Master of Business Administration

The purpose of this document is to provide a clear picture of what has recently been ladled as toxic leadership. Extensive documentation found in the enterprise, military and scholars sectors as well as direct observation are the basis for a full definition of the term and will also serve as the evidence to the devastating consequences this practice have in any given organization. Toxic leadership, while at times seems to be effective, in fact is destructive in nature and disrupts the establishment of a common-centered organizational culture (Gilbert, Carr-Ruffino, Ivancevich & Konopaske, 2012).

This paper describes the importance of innovation and creativity by showcasing how innovation and creativity can be promoted within a company. The paper makes reference to scholarly material to support content and context in which companies leverage on creativity and innovation to maintain a competitive advantage in the market using various communication techniques, models for managing creativity and innovations and tools to instigate change in an organization.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of students' intentions to become entrepreneurs. The authors used structural equation modeling with a sample of 265 master of business administration students across 5 universities to test their hypotheses. The results showed that the effects of perceived learning from entrepreneurship-related courses, previous entrepreneurial experience, and risk propensity on entrepreneurial intentions were fully mediated by entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Contrary to expectations, gender was not mediated by self-efficacy but had a direct effect such that women reported lower entrepreneurial career intentions. The authors discuss practical implications and directions for future research.

theory of escalation, that decision makers who are responsible for a failure will be more retrospectively oriented than those who are not responsible for a Jailnre, was tested by monitoring the information requests of subjects performing the Adams and Smith decision case . A total of 72 Master of Business Administration (MBA) students completed a computer-administered version of the ease, in which they were permitted to request information files that had been preclassified as retrospective or prospective on the basis of the results of data collected from a different sample of MBA students. We found that 75% of the subjects who were responsible for a previous failure requested retrospective information, compared to about 25% of the subjects who were not responsible for a failure. This significant difference (i.e., p < .05) supported Staw's theory. We also found that the information manipulation eliminated the tendency of subjects who were responsible for failure to escalate allocations.

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Znanstvenici i menadžeri proces strateškog menadžmenta pro ma tra ju, kao
osnovni predmet izučavanja strateškog menadžmenta, na disperzan i pomalo
kontradiktoran način. Različito pristupaju osmišljavanju procesa strateškoga
menadžmenta, stvarajući mnogobrojne kombinacije, sugestije i nudeći recepte
uspjeha strategija u praksi. Osim toga, postoje i različiti pogledi na razvitak
discipline strateškog menadžmenta. Škole strateškog menadžmenta, osobito
klasična škola, pokušaji su sinteze tih ideja i razmišljanja koje se vezuju uz sam
začetak razvijanja discipline strateškoga menadžmenta. U članku se predstavljaju
karakteristike i teorijske ideje predstavnika klasične škole strateškog
menadžmenta, koji su osmislili i oblikovali disciplinu strateškog menadžmenta.
Utjecaj pojedinih postulata klasične škole strateškog menadžmenta testira se
na srednjim i velikim poduzećima Primorsko-goranske županije.

The process of strategic management, as the core research agenda in strategic
management, is looked upon in a contradictory and disperse manner by both scientists and managers. Their approach to this process varies in the choice of crafting numerous combinations, suggestions and offering recipes for successful strategy implementation. Beside that, there are different approaches towards the development of strategic management discipline. Schools of strategic management, especially classical school of strategic management, attempt to synthesize those ideas and thoughts that are common to the initial stage of the strategic management discipline. Theoretical characteristics of classical school
of strategic management are presented by representatives who participated in shaping the strategic management as a new discipline. The infl uence of these characteristics is tested on middle and large firms in the Primorsko-goranska County.

This study aims to investigate common electronic commerce (e-commerce) models and strategies
for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in luxury goods, to offer best-practice strategies
for luxury goods SMEs entering the Chinese e-commerce market. Because the Chinese ecommerce
market is dominated for 80 percent of its share by Alibaba and Jingdong Mall, this study
explores the extent to which common e-commerce models and strategies hold for entering online
markets, which are dominated by online marketplaces.
Due to specific needs and characteristics of luxury goods SMEs to gain a sustainable competitive
advantage, they may especially need to strategize differently when entering the Chinese ecommerce
market. Therefore, this study poses the hypothesis that common e-commerce models
and strategies hold to a limited extent when considering luxury goods SMEs, and need to be updated
in order for retailers to enter, compete and grow successfully in the Chinese e-commerce market.
To find support for this hypothesis, secondary data is collected through a literature review of the
Rise of the Global Market Places study (Ecommerce Foundation, 2015). Furthermore, primary
qualitative data was gained through interviews with specialists in (Chinese) e-commerce and case
studies of Burberry, a large international luxury brand, and Flinders, a Dutch luxury SME retailer of
European designer furniture. Analysis and alignment of secondary and primary data resulted in bestpractice
strategies for Dutch luxury goods SMEs entering the Chinese e-commerce market, which are
presented in a roadmap called ‘The Yellow Click Road to China for Dutch Luxury Goods SMEs’.

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PurposeWith the change in global and local markets and the emergence of new types of careers such as protean careers (which are values‐driven), individual values (i.e. citizenship behaviors, altruistic standards, and helping activities) seem to have a growing effect on decisions people make about significant choices in their lives such as the choice of a career. The authors apply a theory of protean career and citizenship/altruistic behavior to study career choices and career development amongst an international sample of MBA and MPA students. It is expected that values may lead to career choices in early stages of vocational search, but career choices and development may also affect one&#39;s values during the training process, especially during educational and professional schooling. This paper aims to focus on the issues surrounding career choice.Design/methodology/approachThe study focuses on the first stage of the process of career choice at the beginning of MBA/MPA studies. A ...

This study aims to determine the feedback of the immediate superiors or employers of the Master in Business Administration (MBA) graduates in terms of their competence when considered the curriculum and student outcomes of the MBA program as measuring tool. Descriptive type of research was utilized in the study. Findings revealed that research skill is one of the competencies which obtained the least score on the job performance of the graduates. Employers observed that the MBA graduates utilized appropriate application of technologies in bringing outputs to the customers and other stakeholders as course application of the current trends in Information technology. The graduates were also rated very good in promoting notable behavior in managing the people towards the attainment of vision and mission of the organization with international perspective as application of Human Resource Management and International Business Management.

The relationships between gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intentions were examined for two sample groups: adolescents and adult master of business administration (MBA) students. Similar gender effects on entrepreneurial self-efficacy are shown for both groups and support earlier research on the relationship between self-efficacy and career intentions. Additionally, the effects of entrepreneurship education in MBA programs on entrepreneurial self-efficacy proved stronger for women than for men. Implications for educators and policy makers were discussed, and areas for future research outlined.

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Based on Kotler-Keller book about Marketing Management; this slides is all about Delivering Value.
The slides contents are:
DESIGNING & MANAGING INTEGRATED MARKETING CHANNELS
–Marketing Channels and Value Networks
–The Role of Marketing Channel
–Channel Design Decision
–Channel Management Decision
–Channel Integration & Systems
–Conflict, Cooperation & Competition
–E-Commerce Marketing Practices
• MANAGING RETAILING, WHOLESALING & LOGISTICS
–Retailing
–Wholesaling
–Market Logistics

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The research work provides a detail business proposal for offering business jet and charter flight services in Pakistan. This research paper includes market analysis of the current market in Pakistan, the business prospects and a comprehensive business plan which will cover financial, human capital, competitive advantage and marketing aspects of the business idea. Moreover, for this business proposal a research survey is also conducted which shows the point of view of the people about starting a business in current conditions and also provides opinion of the people.

Developing and maintaining a relationship with employees has become an imperative thing to do for businesses to be competitive in today's dynamic environment. Workplace conditions tends to have either a positive or negative impact on employees' behaviour and output. Behavioural decision making theory tends to support that satisfied employees are likely to be more productive and involved in organisational activities. Despite the increase in research focusing on workplace conditions on organisational performance, there seem to be lack of studies that have investigated the influence of workplace conditions and employee satisfaction on employee commitment in the business fraternity in South Africa, Vanderbijlpark in particular. Therefore, using a data set of 150 from lower level employees in Vanderbijlpark, this study examines these relationships. Smart PLS software for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to statistically analyse the measurement and structural models. The results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between all the three hypotheses. The research paper discusses both academic and managerial implications of the results and future research directions are suggested.

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

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Students' feelings of relatedness (i.e., feeling connected to others) are crucial for success in any learning environment; however, online courses often limit relatedness development, either by removing spontaneous interaction (e.g., asynchronous delivery) or by introducing seemingly incompatible online and on-campus factions (e.g., synchronous hybrid delivery). It was hypothesized that the strengths of one delivery mode could offset the weaknesses of the other. The purpose of this study was to implement and evaluate an online discussion board intervention designed to scaffold relatedness development. Deci and Ryan's (1985) self-determination theory was adopted as the theoretical framework. Participants were 83 graduate students enrolled in synchronous hybrid Masters of Business Administration (MBA), Masters of Public Administration (MPA), and Masters of Aviation (MS-Avit) programs offered at a large midwestern research university. This study used a convergent parallel mixed methods approach (QUAN þ qual ¼ triangulation). The methods involved a pretest-posttest experimental design in which students were randomly assigned to either the experimental group, wherein they participated in the intervention, or the control group, wherein they attended classes without any auxiliary interactions. The results indicated that students who participated in the intervention improved their self-efficacy for developing relatedness with individuals who attended online. The qualitative analysis generated three key themes: relatedness beliefs, program delivery, and student-interface interaction. This study holds practical implications for online learning in that it explicated how a threaded discussion can be used to scaffold relatedness development. The theoretical implications of this study involved the substantiation of three key elements of SDT: the basic needs, the types of motivation, and the importance of contextual support.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the customer satisfaction of the banks sector in, Lakshmi Vilas Bank, based on customer perception regarding service quality.. The questionnaire has been personally administered on a sample size of 125 bank customers. This paper makes a useful contribution as there are only a few studies dealing with the assessment of service quality in banking sector of Lakshmi Vilas Bank. Customer satisfaction research identifies how well an organization provide service to the customers from their point of view. And also another goal is to identify areas that still need to be improved so that those areas can be further developed. Bank marketers are making considerable efforts to increase the satisfaction of their commercial customers because satisfied customers are known to display higher levels of sources and competitors. Here the data type of this study is primary data. Customers are satisfied to service. Here the data type of this study is primary data. And the sample size is restricted to 150 Respondents. The data is collected by questionnaire method. And the simple average method is the statistical tool used here.

Vodafone: developing communications strategy in the UK market. Pages 559 -566 At the time of the case, how do each of the four 'industries' (fixed line, mobile, television and broadband) compare in terms of 'attractiveness' using Porters Five Forces model?

One of the oft-quoted theorems of finance is that decision making based on net present value will lead to the maximisation of shareholder value. The study analyses the reality background of this theorem within the disciplinary borders of business economics. Since finance is based directly on the bases of microeconomics, the study touches upon the presentation of the different disciplinary frames of business economics and microeconomics. The paper demonstrates that the economic content of shareholder value of a firm calculated from its business value and the project’s net present value fundamentally differ from one another. With their summing up, in general cases, no index emerges with meaningful economic content. Moreover, only in exceptional cases does the ranking based on the net present value lead to the maximization of the shareholder value.

Résumé

Tant au niveau planétaire qu’en Suisse, le Mouvement évangélique intrigue par sa croissance rapide. Selon Fath (chiffre de 2020), plus d’un chrétien sur quatre est protestant évangélique, ce qui représente environ 660 millions de personnes sur 2.5 milliards de chrétiens dans le monde. Cependant, la sécularisation, les approches alternatives, le non-conformisme, les dérives sectaires et le prosélytisme sont des causes de la diminution du rapport de la population suisse à la religion chrétienne.

Ce travail est basé sur l’hypothèse qu’une démarche prospective d’accompagnement permettrait aux églises évangéliques de Suisse romande de vivre des transformations managériales, au niveau de leur gouvernance, sans entacher leur raison d’être. La dimension prospective permettrait de redynamiser les églises évangéliques en améliorant leur image auprès de la société romande. Cette étude permettrait par ailleurs de mieux cerner les difficultés de notre siècle en matière de gouvernance et d’aider les églises évangéliques, par l’autonomie de leur forme de gouvernance congrégationaliste, à mieux s’y inscrire afin de répondre aux besoins sociétaux de demain.

Étant donné que chaque église évangélique possède sa propre raison d’être, il est plus approprié d’en choisir une comme modèle de base, qui serait d’accord de se remettre en question, en faisant preuve de résilience. Intéressée par cette démarche, l’Église Évangélique de Lonay (EEL) s’est portée volontaire pour ce sujet d’étude.

La méthodologie se basera sur une étude rétrospective-prospective, non expérimentale et de type transversal, car elle permet la reproductibilité de la démarche d’accompagnement avec fiabilité pour d’autres églises évangéliques. Le travail sera composé de 3 étapes :

• Étape 1 : analyse des besoins sociétaux de demain (en matière de gouvernance), à travers plusieurs cadres théoriques (la Spirale Dynamique de Clare W. Graves, les niveaux logiques de Robert Dilts et les quatre styles de leadership de Petit et Delanghe)

• Étape 2 : analyse de la gouvernance de l’EEL (pratiques et valeurs actuelles), à travers plusieurs outils (une enquête sous forme de questionnaire en ligne, la combinaison de la priorisation et de la charte des valeurs, ainsi que les profils Leonardo 3.4.5)

• Étape 3 : analyse des écarts (évaluation de la capacité au changement de l’EEL), à travers l’alignement spiral, celui des niveaux logiques et celui du style de leadership de la gouvernance de l’EEL avec les besoins sociétaux de demain

Un management plus agile de la gouvernance de l’EEL a pu être obtenu par la création d’une charte des valeurs, qui permet de donner une cohérence aux valeurs et un équilibre à l’EEL, car ces valeurs servent à guider, à orienter et à gouverner. De plus, les quatre principes d’une organisation apprenante permettent à la gouvernance de l’EEL d’être plus en phase avec son écosystème par l’intermédiaire d’une auto-organisation.

Finalement, l’approche « Visioning » a permis de synthétiser ce travail de master et d’évaluer la capacité au changement de l’EEL, tout en amenant un aspect dynamique stimulant le progrès. Les axes de développement pour le leadership stratégique ont permis de trouver des trajectoires possibles et souhaitables, à travers les recommandations écloses, qui permettront l’amélioration sur le long terme de l’efficacité de la gouvernance de l’EEL. Ainsi, les transformations managériales proposées à l’EEL, permettront à leur gouvernance de s’adapter aux besoins sociétaux de demain, tout en préservant leur raison d’être.

Nokia is a reliable brand that has a true authenticity and it can be considered as a legendary brand. The company always had a vision to define its brand, products with a clear product design strategy. It might not have the strong presences in today’s marketplace but Nokia is fighting to gain the reputation it once had within the smart-phone business. While the company does have a lot of competitors in the market now (e.g. Samsung and Apple). Nokia does still have the image of “user-friendly” products and consumers still trust the company’s brand even though lots of them has moved on to use competitors’ products. In this brand auditory, we will talk about Nokia’s history and then we will dive into the brand’s analysis for the company, covering all the important aspects of Nokia’s brand. Later on, we will demonstrate the company’s portfolio, it’s brand equity and positioning. The last part will be dedicated to the future of Nokia.

Tez çalışmasında iki senaryo çerçevesinde iki katılımcı grubu karşılaştırılmaktadır.
1.numaralı senaryoda katılımcılar aynı uçak biletini 50 TL. satın almakta, daha sonra diğer
bireylerin aynı uçak biletini 100 TL’ye satın aldıklarını öğrenmekte ve düşük fiyat ödeme
başarısını kendi kişisel özelliklerine atfetmektedir. Diğer 2.numaralı senaryoda katılımcılar aynı
uçak biletini 100 TL’ye satın almakta, daha sonra diğer bireylerin aynı uçak biletini 50 TL’ye
satın aldıklarını öğrenmekte ve ödedikleri yüksek fiyat sorumluluğunu ve/ veya suçunu
havayolu işletmesine atfetmektedir. Araştırmanın amacı, iki senaryo kapsamında dinamik
fiyatlandırma sonucu meydana gelen fiyat farklılıklarının katılımcılardaki etkilerini belirlemek
ve hangi etkilerin tekrar satın alma niyetini pozitif, hangi etkilerin tekrar satın alma niyetini
negatif etkilediğini ortaya koymaktır. Bireylerin senaryolar çerçevesinde düşük fiyatı (başarı)
ve yüksek fiyatı (sorumluluk ve/ veya suçlama) atfetmeleri, bu atfetme durumlarının havayolu
işletmelerinin güncel ve gelecekteki satış cirolarını etkileyip etkilemediği ve işletmelerin satış
rakamlarını nasıl-neden etkilediği tezin önemli bir boyutunu meydana getirmektedir. Dinamik
fiyatlandırma etkilerinin araştırılmasında nicel, tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel yöntemin ilişkisel tarama
modeli kullanılmıştır. Çok Değişkenli MANCOVA ve Discriminant ile hipotezler test edilmiştir.
Yapılan analizler sonucunda dinamik fiyatlandırma yönteminin (düşük fiyat/ yüksek fiyat)
bağımlı değişkenleri (fiyat bilinci, algılanan fiyat adaleti, prosedüre dayalı fiyat adaleti, atfetme,
tekrar satın alma niyetleri) değiştirdiği ve bu farklılaşmanın atfetme sonucu iki ayrı katılımcı
grubunun tekrar satın alma niyetlerini değiştirdiği % 93,1 güvenle tespit edilmiştir. Bağımlı
değişkenlerin atfetme sonucu değişmesi, aynı uçak biletini düşük fiyata satın alan katılımcıların
fiyatı adil bulmalarını ve tekrar satın alma niyetlerinin pozitif etkilenmesini sağlamıştır.Diğer
yandan aynı uçak biletini yüksek fiyata satın alan katılımcıların fiyatı adil bulmamalarına ve
tekrar satın alma niyetlerinin negatif etkilenmesine yol açmıştır. Tüm bulgular genel olarak
değerlendirildiğinde, insanların aynı uçak biletinin geç tarihte yüksek fiyata satılmasını atfetme
sonucu adaletsizlik olarak gördükleri, havayolu işletmesindeki fiyat haksızlığının tekrar
edeceğine inandıkları, bu fiyat haksızlığının devamlı olacağı inancının ise havayolu
işletmelerinin kazançlarını şimdi ve gelecekte negatif etkileyebileceği varsayılmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Havayolu İşletmeleri, Dinamik Fiyatlandırma, Fiyat Adaleti, Atfetme
Teorisi, Tekrar Satın Alma Niyetleri.

Two groups of participants have been compared according to two scenarios within this
thesis study. In the 1st scenario, participants purchased the flight ticket for 50 TL and then they
came to learn that the other individuals have purchased the same ticket for 100 TL and have
attributed the achievement of paying a lower price to their personal characteristics. In the 2nd
scenario, the participants purchased the same flight ticket for 100 TL then they came to learn
that the other individuals have purchased the very flight ticket for 50 TL and have attributed the
high price responsibility and/or blame for the high rate they paid to the airlines. The objective
of this study is to determine the effects of price differences resulting from dynamic pricing in
the two scenarios on the participants and to identify which impacts on the purchase intention
were positive, and which effects had negative impacts on the purchase intention. Within the
framework of these two scenarios, the fact that individuals attributed low rate (success) and
high rate (responsibility and/or blame) whether these attribution statuses affect the current
and future sales turnover of airline companies and how and why they would affect the sales
figures compromise significant dimension of the thesis. The relational scanning model of the
quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional methods has been adopted to investigate the
dynamic pricing impacts. Hypotheses were tested with the Multivariate MANCOVA and
Discriminant. In result of the conducted analyzes, it has been found that dynamic pricing
method (low rate /high rate) changed dependent variables (price awareness, perceived price
justice, procedure-based price justice, attribution, repurchase intentions) and it has been
detected that this differentiation has changed purchasing intentions of two different groups of
participants at 93,1% of reliability. The change of the dependent variables in result of the
attribution has ensured that participants who purchased the same flight tickets at a low rate
considered the rate as fair and has affected their intention of repurchasing positively.On the
other hand, participants who purchased the same flight tickets at a higher rate caused them
consider the price as unfair and their purchase intentions were negatively affected. If we
generally assess all the findings, an assumption strikes that people consider the sales of the
same flight ticket is sold at a high rate at a late date as an unfair action and believe that the
inequality of the rates in the airline business will take place again, and that the unfairness of
such rates will be practiced permanently and they further believe that this could negatively
affect the airlines operations’ earnings now and in the future.
Keywords: Airline Operations, Dynamic Pricing, Price Justice, Theory of Attribution, Intention
of Re-Purchasing.

Abstract: This study explores the leadership actions-oriented behavior of school principals in Finland. Actions-orientated behavior
enables the leader to appropriately articulate relations and task orientation to meet the immediate contextual demands and
to accommodate followership toward change and development. The leadership actions-orientated behavior of Finnish school
principals were studied in three schools. In-depth interviews with school actors (principals, vice principals, teachers, special
educators, and nonteaching staff) were conducted to triangulate the analyzed data. It was found that leadership actions-oriented
behavior enabled school leaders to articulate appropriate behavioral patterns to generate motivation and commitment. The
results suggest that actions orientations toward high-on relations enabled leaders to achieve leadership success, while actions
orientations toward high-on task enabled leadership effectiveness. Actions-oriented behavior toward high-on task enables
leadership flexibility with greater leadership elasticity. The results suggest that school actors anticipated a relational approach,
whose actions orientations were high-on task. The results also suggest that relations-oriented behavior is rationally applied by
school leaders who have remained in the organization for a longer time to strengthen the systematic approach. It was found
that leaders’ actions orientation with high-on task were more effective, while leadership actions orientation with high-on
relations generated social harmony. The results suggest that leadership actions-oriented behavioral flexibility and mobility can
be maintained by articulating high relations to low relations and high task to low task, not necessarily from task to relations or
relations to task alone. In doing so, a leader’s personality is prevented from distortions and behavior dysfunction.

Keywords: leadership behavior, actions-oriented behavior, relations-oriented behavior, task-oriented behavior, contextual variation,
leader’s case study, behavioral articulation, Finland, Skills, Ability, Competences and Intelligence (SACI)

Donaldson T. (1996). Values in Tension: Ethics Away from Home. Harvard Business Review, 74(5), 48-62.
    In the article Values in Tension: Ethics Away From Home, Thomas Donaldson questioned how leaders evaluate, consider and develop ethical leadership abroad. Additionally, he suggested solutions on how to establish ethical leadership standards based on business intelligence, basic values and good common sense.  His article explored the values in America in comparison to other nations, and attempted to drive home the point that there should be standards, in spite of differences, and values even when there is tension. Donaldson presented various examples that raised the question; when is different just different, and when is different wrong? He gave some examples that illustrated what would not be acceptable in America yet, is tolerated in other countries. He opened by asking some thought provoking questions to probe deep into the issues and concerns of global leadership ethics and values.