International Retailing

The purpose of this work is the analysis of one of the worldwide leading retailers, the Primark Stores Ltd. (Primark) with regard to potential listing on the London stock exchange. The methodology applies the profitability and efficiency, short-term solvency and liquidity, long-term
solvency and stability as well as shareholder and investment ratios. The PESTEL framework is used to evaluate the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal background of Primark`s operations. The SWOT model demonstrates the company`s financial and business strength and weaknesses along with the opportunities and threats of the retail industry. Regarding the public offering, the probable share price is calculated by the net assets method and the dividend valuation model. Based on the recommended share price, the theoretical price/earnings ratio and a market capitalisation of Primark are discussed. A forecast of future net profits is attempted with the simple average growth model and the trend line extrapolation method. Corporate governance implications following the stock exchange floatation are discussed against the UK Corporate Governance Code
and academic literature. The findings provide for a strong business case grounded on a cost leadership strategy, which would be honoured by the stock market ranking in the upper 2nd Quartile
of the FTSE sector companies. The results may be subject to limitations arising from accounting
numbers on which the calculations are based. The originality of this study is derived from the holistic
approach covering a wide range of financial ratios, models and methods that have not been applied
yet in the academic literature to Primark.

La siguiente investigación muestra los resultados de la aplicación de 550 encuestas on line en la región metropolitana de Santiago de Chile entre el
20 de marzo y el 20 de abril del año 2019. Dicha encuesta fue construida y
adaptada en base en las escalas desarrolladas por (Zeithaml, Parasuraman y Malhotra; 2000), las cuales fueron validadas previamente obteniendo un Alfa de Cronbach de 0,943 y 0,901 respectivamente y que se aplicaron con el objetivo de recopilar y analizar los resultados obtenidos a partir de las respuestas de los consumidores que realizaron compras on line a través del retailer Falabella. Esto nos permita visualizar la percepción de los consumidores producto del servicio entregado por esta compañía y de esa forma poder visualizar oportunidades de mejora y crecimiento para los etailers latinoamericanos.

The following work indicates the results of the application of 550 online surveys in the metropolitan region of Santiago de Chile between March
20 and April 20, 2019. This survey was constructed and adapted based on the scales developed by ( Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Malhotra; 2000), which were previously validated obtaining a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.943 and 0.901 respectively, and which were applied in order to collect and analyze the results obtained from the responses of consumers who made purchases to through Amazon. This allows us to visualize the perception of consumers as a product of the service provided by this company and thus be able to visualize opportunities for improvement and growth for Latin American e-tailers.

European Norm 13402-3 sets standards for clothes sizing designation. Depending on the kind of garment, between one to up to four anthropometric dimensions need to be considered in defining the clothing size system. According to the distribution of the anthropometric dimensions of a specific population, the quantity needed or proportion for the various clothes and garment size categories varies greatly. In order to develop a process that enables clothing distribution managers to foresee the relative proportion of each category size that is expected to be consumed, assuming a homogeneous appeal of the garments irrespective of their size, across the population, a set of considerations supported by mathematical calculations, need to be established. To this end, it must be noted that the combination of anthropometric dimensions, described by their Gaussian statistical parameters (mean and standard deviation) is mathematically feasible, as long as correlation factors between anthropometric dimensions are known for the population at hand (these may only be extracted from original data sets). The chapter proposes deploying correlation factors between anthropometric dimensions involved in the European clothes sizing standard, and presents a method for garments lot sizing for point of sale application, informed by the correlation factors, which may be retrieved from literature, and by the statistical parameters of the population (actual or inferred). The chapter demonstrates the approach presented for various clothing item types, including men shorts (sizing based on one anthropometric dimension) and women brassieres (sizing based on two anthropometric dimensions). The mathematical formulation presented and demonstrated in the chapter is systematized in examples solved by spreadsheet calculations and is intended to support the management of orders of garments by size at their point of sale considering the reduced cycle of fashion (about 3 months). The chapter also emphasizes that reporting of anthropometric data should consider not only the mean and standard deviation of individual dimensions as has been the common practice in the field of human factors and ergonomics, but should also be accompanied by correlation charts between the anthropometric dimensions, given reduced availability of this kind of data.

This study focuses on the embryonic stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, where most people affected opted to abide by the Chinese government’s national self-quarantine campaign. This resulted in major disruptions to one of the most common market processes in retail: food retailing. The research adopts the theory of planned behaviour to provide early empirical insights into changes in consumer behaviour related to food purchases during the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Data from the online survey carried out suggest that the outbreak triggered considerable levels of switching behaviours among customers, with farmers’ markets losing most of their customers, whilst local small independent retailers experienced the highest levels of resilience in terms of customer retention. This study suggests avenues for further scholarly research and policy making related to the impact this behaviour may be having around the world on society’s more vulnerable groups, particularly the elderly.

Luxury goods are selling well and the growth of the industry has barely been slowed down by the Asian crisis (Les Echos, 04-30-1998, 09-25-1998; Le Figaro, 04-06-1998; Financial Times, 04-24-1999). As in many other growth markets, though, good results are coming together with a fair amount of turmoil. Many changes are redefining environmental conditions and new challenges are creating significant turbulence for players in the industry at a global level (Ecole de Paris, 1998; Woman’s Wear Daily, 02-10-1998; Liberation, 03-06/07-1999). Our question in this paper is whether, in the face of such global trends, luxury goods companies have reacted and attempted to adapt. We are interested by changes and evolutions with an impact on organizational structures but also by the potential redefinition of managerial roles and competencies. [First paragraph]

Retail operations of supermarkets chains, hold a very important position in supply networks due to the dominant position that retailers hold in the downstream supply chains. Current literature agrees that there are less works on his area. The present study is a second flagship study, investigating branch network variables. Using a mixed research design (descriptive and exploratory) the study employed hoteling's, retail location to establish the relationship between branch location and branch network expansion. The study used a sample size of 300 respondents in supermarket retail operations. With a response rate of 61%, the findings reveal that branch location is significantly related to branch network expansion and that supermarket retailers should ensure that good locations were identified through different search methods lowering distribution costs. Ideal locations were identified to be in malls and next to distribution centers. The study results propose that branch location is a significantly variable to be used in developing an ISM model for branch network expansion.

The case study presented here offers a lens through which to study Chinese brand development in the global marketplace, and sheds light on the ways in which brands and culture circulate and construct each other in global brand culture. Furthermore, we use these insights to argue for the development of Chinese brand culture into a strategic brand resource. This is not a simple matter of drawing upon a shared set of characteristics in all cases; rather Chinese brand culture reveals itself as a subtle and complex resource with a diversity of applications, impacts, and impressions.

Voilà plus de treize ans qu'Auchan, fleuron de la grande distribution alimentaire française, est implantée en Russie. En 2002, lors de l'ouverture de son premier hypermarché dans la banlieue de Moscou, tous les spécialistes étaient d'accord : la Russie, avec sa classe moyenne dépensière et sa croissance annuelle à deux chiffres, représentait le 'nouvel Eldorado' pour les enseignes étrangères. En effet, le pays semble avoir particulièrement réussi à Auchan, qui y emploie aujourd'hui plus de 37000 personnes dans 78 hypermarchés, 122 supermarchés Atac et 34 centres commerciaux. Toutefois, le climat politique actuel, avec notamment la crise ukrainienne et l'embargo russe des produits alimentaires occidentaux, a sérieusement changé la donne pour le groupe nordiste, qui commence à regarder la Russie d'un autre oeil.  Dans notre intervention, nous tenterons d'expliquer les raisons du succès d'Auchan en Russie, avant de nous interroger sur ses perspectives d'avenir dans le pays.

Amazon is aimed at the largest sector of retail which is food and Whole Foods offers a dynamic brand that Amazon can vastly improve and expand.  This article looks at the reasons why WF was an ideal target and provides some rather interesting facts.  Amazon will continue to expand and many industries will be challenged to compete.

The late 1980s and the early 1990s have witnessed the emergence of new approachesknown in France and Europe as 'trade marketing' and in the US as 'partnering' -whose field of application and methods, along with the theoretical apparatus, need further examining. After analysing the origins of trade marketing in France and the current elaboration of this concept, this paper aims to describe the new methodological and theoretical research issues. Emphasis will be laid on the applicability of Porter's value chain and competitive advantage, Williamson's transactions costs, and the agency theory. This case study points out the key factors of success in the establishment of new types of relations between suppliers and retailers.

This chapter appeared in a book looking at outward investment by Australian firms. We explore the growth of shopping centre giant Westfield into one of Australia's most successful multinationals. We identify a series of firm-specific advantages the firm has leveraged into international markets. We argue that the firm benefitted from its experience of certain aspects of the Australian busienss environment, and that these have proven particularly transferable to the USA.

This article examines how the rules of micro-political game playing, based on the global standardization and cost leadership approach of a European ‘hard discounter’, are interpreted in practice in Finland, Germany, Ireland, Spain and the UK. We find that small store size, together with centralized authority relations and power structures, make it difficult for actors to engage effectively in coalition-building and political strategies to influence work and employment. Our comparison also reveals that the interpretation of employment-related rules of the game is country-specific. In Finland, and to some extent in Spain, national employment systems enabled employees to build more robust toolkits for playing micro-political games than in the other countries investigated.

The focus of this conceptual paper is the Khan Shatyr mall in Astana, designed by British architect Sir Norman Foster and opened in 2010, and its implications for our understanding of the re-enchantment of consumption. A detailed discussion of the mall, which pays close attention to its architectural design, is followed by a conclusion in which I outline the need for a new approach to the re-enchantment of consumption. In particular, I call for: more research to be conducted on non-Western retail environments; consideration of mall architecture; and a fundamentally interdisciplinary approach to re-enchantment, which would lay greater emphasis on the political, geographical and socio-economic contexts of retail marketing and shopping mall design.

The hypermarket format, pioneered in the early 1960s by Carrefour, is now well established (not to say completely dominant) in France. Spurred on partly by the possibility of ever-greater bargaining power with suppliers throughout the world, and also by an increasingly competitive and

The substitution of small retail stores by the large stores has been a topic of debate among academics, practitioners, retailers and general public, especially in the context of foreign firms entering emerging markets such as China and India. The purpose of this research is to find out the determinants of consumer satisfaction in small and large retail stores in an emerging market, with a sample from India. Data were collected using a 39-item structured questionnaire developed by the authors. The sample consists of 225 consumers who shop at retail outlets (Convenience sample of 125 consumers from small and 100 consumers from large stores respectively). Exploratory factor analysis grouped the 39 variables into 14 factors. Further, regression analysis revealed that six of the factors (Social desirability, staff friendliness, shopping economy, shopping ambience, family shopping and deal proneness) were major predictors of consumer satisfaction as they were found to be significant at 5% level. The significance of factors such as social desirability and staff friendliness imply that many consumers prefer those typical features of small stores, which in turn results in the likely coexistence of small retail formats in spite of the entry and proliferation of large retail stores from different countries. We posit three theoretical propositions to stimulate further research in this area.

This essay describes the vital importance of the marketing mix in the success of a retailing company such as Tesco. A continuous work in progress to expand the product portfolio, an strategy for diversification, innovation in the integration of new channels of distribution and specially a focus in offering value to the customer has brought Tesco to the top of mind of consumers. However, some of its corporate values may be under threat nowadays if an excessive effort is used in terms of achieving growth instead of quality. In addition, the intention of being the cheapest retailer among competitors while running a costly loyalty scheme should be balanced in some way to avoid a misleading positioning in the market. However, it should not invalidate the excellent marketing mix built over several years through a customer oriented
approach applied to all the structure and philosophy of the company.

Over the past 50 years the increased competition in the retail furniture has led to the development of different commercial formats.
The Department Store is one of the formats that has stood as a business model for this competition year after year and has managed to incorporate technological innovation and changing consumer tastes while still offering a differentiation that has not been overtaken by competitors; variety of offerings, service and price .
The exhibition of furniture in the Department Store has not benefited from the development of the visual merchandising- display techniques - which has managed to incorporate in other products sold in their stores and as a result has become an area of undeveloped retail, little innovative and continuous decline in recent years.
These areas that are not decorated as attractive as the fashion for example, and this fact constrains the client to attend these spaces and supports an unfavourable opinion about the products offered.
This project pretends to systematize the development of visual merchandising through the application of their concepts to the area of exposure of furniture from a department store in Lisbon.

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Afbeeldingen van dunne modellen in de media zorgen voor een toename van de lichaamsontevredenheid, objectified body consciousness en sociale vergelijking van vrouwen. Deze negatieve effecten worden in verband gebracht met het ontstaan van extreem lijngedrag en eetstoornissymptomen. Het is daarom van belang deze effecten te reduceren. In dit onderzoek is gekeken of een informatief label deze effecten kan reduceren. Dit is getest door middel van een experimenteel post-test only design (N = 116) met drie condities (conditie 1 = neutraal, conditie 2 = normaliserend, conditie 3 = informatief label), waarbij naar het verschil op drie effecten werd gekeken (lichaamsontevredenheid, OBC en sociale vergelijking). Het neutrale label fungeerde hierbij als de controlegroep. Respondenten werden blootgesteld aan afbeeldingen van dunne modellen met één van de drie labels, waarbij een cover story het werkelijke doel van het onderzoek verhulde. Uit de resultaten van het onderzoek bleek echter dat een informatief label de negatieve effecten van afbeeldingen van dunne modellen niet kan reduceren.

With the advent of information technologies and emergence of online stores, the online shopping has not been the same as it was in the past. Now in order to strive in this cut throat competition it is of vital importance for the organizations to understand the factors that matter for consumers when they shop online. As the competition in e-commerce is intensified, it becomes more important for online retailers to understand the antecedents of consumer acceptance of online shopping. Such knowledge is essential to customer relationship management, which has been recognized as an effective business strategy to achieve success in the electronic market. The current research study is an effort to understand the satisfaction and loyalty pattern for the consumers shopping online. The objective of this research is to study the impact of emotional state and perceived risk of remote purchase on e-satisfaction during the Internet shopping. As well, it aims to study the influence of e-satisfaction on e-loyalty. The data gathering was carried out by a questionnaire. The results show that three dimensions of the emotional state during Internet shopping (the pleasure, stimulation and dominance) have a significant positive impact on e-satisfaction. Dimensions of the perceived risk of remote purchase, (the total risk, the financial risk, the social risk, the psychological risk, the functional risk, and the physical risk) don't have a significant impact on e-satisfaction, except the risk of loss of time has a negative impact. Finally satisfaction influences positively and significantly the e-loyalty of the cyber consumers.

The importance of Private Label Brands (PLBs) or store brands has significantly increased over the past years in western countries and contributed to changing many purchase and consumption behaviors, in particular in grocery stores. Simultaneously, retailers are increasingly involved in international markets in order to be more consistent with the globalization of retailing operations. The aim of this study is to propose a simplified framework of the strategic role of Private Label Brands in emerging markets (EMs). In this, we review the literature pertaining to PLBs in relation with the international brand strategy and present two case studies -Carrefour and Casino -in the Brazilian retail industry. Theoretical contributions are better understanding of PLBs in emerging markets. As for managerial implications, this study shows that a PLBs strategy may be useful for international retailers operating in EMs at three points: to improve store loyalty and store image, and to face store competition.

Revista especializada en negocios minoristas. Toda la información del retail en Perú y América Latina. Investigaciones, entrevistas y las últimas tendencias. Siguenos en www.peru-retail.com y mantente al tanto de las últimas investigaciones del sector retail.

Abstract Purpose –
The entry of multinational firms is likely to increase competition and provide better deals to consumers in emerging markets such as India, China and Brazil. In this context, this paper aims to examine the factors determining the consumers' preferences for shopping at large malls in an emerging market as compared to small outlets (in particular, young consumers' preferences). Design/methodology/approach – The present study is based on a survey of 200 consumers at large retail malls in India, the second-fastest growing emerging market. Findings – The findings suggest that mostly young consumers prefer to shop in large malls because of the availability of the latest, well-known brands and discounted prices, which implies that service quality is not a primary factor. Originality/value – The author posits theoretical propositions to stimulate further research. The insights from the study would be useful for strategic marketing for retailers.

brought forth a major shift in consumer buying style, thanks to the entry of organized retail stores. There are a number of factors which influence the customer choice of the type of retail outlet and when these are studied critically, the organized outlets can realize favourable customer response and get more business. In the continued effort to improve the success of organized retail trade, the outlets need to be undertaking various initiatives. This research provides an insight in to a few aspects of the retail experience of the customers which, when analyzed can help to design the strategy that can emerge as winwin strategy for both the retailers and the customers. Index Terms-Organized retail store, customer preference, customer value proposition, value addition.

This chapter appeared in a book looking at outward investment by Australian firms. I argue that Australia's largest retailers have neglected internationalisation (beyond some incursions into New Zealand) as a growth strategy, chosing instead to diversify across the local retail domain. This choice is partially driven by the relative isolation of the Australian market, and the neglect of this market by large international retailers. The chapter also looks at the experience of four smaller retailers from Australia who have surprisingly large global footprints in niche retail markets.

Dr. Maxim Titorenko is a lecturer, researcher and practitioner in psychological aspects of fashion and design as applied to business. A list of guest lectures is shown below. For more information, or to book a guest lecture, please, contact at [email protected]

This study examined the impact of packaging on consumer purchase of beverage drinks in Taraba State, Nigeria. The study focused on unraveling how packaging (packaging information, quality of packaging material, design of wrapper and packaging colour) impacted the purchase of beverage drinks among residents of Wukari, Donga and Jalingo in Taraba State. Simple random sampling technique was adopted with the use of structured questionnaire to elicit information from 89 respondents in Taraba State. In addition, some descriptive statistical methods were adopted in analyzing the data. The results showed that product packaging had a significant role to play in influencing consumer purchase of beverage drinks in Taraba; and that product packaging features such as packaging colour, packaging materials, font style, design of the wrapper, printed information, background information, background image and innovation influenced the purchase decision of consumers. Recommendations on how to improve the product packaging of beverage drinks were made.

This exploration of cross-border shopping by Mexican national shoppers at a regional discount outlet mall studies the: (1) economic impacts of their expenditures on the local and regional economies, and (2) activities they engage in while at the outlet malls and benefits received from shopping there.
Spending by cross-border shoppers varied by accommodation type; hotels or motels/friends and family spent approximately $800 (U.S.) on clothing daily and condominiums/day visitors between $400 and $475 (U.S.). The multiplier for cross-border spending at the local level ranged from 1.27 to 1.45. Top cross-border shopper activities were shopping and buying, followed by eating, and visiting.

International expansion in the retail sector is still a relatively rare strategy. Many of the world’s largest retailers operate solely domestically, or in a narrow range of countries. Retailers have struggled to transfer their firm specific advantages across international borders. In the international context, macro-level national differences in buying preferences and considerable supply-chain variation, coupled with micro-level location advantages, play into the hands of domestic incumbents – those that were early movers in securing real estate and introducing retailing processes. For a geographically isolated country such as Australia this has lead to very limited engagement with the rest of the retailing world. I explore the constraining effect of Australia’s location on both inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) for the largest retailers. I identify and analyse several smaller-scale Australian retailers who have successfully internationalised in recent years. These firms are shown to have developed appropriate ownership advantages and expansion strategies to overcome the distance hurdles. Particular attention is drawn to the strategic initiatives taken to surmount supply chain issues. In a broader sense, the paper highlights the interaction between industry structures, location differences and firm strategies that lie at the heart of international business theory and research.

Article de recherche scientifique élaboré par : Ghaith Brahem et Bassem Hzami Résumé : Cette modeste contribution sert à mettre en évidence les facteurs qui influent sur les décisions d'achat auprès des hypermarchés en général et auprès de Carrefour spécifiquement, dans la ville de Sousse . On s'est intéressé spécifiquement à la grande distribution car il s'agit de l'un des phénomènes les plus importants lié à l'époque contemporaine marqués par la mondialisation du commerce et des échanges commerciaux. Ainsi, une multitude d'hypermarchés ont vu le jour dans tout le territoire Tunisien , parmi eux Carrefour qui s'est implanté à Tunis en premier Lieu (en 2001 ) et dont une autre filière a vu le jour après dans la ville de sousse . Quels sont alors les facteurs incitant les consommateurs de fréquenter les hypermarchés en général et carrefour particulièrement ? La compréhension de ses facteurs va nous permettre de mieux comprendre les particularités du consommateur à sousse.

Academic achievements are assessed through multiple criteria such as exams, quizzes, assignments, and personality is considered as one of the factors that contribute to attainment among students. Besides, majority of the society agreed that student’s academic achievement or performance have significant impact towards the students’ future. Most studies conducted under this topic are among different countries. Meanwhile in Malaysia, there are limited study on the relationship of Big-Five personality traits and students’ academic achievement. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between Big-Five personality traits and academic achievement of degree students in UiTM Samarahan 2. Big-Five are consists of conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness to experience. Not all five traits are considered as influential factors because various studies show different results between conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience,...

The scope of this study is including to look for textile and clothing of the world, to search for textile and clothing of Turkey, competition power of Turkey and SWOT analyse with competitors and problems. Basic reason of important for textile and clothing sector is higher demand elasticity percent and fresh money. That is source for living of textile and clothing. Turkey needs capital for investment. So, textile and clothing sector has higher net export value on Turkey. “How is supply that situation?”, “What is available situation happening?”. We see to calculate that question with analyse to export and import values. We analyse to competitive power with strong and weak ways and oppurtunity and threat estimators. Therefore, Turkey see to develop of textile and clothing sector who define to about own future.

In this paper we start by outlining the continued decline of the small shop in Britain. The decline is seen as especially severe in the truly independent/non-affiliated sector and we look at trends in decline but also the methodologies used to analyse this. Since a key current theme in European integration policy is for exchange of experience and best practise we then report on how an EU-funded (ESF) project is seeking lessons and parallels in the small shop sector in Britain and Spain. By examining official government statistics we see how the sector is monitored in Britain and Spain and then identify one clear one common factor in the rise of organised town centre management. We suggest that future research may usefully begin to develop a more euro-centric approach ensuring that the small shop sector EU-wide learns from transnational experiences. Accordingly, we also present the preliminary findings from a transnational survey of small retailers. The paper ends with a summary of ways in which we have sought to bring together the experiences of small retailers in both countries. r