Maternal and child health, public health
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ABSTRACT: Background: Proliferation of the internet has provided better opportunities for communication, information and social interaction. The excessive undisciplined use by individuals has led to the emergence of the concept of... more
ABSTRACT:
Background: Proliferation of the internet has provided better opportunities for communication, information and social interaction. The excessive undisciplined use by individuals has led to the emergence of the concept of internet addiction. Psychological and environmental factors in the lives of college students may leave them disproportionately vulnerable to Internet addiction. The The main objective of this study was to measure prevalence of internet addiction and the usage pattern among undergraduate medical students.
Materials & Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out among 95 undergraduate students of II MBBS, selected by simple random sampling, in Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, from January to February, 2016. A 20 item Young’s Internet Addiction test which is a Likert scale based interview schedule was used to measure the prevalence of internet addiction. Data was entered in MS Excel 2007 and analyzed. Chisquare test was applied and p value < 0.05 considered significant.
Results: Among the 95 study subjects, 62.2% were males and 37.8% were females. Males were more addicted to internet than females. The prevalence of internet addiction among the study subjects in the present study was 52.63% mild, 24.21% moderate, while 23.16% students reported normal internet usage. It was found that severity of internet addiction is inversely proportional to academic performance.
Conclusion: Internet addiction is a growing health problem among medical students, hence necessary preventive and therapeutic interventions are vital to promote healthy and safe usage of Internet.
Keywords: Internet addiction, medical students
Background: Proliferation of the internet has provided better opportunities for communication, information and social interaction. The excessive undisciplined use by individuals has led to the emergence of the concept of internet addiction. Psychological and environmental factors in the lives of college students may leave them disproportionately vulnerable to Internet addiction. The The main objective of this study was to measure prevalence of internet addiction and the usage pattern among undergraduate medical students.
Materials & Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out among 95 undergraduate students of II MBBS, selected by simple random sampling, in Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, from January to February, 2016. A 20 item Young’s Internet Addiction test which is a Likert scale based interview schedule was used to measure the prevalence of internet addiction. Data was entered in MS Excel 2007 and analyzed. Chisquare test was applied and p value < 0.05 considered significant.
Results: Among the 95 study subjects, 62.2% were males and 37.8% were females. Males were more addicted to internet than females. The prevalence of internet addiction among the study subjects in the present study was 52.63% mild, 24.21% moderate, while 23.16% students reported normal internet usage. It was found that severity of internet addiction is inversely proportional to academic performance.
Conclusion: Internet addiction is a growing health problem among medical students, hence necessary preventive and therapeutic interventions are vital to promote healthy and safe usage of Internet.
Keywords: Internet addiction, medical students
Background: Majority of Neonatal deaths are believed to
The Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI) is a well-validated screening tool for assessing potential for child physical abuse, and has been translated into many different languages. To date the CAPI has not been translated into Arabic or... more
The Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI) is a well-validated screening tool for assessing potential for child physical abuse, and has been translated into many different languages. To date the CAPI has not been translated into Arabic or used in any studies in Arabic-speaking populations. This study reports on the process of adapting the CAPI into Arabic Language which was undertaken following the International Society of Pharma-economics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) guidelines. The translation/adaptation process was multi-stage, and involved the use of a Delphi process, cognitive debriefing, back translation, and a pilot testing of the Arabic CAPI at two primary health care centers with a population of pregnant women (n = 60). Following "literal translation" 73 out of the 160 items needed re-phrasing to adapt the items to the Oman context. No differences were found when comparing results of the translated or back-translated versions to source; however, eight items needed further amendment following translated to back-translated comparison and feedback from the pilot. Iterations were resolved following in-depth interviews. Discrepancies were due to differences in culture, parenting practices, and religion. Piloting of the tool indicated mean score value of 155.8 (SD = 59.4) and eleven women (18%) scored above the cut off value of 215. This Arabic translation of the CAPI was undertaken using rigorous methodology and sets the scene for further research on the Arabic CAPI within Arabic-speaking populations.
Described as the ‘invisible epidemic’, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the world’s leading cause of death. Most are caused by preventable factors, including poor diet, tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol and physical inactivity.... more
Described as the ‘invisible epidemic’, non-communicable
diseases (NCDs) are the world’s leading cause of death.
Most are caused by preventable factors, including poor
diet, tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol and physical
inactivity. Diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular and chronic
lung diseases were responsible for 38 million (68%) of
global deaths in 2012. Since 1990, proportionate NCD
mortality has increased substantially as populations have
aged and communicable diseases decline. The majority
of NCD deaths, especially premature NCD deaths (<70
years, 82%), occur in low-income and middle-income
countries, and among poor communities within them.
Addressing NCDs is recognised as central to the post-
2015 agenda; accordingly, NCDs have a specific objective
and target in the Sustainable Development Goals. While
deaths from NCDs occur mainly in adulthood, many have
their origins in early life, including through epigenetic
mechanisms operating before conception. Good nutrition
before conception and interventions aimed at preventing
NCDs during the first 1000 days (from conception to age
2 years), childhood and adolescence may be more costeffective
than managing established NCDs in later life with
costly tests and drugs. Following a life-course approach,
maternal and child health interventions, before delivery
and during childhood and adolescence, can prevent NCDs
and should influence global health and socioeconomic
development. This paper describes how such an approach
may be pursued, including through the engagement of
non-health sectors. It also emphasises evaluating and
documenting related initiatives to underwrite systematic
and evidence-based cross-sectoral engagement on NCD
prevention in the future.
diseases (NCDs) are the world’s leading cause of death.
Most are caused by preventable factors, including poor
diet, tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol and physical
inactivity. Diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular and chronic
lung diseases were responsible for 38 million (68%) of
global deaths in 2012. Since 1990, proportionate NCD
mortality has increased substantially as populations have
aged and communicable diseases decline. The majority
of NCD deaths, especially premature NCD deaths (<70
years, 82%), occur in low-income and middle-income
countries, and among poor communities within them.
Addressing NCDs is recognised as central to the post-
2015 agenda; accordingly, NCDs have a specific objective
and target in the Sustainable Development Goals. While
deaths from NCDs occur mainly in adulthood, many have
their origins in early life, including through epigenetic
mechanisms operating before conception. Good nutrition
before conception and interventions aimed at preventing
NCDs during the first 1000 days (from conception to age
2 years), childhood and adolescence may be more costeffective
than managing established NCDs in later life with
costly tests and drugs. Following a life-course approach,
maternal and child health interventions, before delivery
and during childhood and adolescence, can prevent NCDs
and should influence global health and socioeconomic
development. This paper describes how such an approach
may be pursued, including through the engagement of
non-health sectors. It also emphasises evaluating and
documenting related initiatives to underwrite systematic
and evidence-based cross-sectoral engagement on NCD
prevention in the future.
Background In India, smokeless tobacco (SLT) use among pregnant women is high and its adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes have not been properly documented in. Objectives To collate available evidence on the association between SLT use... more
Background
In India, smokeless tobacco (SLT) use among pregnant women is high and its adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes have not been properly documented in.
Objectives
To collate available evidence on the association between SLT use and three adverse pregnancy outcomes, i.e. low birth weight, preterm birth and stillbirth among women in India.
Search Strategy
A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, IndMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and major journals. Two authors independently reviewed the studies and extracted data.
Selection Criteria
Inclusion criteria were English articles published till December 2014, case control, case cohort or cohort, and exposure and outcome variables meeting predefined criteria. Exclusion criteria were case series, case reports, cross-sectional designs, risk estimate not restricted/adjusted for smoking with or without adjustment for other factors and duplicate data. Qualitative synthesis was followed by meta-analysis. Attributable burden was estimated using the population attributable fraction method.
Main Results
Pooled odds ratio was significant for all three outcomes: low birth weight (1.88, 95 % CI 1.38, 2.54), preterm birth (1.39: 1.01, 1.91) and stillbirth (2.85: 1.62, 5.01). We found that 0.87 million low birth weight babies, 0.19 million preterm births and 0.12 million stillbirths occurring annually in India could be attributed to maternal SLT use.
Conclusion
There was a suggestive evidence of SLT use associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes among women in India. Further studies in this field are required to generate more conclusive evidence.
Keywords
Adverse pregnancy outcomes Smokeless tobacco Systematic review India
In India, smokeless tobacco (SLT) use among pregnant women is high and its adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes have not been properly documented in.
Objectives
To collate available evidence on the association between SLT use and three adverse pregnancy outcomes, i.e. low birth weight, preterm birth and stillbirth among women in India.
Search Strategy
A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, IndMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and major journals. Two authors independently reviewed the studies and extracted data.
Selection Criteria
Inclusion criteria were English articles published till December 2014, case control, case cohort or cohort, and exposure and outcome variables meeting predefined criteria. Exclusion criteria were case series, case reports, cross-sectional designs, risk estimate not restricted/adjusted for smoking with or without adjustment for other factors and duplicate data. Qualitative synthesis was followed by meta-analysis. Attributable burden was estimated using the population attributable fraction method.
Main Results
Pooled odds ratio was significant for all three outcomes: low birth weight (1.88, 95 % CI 1.38, 2.54), preterm birth (1.39: 1.01, 1.91) and stillbirth (2.85: 1.62, 5.01). We found that 0.87 million low birth weight babies, 0.19 million preterm births and 0.12 million stillbirths occurring annually in India could be attributed to maternal SLT use.
Conclusion
There was a suggestive evidence of SLT use associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes among women in India. Further studies in this field are required to generate more conclusive evidence.
Keywords
Adverse pregnancy outcomes Smokeless tobacco Systematic review India
Death, disease and disaster can in ict anyone, anywhere and at any time. While occurrence of such an event could be absolved of any selective strike, the outcome re ects otherwise. Historical deprivations experienced by certain... more
Death, disease and disaster can in ict anyone, anywhere and at any time. While occurrence of such an event could be absolved of any selective strike, the outcome re ects otherwise. Historical deprivations experienced by certain populations have caused more bereavement and sorrow to them than those who have experienced lesser or no deprivation. Therefore, the process which shapes the factors to yield such a result is important and needs to be understood for any policy suggestions and programmatic inputs. Loss of pregnancy and newborn in icts sorrow and bereavement across space, time and social labyrinth. The degree of bereavement is likely to reduce with time, but space and social context govern the response to it. Therefore, factors contributing to the differentials vary in their demographic, social and economic characteristics. The loss of pregnancy and newborn remains inadequately addressed. Family and community play a signi cant role in coping. While the developed countries have institutional structure to address coping with the loss, the South Asian countries rely heavily on the family and the community for such support. The present review examines these trajectories across social groups.
This study sought to evaluate the rate of childbirth associated complications and to determine if multiparity constitutes a danger to mother and child. The cross-sectional study included women of childbearing age (15-45 years) who had... more
This study sought to evaluate the rate of childbirth associated complications and to determine if
multiparity constitutes a danger to mother and child. The cross-sectional study included women of childbearing
age (15-45 years) who had attended health care facilities during pregnancies within the past two years (2009-
2011). 384 women who fall into different para groups were picked at random. Data on subjects were abstracted
from their medical records. Events such as abruptio placentae, uterine rupture, hemorrhage, malpresentations
and mortality were observed and their rates of occurrence in the different para groups wereanalyzed. The
research findings showed that complications occurred in all groups with the highest rates occurring in grand
multiparas (para 6-9) such that uterine rupture occurred in 24% of the grand multiparous group, abruptio
placentae was observed 17.97%, malpresentations [20.05%] and death [4.17%]. The grand multipara appears
to have the highest risks of all groups of child bearing womenin the study population. Based on the high rates of
childbirth complications that increased with parity, and due to poor perinatal care obtainable in the general
population; multiparity is seen as dangerous and predisposes women to have childbirth complications. Thus,
health workers and public health educators have the responsibility to enlighten the communities on the dangers
of multiparity; husbands should value the health of their wives as a family and community asset and ought to be
protected against all odds. Adequate family planning methods may be useful.
multiparity constitutes a danger to mother and child. The cross-sectional study included women of childbearing
age (15-45 years) who had attended health care facilities during pregnancies within the past two years (2009-
2011). 384 women who fall into different para groups were picked at random. Data on subjects were abstracted
from their medical records. Events such as abruptio placentae, uterine rupture, hemorrhage, malpresentations
and mortality were observed and their rates of occurrence in the different para groups wereanalyzed. The
research findings showed that complications occurred in all groups with the highest rates occurring in grand
multiparas (para 6-9) such that uterine rupture occurred in 24% of the grand multiparous group, abruptio
placentae was observed 17.97%, malpresentations [20.05%] and death [4.17%]. The grand multipara appears
to have the highest risks of all groups of child bearing womenin the study population. Based on the high rates of
childbirth complications that increased with parity, and due to poor perinatal care obtainable in the general
population; multiparity is seen as dangerous and predisposes women to have childbirth complications. Thus,
health workers and public health educators have the responsibility to enlighten the communities on the dangers
of multiparity; husbands should value the health of their wives as a family and community asset and ought to be
protected against all odds. Adequate family planning methods may be useful.
The specialty of family medicine is centered on lasting, caring relationships with patients and their families. Family physiciansintegrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health... more
The specialty of family medicine is centered on lasting, caring relationships with patients and their families. Family physiciansintegrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. The scope of family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Read more about the history, scope and definition of family medicine by reviewing the following resources.
Public-health-family-medicine
Family medicine is a three-dimensional specialty, incorporating (1) knowledge, (2) skill and (3) process. At the center of the process element is the patient-physician relationship with the patient viewed in the context of the family. It is the extent to which this relationship is valued, developed, nurtured and maintained that distinguishes family medicine from all other specialties.
Family physicians integrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. Family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Family physicians also pay special attention to their patients' lives within the context of family and the community.
Adolescent Medicine
Geriatric Medicine
Pain Medicine
Sleep Medicine
Sports Medicine
Sexual Health
Geriatric Medicine
For more details, PS: https://clinicalcasereports.conferenceseries.com/events-list/case-reports-on-public-health-family-medicine
Public-health-family-medicine
Family medicine is a three-dimensional specialty, incorporating (1) knowledge, (2) skill and (3) process. At the center of the process element is the patient-physician relationship with the patient viewed in the context of the family. It is the extent to which this relationship is valued, developed, nurtured and maintained that distinguishes family medicine from all other specialties.
Family physicians integrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. Family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Family physicians also pay special attention to their patients' lives within the context of family and the community.
Adolescent Medicine
Geriatric Medicine
Pain Medicine
Sleep Medicine
Sports Medicine
Sexual Health
Geriatric Medicine
For more details, PS: https://clinicalcasereports.conferenceseries.com/events-list/case-reports-on-public-health-family-medicine
Nikolas Dörr, Lukas Grawe und Herbert Obinger, Militär und Arbeitsschutzgesetzgebung im Deutschen Kaiserreich, in: Jahresbericht des SOCIUM 2017/18, Bremen: SOCIUM – Forschungszentrum Ungleichheit und Sozialpolitik, 2019, S. 20-27.
Focused Antenatal care was introduced following failure of the Standard ANC model, to limit the number of visits to the clinic, restrict tests, clinical procedures and actions to those which would improve the outcome of both the mother... more
Focused Antenatal care was introduced following failure of the Standard ANC model, to limit the number of visits to the clinic, restrict tests, clinical procedures and actions to those which would improve the outcome of both the mother and the newborn. FANC is intended to prevent or identify and treat conditions that may threaten the health of the newborn and/or the mother, and help a woman to approach pregnancy and birth as a positive experience, and to a large extent it helps to provide a good start for the newborn child. This study assessed the predictors of compliance of FANC among pregnant women at Kisumu East District Hospital. Data was collected from 258 women of reproductive age group through cross-sectional study, and one-stage exit interviews from the Antenatal clinic (ANC) and post natal ward. 74.1% of women reported satisfaction with history taking and clinical examination. On the other hand, history taking and obstetric examination were only carried out in 75.3% and 93.5% respectively at the first visit but the rates were lower with consecutive visits. Significant predictors of FANC compliance that were found to have a p-value < 0.05 were: residence (p-value= 0.001, OR=1.1, CI=.5-2.36), maternal education (OR= 3.6, CI=1.7-7.7), Household financial status (OR= 5.2, CI= 2.8-9.6), woman's source of income (OR=4.1, CI=.7-3.3) and awareness of FANC (OR=1.9, CI=1.1-3.5). This study showed that the compliance to FANC service was very low despite the presence of skilled and friendly service providers in the facilities. Factors associated with poor compliance included limited knowledge and poor attitude among participants and KEDH staff. Based on this study, it is recommended that stakeholders improve awareness of the new FANC model, improve counseling/ health education and upgrade antenatal clinic infrastructure as well as supplies at KEDH. It is also recommended for further research to elucidate the implications of poor compliance.
Infant and under-five mortality have shown a substantial decline of 49% and 47% respectively in Tanzania over the period (1992-2010). Despite these declines, under-five and infant mortality rates in Tanzania across regions/zones are... more
Infant and under-five mortality have shown a substantial decline of 49% and 47% respectively in Tanzania over the period (1992-2010). Despite these declines, under-five and infant mortality rates in Tanzania across regions/zones are heterogeneous and unequally distributed. The main purpose of this study was to identify factors determining infant and under-five mortality differentials in Tanzanian Zones using four rounds of Demographic Health Surveys (1992, 1996, 2004 and 2010) over the period 1992 to 2010. A panel data was used to estimate factors determining infants and under-five mortality differentials across zones/regions. Spearman correlation was used for association between explanatory variables and dependent variables. The results show attendant's birth skills, antenatal care providers, mothers education levels, ever breastfeeding and immunization coverage (vaccine measles) to contribute a strong role in improving child health and reducing infant and under-five mortality across Tanzanian zones over time. The results reveal that, zones with higher attendant's birth skills, immunization coverage (vaccine measles), mothers education levels, antenatal care providers and ever breastfeeding have better health outcomes. The highest and lowest infant and under-five mortality over time were observed in southern and northern zones respectively. The paper recommends the importance of expanding schooling and access to quality education to all levels, educating more women in primary, secondary or higher levels and strengthening stronger health system in the access to health care services including immunizations coverage, attendants' birth skills and antenatal care providers in the country to avoid health inequity within Tanzanian zones to achieve sustainable development goals.
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