Iran Armenian Studies

Приход к власти династии Пехлеви открыло новую эру для иранских армян. Политика модернизации и вестернизации Реза Шаха Пехлеви (1924–1941) и Мохаммеда Реза Пехлеви (1941–1979) дали армянам широкие возможности для продвижения вперед.

В целом, армяне во время монархии Пехлеви оставались видной и активной частью иранской социально-экономической среды.

Köklü ve eski bir Güneydoğu Anadolu kenti olan Adıyaman bu özelliğine rağmen üzerinde az araştırmalar yapılmış şehirlerden birisidir. Adıyaman şehri cumhuriyet döneminde 1954 yılında bugünkü ilçeleri ile birlikte Malatya ilinden ayrılarak ayrı bir il olmuştur. Şehir ile ilgili yapılan tarihi çalışmaların zorluklarının başında daha önceleri Diyarbakır veya Urfa şehirleri gibi müstakil bir şehir olamaması ve de bugünkü ilçelerinin tarihte Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesindeki farklı siyasi yapılanmalardan dolayı küçük şehirler olarak farklı vilayetlere bağlı olmasıdır. Bu nedenle Adıyman’la ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda kopukluklar ve zorluklar olmaktadır. Çalışmamızda daha önce bitirme tezi olarak hazırlamış olduğumuz “Adıyaman İlinin Samsat İlçesi’nin Tarihi ve Sosyo-Kültürel Özellikleri”  isimli tez ile Y.Lisans tezimiz olan “Selçuklular Zamanında Adıyaman” eserlerden geniş ölçüde faydalandık. Bu çalışmalar konuyu tanımamıza, kaynakları tanımamıza ve olayların nasıl bir kronoloji içerisinde cereyan ettiği konusunda bize kolaylık sağlamıştır. Elimizden geldiğince ana zemin olan bu çalışmaların ışığında ilkçağ dönemi gibi eksik yönlerini genişleterek zenginleştirmeye çalıştık. Böylelikle Adıyaman ilinin tarih öncesi devirlerini ve Yeniçağa kadar olan dönemlerini kaynaklar doğrultusunda ifade etmeye çalıştık. Ele aldığımız dönem Adıyaman tarihinin en hareketli dönemidir. Çünkü bu dönemde Adıyaman önemli bir geçiş noktası ve üzerinde sürekli mücadelelerin yaşandığı coğrafya olarak gündemdedir. Osmanlı egemenliğine girdiğinde ise sınır bölgesi özelliğini kaybetmiştir.  Bu nedenle Adıyaman’nın tarihinin ve gelişiminin en canlı olduğu dönem olan 1570 yılına kadar olan dönemi elimizden geldiğince toparlamaya ve ortaya çıkarmaya çalıştık. Bu çalışmamızda istemeden de olsa hatalarımız olacaktır. Bundan dolayı konu ile ilgilenen bütün araştırmacılardan ve okuyuculardan özür dileriz.

The mosques in the citadel of Yerevan are lost today and almost unknown. Here, the most significant of them is reconstructed from visual and literary sources, documented by unpublished photographs, and related to the early Qajar period under the last Iranian governor usayn Kh n, prior to the Russian conquest of Yerevan in 1827. The second mosque in the citadel is attributed to the Ottoman period; the third one remains uncertain. While the type of the Qajar mosque is compared to earlier buildings in Yerevan, notably the 18th-century Gök J mi , stylistic elements are analysed with reference to early 19th-century architecture in Iran and a building at Qazv n. The interpretation seeks to understand the different references of the Qajar mosque as the construction of a visual statement of local and Iranian identity in a period of change.

Приход к власти династии Пехлеви открыло новую эру для иранских армян. Политика модернизации и вестернизации Реза Шаха Пехлеви (1924–1941) и Мохаммеда Реза Пехлеви (1941–1979) дали армянам широкие возможности для продвижения вперед.

В целом, армяне во время монархии Пехлеви оставались видной и активной частью иранской социально-экономической среды.

Ahmad Shamlou is one of the most prominent representatives of the Iranian
literature  of  the  20th  century,  who  stood  at  the  roots  of  the  anti-dictatorship
struggle, carrying out creative and social activities. Shamlu's unbreakable
revolutionary  spirit,  love  for  the  homeland  and  a  human  being  have  found  their 
vivid  expression  in  his  works.  In  the  very  first  period  of  his  career,  Shamlu  was 
persecuted  and  imprisoned  many  times  as  a  dissident.  Many  of  his  works, 
including  translations,  literary  works,  were  censored  and  burned  in  printing 
houses. Armenians have a special place in Shamlu's personal and creative life. The
main  heroine  of  Shamlu's  inspiration  was  his  wife  Aida  Sargsyan,  to  whom  he 
dedicated  the  most  beautiful  poems  of  modern  Iranian  love  poetry.  Armenian
revolutionary  hero  Vartan  Salakhanyan's  character  was  also  immortalized  by  the 
poet in the famous poem "Vardan" or "Nazli's death". In this poem Ahmad Shamlu
depicts  the  heroic  feats  of  the  Armenian  hero  in  metaphorical  language,  calling 
him "The Herald of Spring".
Key  words  ‒  Iran,  New  Poetry,  revolutionist,  metaphor,  revolution,  Arme-
nian hero, opposition.

Since the development of relationships between the subjects of the international system (between states, between states and international organizations, between international organizations, etc.) is necessary and certain evaluation criteria (indicators) should be determined. Researchers, who examine the relations between various states, often describe the relations as "developing relations" if there are no acute (sharp) crises in the chronological framework.

The present study builds on recent claims that investigating the L3 initial state provides another test case for UG's involvement in adult language acquisition (Leung, 2005, 2006, 2007; Rothman & Cabrelli, 2007). It focuses on two competing approaches to adult language acquisition, so-called Failed Functional Features approaches (FFFAs) (Beck, 1998; Franceschina, 2001) and Full Access approaches (FAAs) (Duffield & White, 1999; Schwartz & Sprouse, 1996). Crucially, each approach makes different predictions for L2 ultimate attainment and thus indirectly makes different predictions for possible transfer at the L3 initial state. FFFAs claim that adult L2 learners are unable to acquire new functional features. In contrast, FAAs claim that adult L2 learners have continued full access to UG. Assuming transfer, both FFFAs and FAAs make contrasting predictions for the initial state of L3 acquisition. FFFAs predict that learners at the L3 initial state are restricted to transfer of features available from the L1. Conversely, because FAAs claim that it is possible for L2 learners to acquire new features, they predict that L3 learners can start with an initial state that demonstrates either L1 or L2 functional feature transfer. The present study tests the predictions made by these two competing approaches by examining the L3 initial state of three types of groups of L3 learners of English such as  Azerbaijani – Persian, Armenian –Persian and Gilaki- Persian bilinguals via knowledge of adjective order. The instrument of this study was a grammatical test which consisted of three parts. The findings of this research were in accordance with the predictions of (FFFH) hypothesis where L1 transfer being hypothesized. L3 learners performed significantly higher than L2 learners as their interlanguage grammar seemed to reflect more of the parameter values of their L1s.

Keywords:  UG, FFFA, FAFTA, L2A, L3A, Persian-monolingual, Azerbaijani-Persian, Armenian –Persian and Gilaki- Persian bilinguals

Bu çalışmada genel hatlarıyla Ortadoğu’daki Ermeni diaspora yapısının tarihi
süreci incelenecektir. Çalışma kapsamında ilk etapta diaspora kavramı ve uluslararası
literatürde diaspora çalışmaları değerlendirilecektir. Daha sonra Osmanlı
İmparatorluğu’ndan günümüze Türkiye’nin hem Ermenistan’la olan ilişkilerinde hem
de uluslararası ilişkilerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olan diaspora Ermenilerinin tarihi
oluşumları üzerinde durulacaktır. Böylece aslen benzer bir kökenden gelen
Ortadoğudaki Ermeni diasporasının günümüzdeki siyasi yönelimlerinde içinde
yaşadıkları bölgenin ne kadar etkili olduğuna yer verilecektir. Diğer bir deyişle bu
çalışmada şu sorulara yanıt aranacaktır: İçinde yaşadıkları bölgenin siyasi, ekonomik,
toplumsal ve kültürel yapısı bu diasporaların yapısını nasıl şekillendirmektedir?
Ortadoğudaki Ermeni diasporasından monolitik bir entite olarak söz edilebilir mi yoksa
ülke bazında bir diaspora yapılanması mı mevcuttur? Tarihsel süreçte Ortadoğu’da
yaşanan gelişmeler buradaki Ermeni diasporasının yapısını nasıl etkilemiş ve
şekillendirmiştir?

Performing and Visual Arts among Iranian Armenians: A Comprehensive Annotated and Pictorial Bibliography in the Armenian, Persian and English Languages . ISBN: 0931539250. Price: $45.00. 

Introduction
It is with great pleasure that I am introducing the “Performing and Visual Arts among Iranian Armenians: A Comprehensive Annotated & Pictorial Bibliography”.  In this book, you will find a bibliography of over 179 publications  related to performing and visual arts among Iranian Armenians in the Armenian, Persian and English languages.
This is the second publication among this bibliographic series.    The first bibliography, “Literary and Linguistic Works from Armenian to Farsi and Farsi to Armenian: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography”, was published in 2014.
This book is prepared to serve as a useful reference guide for those      who are interested in finding issues related to Iranian Armenian performing and visual arts.  In addition, it facilitates the research for those who are interested in studying the Iranian Armenian history and culture.
Preparing such a book is very expensive, time consuming, and requires much effort and patience. I am very happy to have conducted this research, as I am certain that it provides a very useful bibliography for those who are interested in this topic.  The book is very well organized and contains beautiful pictures of the books, and provides the location of the books in libraries within the United States for the use of researchers and reference librarians.
At the end of this book, there are 4 indices provided by author’s last name and title of the books in 3 languages for convenience of researchers, to locate the books by title and authors’ last name very quickly.  All book titles are in one alphabetic order in romanized format. Some of the books in the bibliography are available for sale. 
If you are interested, contact me by mail or email
[email protected] 
If you are an author or publisher, I am very interested in receiving an examination copy of your book to consider for inclusion in any future edition.  Your publication’s bibliographical information will be included in the next edition of this book at no charge.
To make the Performing and Visual Arts Bibliography a much more valuable source of information, your assistance will be greatly appreciated. 
Since this publication is scheduled to be revised periodically, please contact me for inclusion of your new or existing related book.
Since 1979, I have published 26 reference books related to the Armenian culture.
Please send your correspondence to:

Hamo Vassilian
P.O. Box 381
Sun Valley, CA 91352 USA

Or send an email to:    [email protected]

Այս աշխատությունը, որը կազմված է երեք բաժիններից` «Եկեղեցական իրեր», «Ձեռագրեր» և «Տպագիր գրքեր», նպատակ ունի ուսումնասիրողին ներկայացնելու թանգարանում պահվող, ցարդ չուսումնասիրված և հայագիտության համար մեծ արժեք ունեցող իրերի արձանագրությունները, ձեռագրերի հիշատակարանները և տպագիր գրքերի մակագրությունները:
This work, which consists of three sections: "Church Items", "Manuscripts" and "Printed Books", aims to present to the researcher the inscriptions of the items not yet studied in the museum, of great value for Armenology.

,Early modern Ottoman History, Late Ottoman Period, Ottoman-Safavid Relations, , Armenian Genocide, Turkish Russian Relations, , Late Ottoman Military History, Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal History, , , 18th Century European Military History, and Armenian military history

Статья восстанавливает хронологию и динамику драматических событий 1724 г.в Капане (Сюнике) и в Нахичеванском ханстве. В частности, показано, что летом 1724 г. — в период усилившейся османской агрессии — шах Тахмасп II начал вести примирительную политику по отношению к восставшему армянству Капана, стремясь обеспечить персидским войскам поддержку армян и стабильный тыл. Однако с падением Нахичевани (30 июля) л. особенно, Ордубада (27 августа), позиция Тахмаспа II к княжеству Давiд-бека вновь, на некоторое время, резко ужесточилась. Этот поворот объяснялся, с одной стороны, желанием шаха обласкать непримиримых врагов Давид-бека, в особенности—баргушатского султана Фатх-Али, и использовать войска последнего в борьбе с османскими турками. С другой стороны, немалую роль в изменении политики персидского двора сыграл беспрецедентный переход на сторону турок армянских вооруженных сил Нахичеваиского ханства (вторая половина июля 1724 г.), вызванный, в свою очередь, чрезвычайным обострением отношений нахичеванских армян с персидскими властями.

Relations with the post-soviet countries, especially with the Caucasus republics became a special aspect of Iran’s foreign policy, after the collapse of the USSR. Robert Kocharian was elected president and officially began his duties on April 9, 1998. In the period of Robert Kocharian, Armenia’s relations with Iran had to be developed due to economic and geopolitical conditions. This article explores the dynamics of İran-Armenia relations in the context of regional security. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of the theory of realism. A number of theoretical and applied methods have been used to study the development of bilateral relations. Research has shown that in relations with Iran, the Armenian side was more interested in developing economic relation in 1998-2008 years. Iran tried to use Armenia’s opportunities to soften the economic consequences of the sanctions imposed by the US and some European states. Iran’s attempts to bring natural gas to Europe via Armenia did not take place due to Russia’s pressure on Armenia.

О ХРОНОЛОГИИ ОБОРОНЫ ЕРЕВАНА В 1724 ГОДУ

Р е з ю м е

На основе сравнительного анализа первоисточников выдвигается новая хронология героической обороны Еревана. Османская армия начала осаду Еревана 24 июня 1724 г. 26 июня турки захватили некоторые прилегающие к крепости кварталы города. Большая часть армян сконцентрировалась в имеющих выгодное оборонительное расположение кварталах Дзорагюх и Конд. Осада города и крепости велась одновременно. В защите города по приказу Ереванского хана участвовали также мусульмане Еревана, однако 14 августа — в день, когда турецкие, войска начали очередной штурм — они покинули город и укрылись в крепости. С этого дня оборону Дзорагюха и Конда осуществляли только армяне, успешно отразившие как этот пятидневный приступ (18 августа), так и последующую яростную атаку янычар иа Конд (между 19 и 24 августа). 8 сентября 1724 г. с подходом новых крупных подкреплений город был полностью захвачен турками. Бои с находящимся в крепости персидским гарнизоном продолжались до 16 сентября. Начавшиеся в этот день переговоры завершились капитуляцией крепости 23 сентября 1724 г. Устанавливается также время сорокадневной самозащиты села Карби — с 25 апреля до 3 июня 1724 г., с последующей сдачей села туркам путем переговоров 13 июня 1724 г. (все даты приводятся по юлианскому календарю).
http://hpj.asj-oa.am/5523/

خاورمیانه و جغرافیای نزدیک آن یکی از مناطق پر جنب و جوش جهان از نظر سیاست و جنبه های اجتماعی آن است. در حالی که هرج و مرج در سوریه همچنان ادامه دارد، ایران نیز یکی از کشورهای متأثر از این تنش است. تهران که تاکنون عمدتا در تحولات سوریه و عراق اقدامات استراتژیکی انجام داده است در تلاش است تا روابط خود با بازیگران دیگر را که برای ایران در منطقه مهم به شمار می روند، حفظ کند. بنابراین، ایران همچنان روابط خود را با ارمنستان بهبود می بخشد، که این راهبرد نقش مهمی در حفظ و استحکام استراتژی این کشور در منطقه قفقاز دارد

The factor of the Armenian Diaspora has played an important role in the implementation of the foreign policy of Armenia, which declared its independence in 1991, and in the establishment of economic and humanitarian relations with a number of countries. In the period before the collapse of the USSR, the Spryuk (diaspora), which tried to influence the political process in this country in various forms, mainly covertly, since 1991 has gained more influence in the country's politics. Although sometimes there were disagreements between the ‘Spryuk’ and the political regimes in Armenia on certain issues, in the end the two forces were able to unite for them same goals in matters related to the ‘all-
Armenian affair’. Armenia has actively used the diaspora in the implementation of foreign policy issues, propaganda on the so-called "genocide issue", distortion of the truth to cover up the occupation of Azerbaijani territories by Armenia. The Armenian community and the diaspora have also played an important role in establishing and developing relations with Armenia's southern neighbor, the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), one of the key regional geopolitical players. Although the Armenian side tries to present the Armenian ‘community’ in Iran more as a ‘diaspora’ in accordance with its political goals, but the historical and settlement features allow to characterize Armenias of İran as a community.
The study of the influence of the Armenian community and diaspora in Iran on the establishment of relations between the IRI and Armenia in the post-1991 period determines the urgency of the topic. It allows to clarify in what directions the Armenian state uses the opportunities of the community and the diaspora. The methodological principles of the theory of political realism are preferred for the study of the subject. At the time of writing, sociological and cultural methods were preferred over general research methods, and mainly explanatory methods were applied over applied research methods.
The article clarifies the purpose of presenting the Armenian community in Iran as a diaspora, not a community, and assesses the role of Armenians in the political life of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the context of relations between the two countries.