Mapping the Medici Political Power Within two decades of Cosimo's election, Florence was transformed into the capital city of a regional and centralized duchy. In two centuries or so, the Medici had passed from being a family of...
moreMapping the Medici Political Power Within two decades of Cosimo's election, Florence was transformed into the capital city of a regional and centralized duchy. In two centuries or so, the Medici had passed from being a family of landowners to an economic, financial, and political force, and then a feudal power approved by the Holy Roman Empire, ruling over all of Tuscany, with the exception of the Republic of Lucca and the State of the Presidi.1 Cosimo's family was originally from the Mugello, a mountainous region north of Florence. If the family managed to govern a regional state, it was because it intertwined its destiny with the territorial expansion of the Florentine commune. The Mugello was Florence's most prosperous part of the contado and the first that it ever conquered. By the beginning of the 13th century, Florence had consolidated its control over the contado through military actions aimed at protecting Florentine supervision of Valdarno and Valdelsa. The former region was strategic because of the river Arno, which was used as a means of both transport and commerce. The latter was key to controlling the Via Francigena, a whole network of roads linked to a main pilgrim route passing through England, France, Switzerland, and Italy. A century later the commune escalated its aggressive foreign policy to the detriment of neighbouring communes such as Pistoia, conquered in 1306 after an eleven-month siege, Prato, sold in 1351 to Florence by Joanna i of Naples for 17,500 florins, and Arezzo, annexed in 1384. Florence's expansion, not unlike that of many other city-states of Northern Italy, was enhanced by the foundation, along a north-south axis, of new fortified settlements (terre nuove) as both military outposts and rural commercial hubs. Florence left the feudal power structure unchanged, being more interested in the commercial exploitation of natural resources, such as min-1 Between 1260 and 1320 Averardo de' Medici and his son Averardo junior bought 59 properties in Mugello. See Zeffiro Ciuffoletti, "La terra dei Medici fra storia e leggenda," in Immagini del Mugello: La terra dei Medici, ed. Cristina Acidini Luchinat et al. (Florence: 1990), 12. A century later, in 1434, the Medici's informal rule over Florence was established by Cosimo the Elder, whose later descendant Alessandro was elevated to the rank of duke in 1532.