against piracy around 101-99 BC, declaring the pirates enemies of the people, the friends and allies of Rome. Rome, however, still could not eliminate the pirates in Southern Anatolia and during the three Mithridatic Wars between 90 and 63 BC they continually faced forces of pirates who took the side of Mithridates Eupator.

Publius Servilius Vatia, proconsul of Cilicia, carried out several campaigns against the pirates in the years 78-74 BC. Through his campaigns Servilius ended up controlling the strategically important regions of Lycia, Pamphylia and parts of Cilicia Tracheia. Still, the menace of the pirates worsened; high-ranking Romans were victims of piracy, islands and cities were either abandoned from fear of the pirates, or had been taken over by them. Numerous cities and islands, such as Cnidus, Colophon, Samos and Delos, had been sacked. The power of the pirates was felt all over the Mediterranean. It was impossible to sail anywhere - trade came to a standistill.

The tribune Aulus Gabinius, therefore, proposed a law in 67 BC to clear the seas of piracy. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus was appointed commander for three years with supreme command over all of the Mediterranean as well as all its coastlines to a distance of 80 km inland, in order to suppress piracy in the Mediterranean once and for all. This he managed to do in an impressively short period of time, due to great military skill and tactics. A large part of his success stemmed from the fact that pirates who surrendered were offered land to begin a new life as farmers and thus had no incentive to return to the sea."

The following pages emerged in response to these dual paradoxes of void and barrier, and explore Mediterranean-Atlantic history in the Hispanoamerican world from 1421 to the late seventeenth century. The term Mediterratlantic is used to counter the second paradox of oceanic studies—but it has implications beyond them as well, as my conclusions propose. To counter the first paradox, I bring together two kinds of material traces dynamically generated by the act of navigation itself: ship’s logs and shipwrecks. These eloquent fieldnotes from a watery world provide us with a kind of saline archive. They offer an important complement (and contrast) to the land-based records so useful for previous studies of early modern navigation, sources that documented saltwater journeys after the fact: navigation treatises, satiric letters, cautionary travelogues, courtroom proceedings...

Over the last several years, the Eastern Mediterranean has increasingly become a hotspot for the Gulf states of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. This chapter attempts to assess the Gulf states’ involvement in the Eastern Mediterranean, as well as their motives and their rivalry with other regional powers in the region, mainly Turkey. The
first section provides an analysis of the geopolitical, security, and economic interests of the Gulf states in the Eastern Mediterranean. The chapter then sheds light on the interactions of the Gulf states with the main players in the region (Egypt, Libya, Syria, Israel, Cyprus, and Greece) and their implications in the broader regional security context. The final part presents factors that may contribute to defusing tensions and opening doors for cooperation.

This article aims to shed light on the centrality that the EU has played in Nicosia’s foreign policy, bolstering it to become more independent of
the difficulties faced following the financial crisis and leading to a diversification of Nicosia’s partners. It also analyses the complexities of
the geopolitical power games at play on the Eastern Mediterranean, following the discovery of natural gas deposits, and their impact on the
continued intractability of the Cyprus problem.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

This article is a first approach to the transformation of the Mediterranean Sea from a surface into a deep volume. I argue that, in contrast to prior periods, the Mediterranean space of the last century-and-a-half has been defined by depth and volume. As such, geopolitics in the Mediterranean became vertical and three-dimensional. Ocean currents, pelagic ecosystems, temperature shifts, and seabed geology, as well as the technologies that allow states and companies to access and operate with these entities, enabled new relationships between knowledge and power. Currents and tem- perature, for instance, determine submarine detectability and thus whether cer- tain routes are feasible or not. As oceanic historians have argued, we need to engage with maritime materiality and nature if we want to unveil how depth matters to human history. Oceans and seas thus emerge as historical actors in regional and world histories, opening new questions as to what constitutes the historical unity and significance of an ocean basin. A semi-enclosed Sea, the Mediterranean is to a great extent defined by its relationships to adjacent seas and oceans. At the same time, its depths of up to 5,000 km and its internal cur- rents (including processes of convection) make it into a “miniature ocean,” pos- ing specific strategic challenges and opportunities. This article aims at showing that the Mediterranean’s topology and nature was key in shaping the ways in which historical actors constituted this Sea into a unit of scientific anal- ysis and military operations.

Résumé

La présente étude traite de la contribution des photographes français au développement de l’art photographique dans l’Orient méditerranéen et des leurs collaborations avec les photographes locaux. Plus précisément, nous nous référons à l’influence exercée par Philibert Perraud sur l’œuvre de Philippos Margaritis, professeur à l’Ecole royale des arts à Athènes et nous examinons l’installation réussie des photographes grecs (Athanase Calphas et Solon Vathis) à Paris. De plus, nous étudions le séjour des photographes français à Constantinople et leur contribution à la diffusion de la photographie en Orient. En outre, nous présentons des cas des photographes locaux comme Abdullah frères, membres de la Société de photographie de Paris, qui après avoir voyagé en France, ont maintenu leurs contacts avec les photographes européens. Nous nous référons également aux photographes du Moyen Orient comme  Yessayi Garabedian, futur patriarche, qui a visité Manchester, Londres et Paris en 1863 et nous abordons la collaboration de Félix Bonfils avec  Henri Rombau et Georges Sabounji, qui ont contribué au développement de la photographie en Orient. Après plusieurs années de recherche, nous avons découvert le différent judiciaire entre les photographes  Hippolyte Arnoux et Constantin Zangaki qu’il a accusé de vol intellectuel. Notons qu’après une période d’apprentissage auprès des photographes occidentaux, les photographes de l’Empire ottoman, qui appartenaient en général aux communautés religieuses, ont gagné leur autonomie ouvrant leurs propres ateliers et qu’au début leurs photographies étaient conçues dans le même esprit orientaliste que celle des photographes occidentaux.
Abstract
Initially introduced by traveler photographers and local photographers, photography was gradually adopted by local artists in the Mediterranean Orient. Trained in France or associated to French photographers, Oriental photographers became progressively independent, even able to compete technically and artistically with their European colleagues. Moreover, clichés by photographers such as Philippos Margaritis, Abdullah frères, Paul Sébah were exposed at international exhibitions and gained theirs authors reputation. And installation of photographers such as Bonfils in the Middle-East contributed to the diffusion of the photographic art in the region.

Theme
Bounded languages  … Unbounded
Περιορισμένες γλώσσες, Απεριόριστες

Politics of identity are central to language change. Here, linguistic boundaries rise and fall, motivating the ephemeral characteristics of language communities. The Mediterranean and European regions are replete with histories, with power struggles, uniquely demarcating nation, ethnicity, and community. For this, cultural and political identities, language ideologies, as well as the languages themselves, have sought boundedness, dynamics of which have indeed sought change over eons, through demographic movements, through geopolitics, through technological innovation. In a current era of technological advancement, transnational fluidity, intellectual power, capitalism, and new sexualities, then, we question, once again, the boundedness of language and identity, and ways in which to unbound languages and ideologies. More than before, we now increasingly pursue anthropological toil, so to innovate ways to locate these ideologies and their fluid boundaries, actively. We now need to increasingly unbind these languages, and their ideologies, so to arrive at progressive realizations, and to rectify, or at least see and move past, the segregations of old.

The GLOCAL COMELA 2022 theme, Bounded languages … Unbounded ‘Περιορισμένες γλώσσες, Απεριόριστες’ encapsulates the ongoing struggle throughout Mediterranean and European regions. As the continuous tension between demarcation, and the concurrent legitimization, of languages, language ideologies, and language identities, enters an era where new modes of interactivity require language communities to take on roles super-ordinate to the past, flexible citizenship now operates within, and not only across, language communities, to unbind languages, and to create new boundaries, unlike those ever seen throughout history.

The GLOCAL COMELA 2022 invites work which addresses the shifting boundedness of Language Communities of the Mediterranean and Europe. Papers and posters should acknowledge and describe processes of language shape, change, and ideology, pertinent to social, cultural, political histories, and futures of Mediterranean and European regions, and by those working in Mediterranean and European regions.

The project of the Croatian Diplomatic Maritime Codex / Codex Diplomaticus Maritimus Croatiae comprises a total of 100,000 documents mapping the Croatian presence on the Adriatic and the Mediterranean. It was initiated in 1956 by professor Nikola Čolak  in Zadar, who continued it over the next 40 years, researching all the Adriatic archives relevant to Croatia. The aim of the project is to publish systematically primary sources on the maritime history of Croatian lands in a total of 20 volumes of the Croatian Maritime Regesta / Regesti Marittimi Croati (RMC). Čolak chose to print the sources partly in regesto (in concise form) and partly  in extenso, depending on the importance of the documents, and first started working on 18th century documents, deeming this period to have the largest extent of material. Hence he began printing 18th century material pertaining to navigation within the Adriatic and in the direction of the Levant. Next in line for printing should be the sources on the Ponent, and only then on the Atlantic for the said century. The subsequent part is supposed to focus on the earlier centuries, 17th and 16th, which are better covered.

Volumes attached:

Nikola Čolak, Regesti Marittimi Croati. Fonti documentarie. Settecento / Hrvatski pomorski regesti. Dokumentarna vrela. Osamnaesto stoljeće, vol. I, Centro di Studi Storici Croati, Venezia-Padova, 1985.

Nikola Čolak, Regesti Marittimi Croati. Fonti documentarie. Settecento / Hrvatski pomorski regesti. Dokumentarna vrela. Osamnaesto stoljeće, vol. II, Centro di Studi Storici Croati, Venezia-Padova, 1993.

Nikola Čolak, Regesti Marittimi Croati. Fonti documentarie. Settecento / Hrvatski pomorski regesti. Dokumentarna vrela. Osamnaesto stoljeće, vol. III, Zrinka Podhraški Čizmek (ed.), Odsjek za povijest Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu, Split, 2017.
https://www.fhs.unizg.hr/images/50041648/Hrvatski%20pomorski%20regesti_RMC_III.pdf


-----

Il progetto del Codice Marittimo Diplomatico Croato / Codex Diplomaticus Maritimus Croatiae comprende in tutto circa 100.000 documenti riguardanti la presenza croata nell’Adriatico e nel Mediterraneo. Suo fautore è il prof. Nikola Čolak  che lo ha intrapreso nel 1956 a Zadar (Zara) dall’allora Archivio Storico (oggi Archivio di Stato) di Zadar per proseguirne il lavoro dall’Istituto dell’Accademia delle Scienze ed Arti zaratino e continuarlo per quarant’anni con ricerche nei vari archivi adriatici concernenti la storia croata. L’obbiettivo del progetto è la pubblicazione sistematica di fonti primarie riguardanti la storia marittima dei territori croati in una collezione di 20 volumi – i Regesti Marittimi Croati / Hrvatski pomorski regesti / Croatian Maritime Regesta. Čolak ha scelto di pubblicare i documenti in parte in regesto (ovvero in forma sintetica) ed in parte in extenso, a seconda dell’importanza dei documenti elaborando prima i documenti riguardanti il Settecento ritenendo trattarsi del periodo con maggior ricchezza di fonti. Ha cominciato con il pubblicare le fonti del XVIII secolo riguardanti la navigazione all’interno dell’Adriatico ed in direzione del Levante. In seguito si prevede di passare alle fonti riguardanti il Ponente, dopodiché l’Atlantico. Successivamente il focus andrà ai secoli anteriori, il Seicento e il Cinquecento, molto meglio rappresentati nella storiografia fino agli anni Novanta.

-----

Projekt Hrvatskoga diplomatičkog pomorskog zbornika / Codex Diplomaticus Maritimus Croatiae sastoji se od ukupno oko 100.000 dokumenata koji mapiraju hrvatsku prisutnost na Jadranu i Mediteranu. Započeo ga je 1956. prof. Nikola Čolak  u Zadru te nastavio tijekom narednih 40 godina istražujući po svim za Hrvatsku relevantnim arhivima Jadrana. Cilj je projekta sustavno objavljivanje primarnih izvora o pomorskoj povijesti hrvatskih zemalja u sveukupno oko 20 svezaka Hrvatskih pomorskih regesta / Regesti Marittimi Croati / Croatian Maritime Regesta. Čolak je izabrao tiskanje vrela djelomično in regesto (u sažetu obliku), a djelomično in extenso, ovisno o važnosti dokumenata, te je započeo obrađivanje najprije dokumenata iz 18. stoljeća smatrajući da je to razdoblje s najvećim obimom građe. Počeo je dakle tiskanjem građe 18. stoljeća koja se odnosi na plovidbu unutar Jadrana te u pravcu Levanta. Nakon toga smatrao je da bi trebalo prijeći na vrela o Ponentu i tek nakon toga na Atlantik za rečeno stoljeće. U nastavku bi se trebalo usredotočiti na ranija stoljeća, 17. i 16., koja su bolje obrađena.

En el S. XVI mares y océanos se habían convertido en ajetreadas zonas de paso, confrontación, exploración, etc. por las que pululaban armadas, corsarios, piratas, comerciantes y aventureros tanto de coronas europeas como de reinos norteafricanos y orientales. La corona española centraba su interés en controlar las rutas comerciales, puertos, etc. tanto en las Américas como en el Mediterráneo y Norte de España, para proteger esos mercados tanto de la flota Otomana y los berberiscos en el Mediterráneo como de corsarios y demás enemigos en el Atlántico y pacifico, lo cual determino el sistema naval y defensivo que iba a emplear el imperio.