Law of Treaties

The issue of the sales of Indonesian Islands to non-Indonesian Citizen has seized the attention of Indonesian people nationally. It is thought that such sales will affects the sovereignty of Indonesia's territory. This article will focus on two main issues, namely how the rule of law regulates acquisition and management of areas that go to the sovereignty of a country and how or what the main problems faced by Indonesia in maintaining the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, especially the business of selling some islands to non-Indonesian citizens.

Streszczenie: Wybór języków, w których sporządzany jest traktat jest kluczowy w procesie jego interpretacji. Przedmiotem interpretacji traktatu mogą być tylko jego teksty autentyczne. Należy więc odróżniać teksty autentyczne od tłumaczeń sporządzanych przez strony. Artykuł przedstawia zasady zawierania dwu i wielostronnych umów międzynarodowych z punktu widzenia języków zawierania umów. Przedstawiono również reguły interpretacji wielojęzycznych traktatów określone w konwencji wiedeńskiej o prawie traktatów z 1969 roku oraz w normach powszechnego prawa zwyczajowego. Artykuł przedstawia wybrane przykłady praktyki traktatowej. Autor ukazuje problemy interpretacyjne wynikające z rozbieżności pomiędzy tekstami autentycznymi umów międzynarodowych.

Abstract: The choice of languages in which a treaty is drawn up is crucial in the process of interpreting it. Only authentic texts of a treaty may be subjected to interpretation. Therefore, authentic texts should be distinguished from translations prepared by the parties. The paper presents the rules of concluding bilateral and multilateral international agreements from the choice of language point of view. Rules for the interpretation of multilingual treaties specified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 and norms of universal customary law were also presented. The article presents selected examples of treaty practice. The author shows interpretation problems arising from the divergence between the authentic texts of international agreements.

The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) is one of the pillars of the ASEAN Community. AEC goal is regional economic integration by 2015. AEC envisages the following key characteristics: (a) a single market and production base, (b) a highly competitive economic region, (c) a region of equitable economic development, and (d) a region fully integrated into the global economy. Yogyakarta is a city in Indonesia where many citizens are involved in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Based on the data obtained from the Department of Trade, Industry and Cooperatives Bureau of Yogyakarta, in 2015 there were 230,047 SMEs. The fierce competition from the single market will have an impact on the survival of the SMEs. The Indonesian government ratified the ICESCR into ICESCR Ratification Act 2005. The government has a binding obligation to take various measures "to respect", "to protect" and "to fulfil" human rights towards SMEs in Yogyakarta.

b r u y l a n t ARTICLE 18 ParticiPation À des traités Qui ne sont Pas en vigueur À La date de La succession d'états « 1. sous réserve des paragraphes 3 et 4, un état nouvellement indépendant peut, par une notification de succession, établir sa qualité d'état contractant à l'égard d'un traité multilatéral qui n'est pas en vigueur si, à la date de la succession d'états, l'état prédécesseur était un état contractant à l'égard du territoire auquel se rapporte cette succession d'états.

NEGOZIATO IN MALAFEDE E CAUSE DI INVALIDITÀ DEI TRATTATI INTERNAZIONALI SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. -2. L'applicazione del principio di buona fede allo svolgimento dei negoziati. -2.1. Segue. L'obbligo di condurre i negoziati in buona fede nella Convenzione di Vienna del 1969. Contenuto specifico di tale obbligo in funzione dell'oggetto e dello scopo del trattato. -3. Configurabilità del negoziato in malafede alla stregua di una causa di invalidità. -3.1. Segue. Irrilevanza dell'art. 73 della Convenzione di Vienna con riguardo alle cause di invalidità dei trattati. -4. Riconducibilità della condotta in malafede alla fattispecie del dolo. -5. Considerazioni conclusive.

2021---GIBRALTAR TRAS EL BREXIT ¿UN NUEVO MODELO DE COOPERACIÓN TRANSFRONTERIZA EN EL MARCO UE?
TIEMPO DE PAZ Nº 140 2021 PP. 55-69
SEPARATA
ALEJANDRO DEL VALLE-GÁLVEZ
INMACULADA GONZÁLEZ-GARCIA

RESUMEN
          El Brexit ha impactado directamente en la relación de España con el Reino Unido (RU) por la cuestión de Gibraltar. La salida británica ha obligado a redefinir el estatuto europeo de Gibraltar, y sus relaciones con España y la Unión Europea (UE), en términos institucionales, jurídicos y económicos. En este contexto, también se ha ideado unos mecanismos novedosos para regular y encauzar el tratamiento de la cooperación transfronteriza con Gibraltar, frecuente objeto de vaivenes políticos y cambios con los diferentes Gobiernos españoles y británicos.
      La cooperación transfronteriza del territorio de Gibraltar con el Campo de Gibraltar, Andalucía y España ha tenido variadas e intermitentes fases en su planteamiento y evolución en el tiempo.  En el marco del proceso de salida del RU de la UE se ha acordado un nuevo modelo en los sucesivos Tratados y acuerdos UE-RU que combinan Hard Law de Derecho originario con Soft Law de Memorandos de Entendimiento (Memorandum of Understanding - MOU). Esta regulación ha requerido de una negociación específica previa británico-española.
      El primer Tratado de Retirada de 2019 ha conformado un auténtico sistema de cooperación transfronteriza que involucra al RU, la UE, Gibraltar y España, mediante una serie de Memorandos interconectados con un Protocolo sobre Gibraltar, que reenvían al Tratado fiscal y establecen una cooperación concreta sobre derechos de los ciudadanos y trabajadores fronterizos; tabaco y otros productos; cooperación en materia medioambiental; y cooperación policial y aduanera.
      Por su parte, el segundo Tratado, el Acuerdo comercial de relación futura, aún no en vigor, no trata el estatuto de Gibraltar, pues se ha preferido dedicar un Tratado separado RU-UE al estatuto de Gibraltar con la UE, Tratado que debe aún negociarse y celebrarse; sin embargo, un ‘Principio de acuerdo’ previo hispano-británico ya ha sentado las bases de esa futura negociación y convenio específico para el futuro de Gibraltar en su relación con la UE y España, con una cooperación transfronteriza reforzada y garantizada con el Campo de Gibraltar y Andalucía.
        En definitiva, el proceso del Brexit parece aportar un nuevo modelo para la cooperación trasfronteriza con Gibraltar, articulado bilateralmente por España y Reino Unido en el marco institucional y jurídico de la UE.


ABSTRACT
            Brexit has directly impacted Spain's relationship with the UK due to the Gibraltar issue. The British withdrawal from the EU has forced the redefinition of the European statute of Gibraltar, and its relations with Spain and the European Union, in institutional, legal and economic terms. In this context, novel mechanisms have also been devised to regulate the treatment of cross-border cooperation with Gibraltar, which is frequently the subject of political ups and downs and changes with the different Spanish and British governments.
          The cross-border cooperation of the territory of Gibraltar with the Campo de Gibraltar, Andalusia and Spain has had intermittent phases in its evolution over time. Within the framework of the British exit process, a new model has been agreed in successive EU-UK agreements that combine Hard Law (Primary EU Law) with Soft Law (Memoranda of Understanding – MOU). This regulation has required a specific prior British-Spanish negotiation.
          The first Withdrawal Treaty of 2019 has formed a peculiar cross-border cooperation system involving the UK, the EU, Gibraltar and Spain, through a series of Memoranda interconnected with the Protocol on Gibraltar. The Protocol refer to the Tax Treaty and establish concrete cooperation on rights of citizens and cross-border workers; tobacco and other products; cooperation in environmental matters; and police and customs cooperation.
          The second Treaty, the Future Relationship Trade Agreement, not yet in force, does not deal with the status of Gibraltar, as it has been preferred to dedicate a separate UK-EU Treaty to the status of Gibraltar with the EU, a Treaty that still must be negotiated and celebrated.  However, a prior Spanish-British 'Principle of Agreement' has already laid the foundations for that future negotiation and specific agreement for the future of Gibraltar in its relationship with the EU and Spain, with a reinforced and guaranteed cross-border cooperation with the Campo de Gibraltar and Andalusia.
          In short, the Brexit process seems to provide a new model for cross-border cooperation with Gibraltar, articulated bilaterally by Spain and the United Kingdom within the institutional and legal framework of the EU.


PALABRAS CLAVE
Brexit, Gibraltar, Soft Law, Memorandum of Understanding, Unión Europea, Acuerdo de retirada, Schengen, Cooperación transfronteriza
KEYWORDS
Brexit, Gibraltar, Soft Law, Memorandum of Understanding, European Union, Withdrawal Agreement, Schengen, Cross-border Cooperation.

This book deepens the study of the law of treaties by offering specific solutions to current legal problems. It provides a high-level theoretical and practical approach, touching upon all major current issues of the law of treaties. It is noteworthy that each subject-matter discussed in this work was thoroughly analyzed and supported by a rigorous methodology, including the use of the most accurate terminology and a well-reasoned explanation of each of the issues addressed in accordance with the most authoritative legal scholarly writings. This work is also a helpful reference for governmental and diplomatic officials, legal practitioners and the legal academia at large in trying to understand how international acts are negotiated and adopted, what the rules are for the formulation of reservations and introduction of amendments to conventional texts, how a State is definitely deemed to be bound by an international act or treaty, which the effects are of a treaty that came into force and how treaties should be applied at the international level, etc.

The chapter explores the historical background to plurilingual treaty-making as well as the practice of the PCIJ and ICJ to the interpretation of plurilingual treaties. The chapter includes a detailed examination of Article 33 of the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties and the effect of this article on ICJ practice.

Resumen: Una sentencia de la Cámara Comercial dictada en Buenos Aires admitió el pedido de notificación de una demanda por vía postal a los Estados Unidos de América. En atención a que la República Argentina hizo reserva a las notificaciones por vía postal en su territorio previstas en el numeral a) del artículo 10 del Convenio  de  La  Haya  de 1965  sobre  notificación,  cabe  preguntarse si  dicha reserva es bilateralizable o si puede serle invocada la reciprocidad a la Argentina por Estados que si admiten esa vía. El principio de la reciprocidad de las reservas puede fundarse en la equidad y la teoría tradicional del Derecho  público y del Derecho de los tratados, pero creemos que este principio debe ser flexibilizado para las relaciones de DIPr que tratan cuestiones de cooperación judicial internacional.

Abstract: An Appellate Commercial Court in Buenos Aires allowed the plaintiff’s request to practice service by  postal  channels  in  the  United  States  of  America.  It  must  be  observed  that  the  Argentine Republic made a reservation to article 10.a) of the 1965 Hague Convention on Service and objects international service in its territory by postal channels, a question arises whether it is possible for a State that objected this method to practice service to use the postal channel and if is also possible for another State to claim reciprocity upon Argentina’s reservation. The principle of reciprocity of the reservation asserted by the State of destination may be based on equity and the theory of public
international law. However, this principle, in accordance with a more modern approach, may be nuanced for Private international law cases that deal with International legal Co-operation.

An unforeseen fundamental change of circumstances can be invoked to prompt the termination of a treaty, under the customary rule rebus sic stantibus, which is codified in Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). The fundamental change must affect the essential basis of the treaty and radically transform obligations still to be performed.
Treaties establishing boundaries cannot be subject to unilateral termination by virtue of a fundamental change of circumstances because they are excluded under Article 62(2)(a) VCLT. However, the travaux préparatoires of the International Law Commission and relevant case law suggests that the exclusion only covers treaties delimiting territorial boundaries and full sovereignty.
Natural occurrences can alter coastal geography and maritime entitlements which form the essential basis of maritime boundary agreements. Treaties establishing boundaries to the exclusive economic zone, exclusive fisheries zone and the continental shelf do not delimit full sovereignty or territorial boundaries. Consequently, such boundary agreements are not excluded from termination due to a fundamental change of circumstances.

The paradigm of state consent in the law of treaties is increasingly under attack. Which narratives on the treaty concept legitimize or delegitimize the challenges to the consensualist paradigm? Which areas of the law of treaties are more concerned by these attacks? What are the ensuing risks? From consent to be bound to treaty succession, and from treaty denunciation to reservations, this book offers a tour de force on the paradigm of state consent, its challenges, and their politics

O crescimento extraordinário do número de tratados internacionais concluídos nas últimas décadas tem feito despertar em todo o mundo o estudo do Direito dos Tratados. No Brasil, em especial, o assunto ganhou maior relevo apenas recentemente, dada a tardia ratificação pelo país da Convenção de Viena sobre o Direito dos Tratados. De fato, desde a assinatura da Convenção em 23 de maio de 1969, mais de quarenta anos se passaram até o engajamento definitivo do Brasil ao texto de Viena, ocorrido apenas em 25 de setembro de 2009. É certo que antes dessa dada a Convenção já era utilizada pela diplomacia brasileira, se não como norma convencional formal, como costume internacional reduzido a termo. Seja como for, o certo é que a doutrina internacionalista brasileira – talvez à custa do largo período de tempo que o Direito Internacional Público restou apenas como disciplina optativa em nossas faculdades de direito – parece não ter se dedicado ao estudo dos tratados como deveria. Hoje, depois de ter sido a Convenção de Viena sobre o Direito dos Tratados formalmente ratificada pelo Brasil, mais do que nunca é chegado o momento de estudar a teoria dos tratados e compreender os problemas jurídicos que suscita. É também necessário apontar respostas práticas às demandas crescentes que envolvem os tratados internacionais ratificados e em vigor no Estado. Este livro – que é o primeiro a ser publicado entre nós depois da ratificação brasileira à Convenção de Viena de 1969 – vem suprir esta grande lacuna na doutrina pátria. Escrito por um dos mais respeitados internacionalistas brasileiros, o livro que chega agora às mãos dos leitores versa com profundidade todos os temas relativos à teoria dos tratados, como demonstra o sumário detalhado. Cada tema estudado na obra mereceu rigoroso tratamento, desde a utilização precisa das palavras no texto e do rigor metodológico utilizado, até a fundamentação de cada ponto versado com o que há de melhor em nível doutrinário. A obra serve ao governo, à diplomacia, aos operadores jurídicos e à academia em geral, no auxílio e esclarecimento de como se processam os atos internacionais, como podem ser negociados e adotados, quais as regras para as reservas e emendas ao texto, como se engaja definitivamente o Estado, quais os efeitos do tratado em vigor, como devem ser internamente aplicados etc. Numa época em que a doutrina jurídica parece cada vez mais render-se à superficialidade, livros como este que agora vem à luz reacendem a esperança de que o Direito brasileiro ainda há de contar com juristas de substância e preocupados com a realização da ciência.

Cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública o transformación de esta obra solo puede ser realizada con la autorización de sus titulares, salvo excepción prevista por la ley. Diríjase a CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algún fragmento de esta obra (www.conlicencia.com; 91 702 19 70 / 93 272 04 45).

Em função da necessidade de constante atualização de enunciados que atendam a acelerada dinâmica da Sociedade Internacional, apresentamos esta 5ª Edição (ampliada e atualizada), atendendo aos anseios dos estudiosos do Direito Internacional contemporâneo, já não mais restritos ao curso de Direito, mas presentes nas diversas áreas em que tal disciplina se faz fundamental: Administração Pública; Ciência do Estado; Ciência Política; Comércio Exterior; Economia; Relações Internacionais; Sociologia, dentre outros.

International treaties therefore have priority over provisions of domestic origin (domestic lex arbitri). This mainly concerns two conventions, namely the New York Convention (1958) and the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (1961). In the field of international arbitration, specifically the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, these two conventions were historically preceded by two international treaty acts. If it is possible to apply both the provisions of bilateral interstate treaties (as mentioned above, primarily the legal assistance treaties) and the provisions of multilateral conventions, then the bilateral treaties are usually prioritized as a quasi lex specialis. Mainly the reflection the bilateral treaties (legal assistance treaties), but often also the reflection of the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (1961) will often be omitted.

An ambitious State with multi-continental holdings, the legal authority of the Ottoman Empire was subject to different interpretations at different times. This chapter is con cerned primarily with the Ottoman capitulations. It argues that the capitulations illus trate the variability of the empire's status in a changing international legal order, demon strating that this variability found expression in a distinct set of instruments for the regu lation of political and economic relations with the West. Though both Ottomans and West erners came over time to perceive the capitulations as sustaining far-reaching relations of domination and exploitation, a realistic account of the capitulations, one that captures the distinctive fluidity of Ottoman-European relations, may, it suggests, be developed on the back of the insight that each capitulatory document was first and foremost a site of con testation.

The topics of armed conflict and annexation have to date not attracted much attention when it comes to international investment law and investor-state arbitration. However, a series of recent events, ranging from investment claims under Soviet and Yugoslav investment treaties to claims against Russia for investments in Crimea, has drastically altered the importance of the law of state succession in investor-state arbitration. Furthermore, the Ukrainian crisis of 2014, also provides the medium for an examination of the impact of armed conflict on international investment law. As of the writing of this article, eight claims have beenfiled by Ukrainianinvestors againstRussia under the Russia-Ukraine bilateralinvestment treaty (BIT), over the alleged breach oftheir investments in Crimea. For its part, Russia has decided not to participate in the proceedings. Regardless, these claims bring about significant questions with respect to the law of state succession in general and the application of Russian investment treaties to Crimea in particular. Furthermore, it has to be examined whether armed conflicts can affect the operation of investment treaties, and in particular, whether the conflict in Crimea left the operation of Russian and Ukrainian investment treaties intact or suspended the operation of such treaties. Setting out from these questions, this article provides the foundational elements on the importance of the impact of armed conflict and the law on state succession on investor-state arbitration.

This is a copy of the National Report of the First Nations Regional Early Childhood, Education and Employment Survey (FNREEES). The report 'presents FNREEES results that offer a descriptive analysis of the key findings in the areas of early childhood education, education, employment, and labour. You will also find a description of our survey methodology and the cultural framework that was used to develop the questionnaire and served to guide the report format (Gail McDonald Executive Director, FNIGC, 2016). Cite this publication in the following format: First Nations Information Governance Centre, Our Data, Our Stories, Our Future: The National Report of the First Nations Regional Early Childhood, Education and Employment Survey, (Ottawa: 2016). 104 pages. Published in July 2016. Ottawa, Ontario. This publication is available in electronic form only on the First Nations Information Governance.

Treaties constitute a major source of both public and private international law; it is hardly possible to imagine international law and international relations without them. There is no area of international law that is not, to a lesser or higher extent, regulated by a treaty. This course offers a comprehensive overview of the foundations, principles (including pacta sunt servanda) and sources of the law of international treaties (LIT), clarifies the role of bilateral and multilateral treaties between states as well as treaties of international organizations, and explains the very notion of a “treaty”, together with the key role it plays in the system of international law. The main sources of treaty law such as the Vienna Conventions of 1969 (VCLT), 1978 and 1986 are considered and characterized. Key issues such as the treaty-making process, stages and the role played by domestic law, treaty parties, the relationship between treaties, customary international law and rules of jus cogens, as well as the role of the language in treaty-making are discussed.

The 1764 Congress at Niagara, attended by Sir William Johnson, the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and several Aboriginal nations from the Great Lakes, lasted nearly a month. This Congress, which took place at a time when the British were deploying hundreds of soldiers throughout the Niagara area, was the first important diplomatic step in the process leading to the pacification of the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley Aboriginal nations in the wake of Pontiac’s War in 1763. The Niagara Congress is mentioned in past and recent studies on the history of British-Aboriginal relations immediately after the Conquest of New France. This “Indian Congress” has received special attention in Canada since the publication of an article by John Borrows in 1997 that developed the thesis that a single treaty was negotiated at Niagara, one that allegedly incorporated the Royal Proclamation. This interpretation raises a number of historical problems, mainly because it largely overlooks the colonial context in which the meeting took place and fails to take into account the actual nature of the discussions that occurred there, the goals of those who attended the gathering, the strategies they chose to use and the factual results of this “Indian Congress.”

The issue? A 25-year extension of Russia’s lease on a Sevastopol naval base in exchange for cheaper natural gas from Moscow. Sevastopol has the best warm-water ocean access of all former Soviet cities.
Russia’s lease began in 1997, after then-president of Russia Boris Yeltsin renounced Moscow’s claim to Crimea. A treaty granted Russia permission to base its small Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol in exchange for Moscow forgiving Ukraine’s debt.
The lease was set to expire after 20 years. With the recent extension, the Kremlin will have legal access to Sevastopol until 2042. If Crimea joins Russia, the lease becomes moot.
The war today rages on when the talks ended on Monday past. The issues on the Ukraine side of the formula can’t be changed by the people of the various cities like Kiev because their destiny is tied to outside interest like America, England, France, Germany, Swiss, Turkey and others. One solution which might end this, and future issues would be to bring in a third party to operate the warm water port…a professional company elected by the parties and in return for this guarantee that all would have access, NATO would dismantle and remove all its facilities in Ukraine. 
Citing: Encyclopedia Britannica, Wikipedia, History
OPINION OF JOURNALIST
*This is a work of convoluted sources about an area, a country, a people who defy the meaning of peace and tranquility. A place, rocked by war, by death, by devastation of historic cities, infrastructure, schools, hospitals, and orphanages...sadly, for the greed of outside influences beginning primarily with England and France...and lately the United States and even the neutral country of Switzerland! The reasons for the historic conflicts and for this event are just as convoluted. The attitudes and the reasons abound, the faces of the personalities change to mirror the times in which we live but the message remains the same. "Ukraine has something unique which we covet, and we will have it by hook or by crook!
Except for the final paragraph, the text of the history is that of historians which the author has organized from various sources, only the closing paragraph is that of the author.
Welby Thomas Cox, Jr., Journalist,

Treaty conflicts are not merely the contingent or inadvertent byproducts of the increasing juridification of international relations. In several instances, States have deliberately created treaty conflicts in order to catalyse changes in multilateral regimes. Surabhi Ranganathan uses such conflicts as context to explore the role of international law, in legal thought and practice. Her examinations of the International Law Commission's work on treaties and of various scholars' proposals on institutional action, offer a fresh view of 'mainstream' legal thought. They locate in a variety of writings a common faith in international legal discourse, built on liberal and constructivist assumptions. Ranganathan's three rich studies of treaty conflict, relating to the areas of seabed mining, the International Criminal Court, and nuclear governance, furnish a textured account of the specific forms and practices that constitute such a legal discourse, and permit a grounded understanding of the interactions that shape international law.

Résumé
La fameuse note de Hans Corell sur l’exploitation des ressources naturelles du Sahara est devenue, en l’espace de quelques années, la doxa « juridique » pour un certain nombre d’acteurs internationaux (Etats, ONG, etc.). Mais ce qui étonne le plus, c’est qu’elle a été reprise à son compte par la Cour de Justice de l’Union Européenne au prix d’un excès de pouvoir manifeste.  Pourtant, c’est un texte qui manque de substance car fait de formules péremptoires qui ne laissent pas de place à l’analyse et à l’argumentation juridique. Plus grave, il tourne le dos aux principes et règles du Droit International, en particulier ceux relatifs à la fin du statut de territoire non autonome et à la consultation des populations dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du droit à l’autodétermination. Il tourne également le dos à l’évolution de la position des Nations Unies dans le conflit  du Sahara, conflit dont il occulte des éléments fondamentaux que le passage du temps a complexifiés.
Bien qu’elle n’ait jamais été entérinée par le Président du Conseil de Sécurité qui l’avait demandée, la note de Corell est devenue une doxa juridique dans l’affaire du Sahara par le biais de réseaux sociaux, qui font l’opinion publique: think tanks, ONG, centres d’études, lobbyistes, et un matraquage médiatique intensif et répété. Ces réseaux mettent à profit « l’ère du vide » où la pertinence d’un écrit juridique dépend moins de sa valeur intrinsèque que de la dose de matraquage dont il fait l’objet auprès de l’opinion publique.

This chapter examines the approach that courts in Uganda have taken with regard to the application on international law. Judges have on many occasions not been comfortable engaging with questions of international law that have arisen in domestic cases. In these instances, they have chosen to substantially avoid engaging with the international law aspects of the disputes by deciding the cases on municipal law grounds where possible. However, sometimes the failure to invoke applicable international legal norms has been a deliberate strategy on the part of advocates who might either have felt that arguments based on international law may not be availing, or were themselves not adequately conversant with the relevant norms. At other times, courts have used international law as an aid to interpretation of domestic law, particularly in the context of constitutional litigation. The courts’ use of international law constitutes a recognition that the Constitution of Uganda (1995), and the Bill of Rights in particular, was inspired by and based upon the international human rights law regime. Judges have therefore felt comfortable having regard to the jurisprudence of international and regional human rights tribunals to shed light on the scope of constitutional provisions that mirror those in various conventions on human rights.

This paper will discuss the following questions referring to the Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide [1951] ICJ Advisory Opinion.
I. Can the reserving State be regarded as being a party to the Convention while still maintaining its reservation if the reservation is objected to by one or more of the parties to the Convention but not by others?
II. If the answer to Question (I) is in the affirmative, what is the effect of the reservation as between the reserving State and: (a) the parties which object to the reservation? (b) Those which accept it?
III. What would be the legal effect as regards the answer to Question (I) if an objection to a reservation is made: (a) By a signatory which has not yet ratified? (b) By a State entitled to sign or accede but which has not yet done so?
IV. Is it permissible under the Vienna Convention on the Law of treaties 1969 to give a reservation which is incompatible with the object and purpose of a Convention?

The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union is not only a source of political and legal upheaval in Europe but will prompt a recalibration of transatlantic treaty relations. The paper argues that it is a gross oversimplification to conceive of the latter as sets of old and new bilateral relationships. Instead, “Brexit” affects many existing and interdependent triangular relationships that the U.S. maintains with the EU and its Member States, which are conditioned also by the foreign relations laws of these polities. Perhaps counterintuitively, recalibration in the “high politics” area of security and defense will be easier than in the “low politics” of trade and regulation. In elaborating on these arguments, the paper delves into three levels of difficulty: First, the empirical challenge of determining the treaties in force between the EU and U.S. and by which the UK will cease to be covered; second, the transatlantic implications of available alternative models to EU membership for the UK; and third, the way forward in ensuring continuity and bringing about future agreements and cooperation in the EU-UK-U.S. triangle, seeing that the EU itself is a moving target due to ongoing reform efforts.

La coopération internationale des autorités de régulation du secteur financier s’est développée en réponse à une internationalisation croissante et insuffisamment encadrée des activités financières. Dans la mesure où elle se réalise en dehors des canaux diplomatiques traditionnels, ce processus semble s’accomplir en marge du droit international et a ainsi peu retenu l’attention des internationalistes publicistes. Son étude approfondie que propose cet ouvrage atteste cependant de la pertinence de cette perspective. Sous un angle institutionnel, la coopération des autorités de régulation constitue en effet un authentique phénomène interétatique. L’activité de ces autorités se rattache à l’action souveraine de leur État d’origine et les accords conclus entre elles constituent potentiellement des traités en droit international. Elles ont aussi établi des instances originales au sein desquelles elles coopèrent de façon permanente, comme le Comité de Bâle sur le Contrôle Bancaire (C.B.C.B.), l’Organisation Internationale des Commission de Valeurs (O.I.C.V.) et l’Association Internationale des Contrôleurs d’Assurance (A.I.C.A.), qui ont un fonctionnement et un régime juridique similaires à ceux des organisations internationales classiques. La coopération des autorités de régulation au sein de ces institutions d’un nouveau type comprend également un volet normatif qui se manifeste par une action normalisatrice spontanée. Elle aboutit à l’adoption de règles communes – les standards financiers internationaux – ayant vocation à être transposées dans les droits internes. Alors qu’ils ne constituent pas à l’origine des règles de droit international, un processus multidimensionnel de juridisation de ces standards s’est enclenché, à l’insu même de leurs auteurs, et témoigne du développement de nouvelles formes de normativité à l’échelle internationale. En filigrane, cet ouvrage démontre que cette coopération s’avère aussi féconde en problèmes juridiques inédits résultant de l’impact, au niveau international, d’une séparation des pouvoirs mal maîtrisée dans les ordres juridiques nationaux par le développement d’autorités de régulation indépendantes.

Perpetuity is not the significance of political entities. State successions are thus common phenomena. Difficulties may result from the change in the political sovereignty over a particular territorial entity for the purposes of international law and the world community. International Law therefore must address these to ensure its consequences.