Information law

Монографію присвячено актуальній у сучасній юридичній літературі темі – теоретичним та практичним проблемам юридичної відповідальності за правопорушення в інформаційній сфері (інформаційні делікти). Розглядається зміст і структура інформаційної сфери, як предмету правового регулювання інформаційної діяльності та об’єкту інформаційних правовідносин. Вперше проводиться комплексне дослідження з погляду інформаційної деліктології як інституту інформаційного права.
Для наукових працівників, викладачів, аспірантів, студентів (курсантів) та слухачів юридичних навчальних закладів і факультетів.

Юридична відповідальність за правопорушення в інформаційній сфері та основи інформаційної деліктології: монографія / І. В. Арістова, О. А. Баранов, О. П. Дзьобань та ін.; за заг. ред. проф. К. І. Бєлякова. Київ: КВІЦ, 2019. 344 с. ISBN 978-617-697-100-9
КВІЦ, 2019. 344 c.

Constitui-se de uma reflexão analítico qualitativa da Lei brasileira de Acesso à informação -Lei 12527 de 18 de novembro de 2011 frente ao direito de ser informado como visão jurídiconormativa contemporânea modelar do direito à informação, em que se tem como critério o atendimento a princípios epistemológicos apresentados por estudos e reflexões teóricas de autores que produziram sobre a temática em função das demandas de países latino-americanos com contextos históricos de pós-ditaduras, processos de redemocratização e constituições nacionais relativamente recentes, semelhantes ao Brasil. Comparam-se os enunciados dos artigos da referida lei, com os princípios epistêmicos discutidos, entre os quais se incluem, dentre outros: máxima divulgação, promoção de um governo aberto, procedimentos facilitadores do acesso, limitação das exceções, custos limitados, legitimação de quaisquer pessoas para pleitear a informação, desnecessidade da expressão do motivo no requerimento, abrangência dos formatos de meios de reprodução documental para atender à variabilidade tecnológica, prazos de atendimento que visam o princípio da celeridade. As conclusões do estudo indicam que o estatuto epistemológico contemporâneo acerca da temática -o direito de ser informado -e todos os demais requisitos e princípios teórico-epistêmicos para uma legislação democrática em prol de uma transparência real -e futura -do Estado encontram-se na lei brasileira. O único princípio que a lei brasileira não atende diz respeito ao acerto de contas com o passado, omitindo qualquer referência à Comissão da Verdade. Os desafios de implantação fática da lei dependem de progressiva mudança de conduta dos agentes públicos, sujeitos passivos na garantia desse direito, como um esforço em direção a uma cultura da transparência.

To look at how the law strikes the balance between secrecy security and accountability, this article will look at a number of key aspects being legislation, case law, and look at the current surveillance issues that have been exposed due to such events as WikiLeaks and the ‘Snowden’ affair. Looking at the need for secrecy, as Patrick Birkinshaw states, “any responsible advocate for open government and freedom of information must accept that there are subjects that we do not all need to know and be informed on and that we cannot insist on knowing as of right  ”.  It is a surprise to many people throughout the world that the UK security and intelligence only received statutory footing in the last 30 years.

Sandra Campos Olivera -Gobieno electrónico en el Perú: Propuestas para el Gobierno Regional de Arequipa CC INTRODUCCIÓN a construcción de una sociedad conectada es uno de los grandes desafíos de nuestro tiempo para la humanidad, puesto que la tecnología incide cada vez más en todos los aspectos de nuestras vidas, modificando las relaciones entre todos los actores de la sociedad y creando una nueva forma de división llamada brecha digital.

This paper examines coding applied by seven different review groups on the same set of twenty eight thousand documents. The results indicate that the level of agreement between the reviewer groups is much lower than might be suspected based on the general level of confidence on the part of the legal profession in the accuracy and consistency of document review by humans. Each document from a set of twenty eight thousand documents was reviewed for responsiveness, privilege and relevance to specific issues by seven independent review teams. Examination of the seven sets of coding tags for responsiveness revealed an inter-reviewer agreement of 43% for either responsive or non-responsive determinations. The agreement on the responsive determination alone was 9% and on the non-responsive determination was 34% of the total document family count. Pair-wise analysis of the seven groups of reviewers provided higher rates, however no pairing of the teams indicated that there is an unequivocally 1 Thomas I. Barnett is the leader of the e-Discovery, records and information management consulting division of Iron Mountain, Inc.; Svetlana Godjevac is a senior consultant at Iron Mountain, Inc. 2 superior assessment of the dataset by any of the teams. This paper considers the ramifications of low agreement of human manual review in the legal domain and the need for industry benchmarks and standards. Suggestions are offered for improving the quality of human manual review using statistical quality control (QC) measures and machine-learning tools for pre-assessment and document categorization. 4 unit 2 size was two. The majority of the corpus, 99%, consisted of families with no more than eight attachments. The family size frequencies are provided in Figure 2. FIGURE 1-DATA COMPOSITION OF THE REVIEW SET FIGURE 2-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY-UNIT SIZE-Most families consisted of two or one member. Bin Frequency Cumulative %

"Cloud Computing. In Search of Lost Law in the Web 3.0" is one of the most complete essays on the cloud, giving informations on a bunch of aspects related to the considered technology, such as privacy, cybersecurity, disaster recovery, copyright, e-Government, e-School, e-Health, servitization, consumer protection, SMEs protection, right to access the Internet, green cloud and contracts, with some considerations of philosophy of law and general legal theory on the evolution of the property paradigm and on third enclosure movement. The esssay has been made studying all the relevant international, european, national and regional normative acts, included soft law instruments and the comparative analysis. Case law and the literature are central, with a multidisciplinary approach that makes capital of a number of computer science articles.

1. Cenni introduttivi e precisazioni metodologiche. - 2. La sfida tecnologica al diritto e ai diritti. - 3. Il cloud computing e la terza fase dell’era digitale. - 4. Per un inquadramento giuridico trasversale della nuvola. - 5. La protezione dei dati fra profili securitari e riservatezza. Soft law e armonizzazione per via contrattuale. - 6. Amministrativizzazione del diritto e disaster recovery. - 7. Il diritto d’autore, la terza enclosure e il nuovo paradigma appropriativo dell’immateriale. - 8. La modernizzazione delle amministrazioni: e-Government, e-School ed e-Health. - 9. La nuvola e il settore R&S. Qualche cenno a Horizon 2020. - 10. Diritto della crisi, servitization, transizione digitale e tutela degli attori deboli del mercato. - 11. La rilevanza per i diritti fondamentali. Il diritto ad Internet e il green cloud. - 12. Contratti cloud. Problema tassonomico e asimmetria di potere nei contratti alieni. - 13. Osservazioni conclusive

Il presente saggio intende mettere a fuoco il fenomeno del
cloud computing, tentando di setacciare i frammenti normativi dispersi in un fiume di norme difficilmente componibili a sistema, al fine di ricostruire il quadro giuridico vigente in materia. La certezza e la conoscibilità del diritto sono esigenze che si fanno viepiù pressanti in un terreno, come quello in esame, ancora tutto da dissodare e l’ignoranza del quale può a ragione far temere, con la prozia Léonie nella Recherche, che « la journée ne se passera pas sans pluie ». Ed è alla luce dell’attuale incertezza che si spiega il singolare fenomeno per cui, secondo una ricerca del 2014, gran parte delle imprese italiane ha familiarità con la nuvola informatica, laddove solo una sparuta minoranza ha già iscritto in bilancio una posta per la transizione verso il nuovo paradigma. Non ci si limiterà a porre nel buratto il diritto positivo tradizionalmente inteso (sovrastatale, nazionale e regionale), ma, altresì, strumenti di soft law interni ed europei, nonché i contributi di autorità amministrative indipendenti e le riflessioni della più attenta
dottrina anche extra-giuridica. Ciò nella convinzione che l’interdisciplinarità in questo campo non sia una scelta rimessa alla discrezionalità del singolo, ma un imperativo epistemologico. Chiudendo quante alle premesse metodologiche, si precisa che, dopo aver descritto il funzionamento della nuvola informatica e aver dato conto di alcuni documenti normativi a carattere generale, si procederà a una ricostruzione di tipo tematico, in modo tale da fornire, tanto al teorico, quanto al pratico, un agile strumento di lavoro, che allevî dalla faticosa lettura della congerie di atti riguardanti il cloud, potendosi concentrare anche solo sugli aspetti di contingente interesse.

THIS IS ONLY FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES. NO COMMERCIAL USE IS PERMITTED

The publication contains a brief description of the process and the main (but not all) of the research results on the problem the origin of the term information, its basic concepts, and the analysis of the possibility of recognition information by general scientific or branch category. Some The results were first presented in Russian and significantly complement the existing ideas about information. Addressed to researchers, teachers, graduate students, students, and may also be of interest to a wide range of readers who are interested in issues of information law and theory of law.

Nowadays algorithms can decide if one can get a loan, is allowed to cross a border, or must go to prison. Artificial intelligence techniques (natural language processing and machine learning in the first place) enable private and public decision-makers to analyse big data in order to build profiles, which are used to make decisions in an automated way.

This work presents ten arguments against algorithmic decision-making. These revolve around the concepts of ubiquitous discretionary interpretation, holistic intuition, algorithmic bias, the three black boxes, psychology of conformity, power of sanctions, civilising force of hypocrisy, pluralism, empathy, and technocracy.

The lack of transparency of the algorithmic decision-making process does not stem merely from the characteristics of the relevant techniques used, which can make it impossible to access the rationale of the decision. It depends also on the abuse of and overlap between intellectual property rights (the “legal black box”). In the US, nearly half a million patented inventions concern algorithms; more than 67% of the algorithm-related patents were issued over the last ten years and the trend is increasing.

To counter the increased monopolisation of algorithms by means of intellectual property rights (with trade secrets leading the way), this paper presents three legal routes that enable citizens to ‘open’ the algorithms.

First, copyright and patent exceptions, as well as trade secrets are discussed.

Second, the GDPR is critically assessed. In principle, data controllers are not allowed to use algorithms to take decisions that have legal effects on the data subject’s life or similarly significantly affect them. However, when they are allowed to do so, the data subject still has the right to obtain human intervention, to express their point of view, as well as to contest the decision. Additionally, the data controller shall provide meaningful information about the logic involved in the algorithmic decision.

Third, this paper critically analyses the first known case of a court using the access right under the freedom of information regime to grant an injunction to release the source code of the computer program that implements an algorithm.

Only an integrated approach – which takes into account intellectual property, data protection, and freedom of information – may provide the citizen affected by an algorithmic decision of an effective remedy as required by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU and the European Convention on Human Rights.

Recommended citation: Guido Noto La Diega, Against the Dehumanisation of Decision-Making – Algorithmic Decisions at the Crossroads of Intellectual Property, Data Protection, and Freedom of Information, 9 (2018) JIPITEC 3 para 1

Here comes your footer  Page 5 LA RESPONSABILITÀ PENALE  INGIURIA (art. 594 c.p.) "Chiunque offende l'onore o il decoro di una persona presente è punito con la reclusione fino a sei mesi o con la multa fino a euro 516. Alla stessa pena soggiace chi commette il fatto mediante comunicazione telegrafica o telefonica, o con scritti o disegni, diretti alla persona offesa. La pena è della reclusione fino a un anno o della multa fino a euro 1.032 se l'offesa consiste nell'attribuzione di un fatto determinato. Le pene sono aumentate qualora l'offesa sia commessa in presenza di più persone"

This article sheds light on the pressing issue of software patents by giving an account of the approaches followed in Europe, the US and India. The occasion of this study is the adoption in 2016 of the final version of the Indian guidelines on the examination of computer-related inventions, which have been surprisingly overlooked in the legal literature. The main idea is that the Internet of Things will lead to a dramatic increase of applications for software patents and if examiners, courts, and legislators are not careful, there is a concrete risk of a surreptitious generalised grant of patents for computer programs as such (in Europe) and for abstract ideas without inventive concept (in the US). The clarity provided by the Indian guidelines, following a lively public debate, can constitute good practice that Europe and the US should take into account. Conversely, the sea of patent software looks very stormy in the US, where, after some reversals of the leading case Alice Corp v CLS Bank International, there seems to be the risk of swelling the ranks of speculative schemers who make it their business to watch the advancing wave of improvement, and gather its foam in the form of patented monopolies. Some good news, however, comes from a dissenting opinion that innovatively suggests bringing free speech into the reasoning on patents.

PLEASE CITE AS: Guido NOTO LA DIEGA, Software patents and the Internet of Things in Europe, the United States, and India, in European Intellectual Property Review, 2017, 39(3), 173-184.

This article is a useful tool for both Asian and European readers as regards some of the state-of-the-art technologies revolving around the Internet of Things (‘IoT’) and their intersection with cloud computing (the Clouds of Things, ‘CoT’) in both the continents. The main legal issues will be presented, with a focus on intellectual property, consumer protection, and privacy. India and the United Kingdom are selected because they are at the forefront of the IoT innovation in their respective countries. The IoT is an expanding and heterogeneous universe encompassing all Things which are capable of connectivity and are equipped with sensing and actuating capabilities. One can find Things in very diverse sectors, from agriculture to manufacturing, retail, healthcare, leisure, domotics, urban development, etc. Therefore, not only is providing an exhaustive and static definition of the IoT nearly impossible (or at least pointless), but also the endeavour of providing a complete picture of the phenomenon would be a cumbersome path towards failure. Consequently, I will give account only of the highlights of the IoT in India and the United Kingdom. In India, the IoT will be analysed through the prism of net neutrality, smart cities, manufacturing, computer-related inventions, and a recent bill on the surveillance aspects of the world’s largest biometric database (Aadhaar). In turn, I will look at the British context by analysing some (quasi) regulatory acts with a focus on privacy and consumer protection. One last caveat. When it comes to new technologies, one tends to be either ‘apocalyptic’ or ‘integrated’. Either the technology will save us all by leveraging a revolution leading to a disruptive innovation, or it will destroy our lives and the world will go to the dogs. I take a middle position and believe that through education, collective awareness, and soft law, one will be able to keep the human being at the centre of innovation, to unite people rather than divide them, to empower them and alleviate discrimination and poverty. What is important is neither should one delegate to technology nor to rely entirely on government: if the IoT is to actually become a revolution, it will do so due to the commitment of each and every one of us who will contribute to create the Internet of Citizens.

PLEASE CITE AS: Guido NOTO LA DIEGA, The Internet of Citizens. A lawyer’s view on some technological developments in the United Kingdom and India, in Indian Journal of Law & Technology, 2017, 12(1), 53-104.

La libertad de expresión representa una de las garantías del buen fun- cionamiento de las sociedades democráticas actuales; de hecho libertad de expresión y sistema democrático pueden considerarse dos binomios inseparables. La posibilidad de comunicarse libremente en una sociedad constituye la piedra angular de todo sistema democrático, ya que sin ella, el sistema democrático no sería tal. De ahí la necesidad de preservar la libertad de expresión y permanecer en alerta constante de los riesgos a los que está expuesta de modo permanente.
Los medios de comunicación social en cuanto a su influjo en la formación de la opinión pública están de modo permanente en el punto de mira de aquellos que ostentan responsabilidades políticas y empresaria- les. Un buen antídoto para evitar y controlar coerciones en la libertad de expresión es cultivar el pensamiento crítico para la construcción de una opinión pública.

During the last years the content industry is facing a second “Gutenberg revolution”. To meet the new consumers’ demands, in an environment reshaped by new technologies, information and knowledge are reinventing themselves and their business models. This book is an opportunity to stimulate the knowledge and awareness concerning key strategic choices for the future of digital content examining the complex relationship between information security and the law in the context of web services.

The purpose of this analysis is to highlight how the phenomenon of cancel culture affects various principles and fundamental rights guaranteed by all the democratic Constitutions, with particular focus on the Italian system, in connection with the supranational legal system (e.g. freedom of opinion, right to manifestation of thought, right to be informed). The paper aims at demonstrating how these choices undermine the general principle of tolerance, milestone of all democratic States. In connection with the main topic, the issues raised by the provision of customized, sometimes even purged, information by search engines and social media, rather than complete and transparent information, are analysed. The exploitation of such practice in online activism practices, and its dubious legitimacy, are assessed as well.

Professor Braman introduces the first issue of the journal with an exploration of the definition, scope, and relevance of the concept of "information policy." She sets forth the five criteria which define it as a coherent field of study, and notes the timeliness of its having a journal, as information policy increasingly shapes the world in which we live.

International law imposes positive obligations on states to restrict illegal information flow. The limitations which require an adoption of relevant prohibiting provisions in the legislation at the national level include prohibition of propaganda for war and terrorism, incitement to national, racial or religious hatred, direct and public incitement to genocide and child pornography. At the same time freedom of expression constitutes the fundamental base of democratic society and the cornerstone for the rule of law at national and international levels.Taking into consideration the above mentioned the paper provides with the formal analyses of Ukrainian criminal law and its correspondence to the international law obligations to prohibit illegal information flow.

This paper examines coding applied by seven different review groups on the same set of twenty eight thousand documents. The results indicate that the level of agreement between the reviewer groups is much lower than might be suspected based on the general level of confidence on the part of the legal profession in the accuracy and consistency of document review by humans. Each document from a set of twenty eight thousand documents was reviewed for responsiveness, privilege and relevance to specific issues by seven independent review teams. Examination of the seven sets of coding tags for responsiveness revealed an inter-reviewer agreement of 43% for either responsive or non-responsive determinations. The agreement on the responsive determination alone was 9% and on the non-responsive determination was 34% of the total document family count. Pair-wise analysis of the seven groups of reviewers provided higher rates, however no pairing of the teams indicated that there is an unequivocally 1 Thomas I. Barnett is the leader of the e-Discovery, records and information management consulting division of Iron Mountain, Inc.; Svetlana Godjevac is a senior consultant at Iron Mountain, Inc. 2 superior assessment of the dataset by any of the teams. This paper considers the ramifications of low agreement of human manual review in the legal domain and the need for industry benchmarks and standards. Suggestions are offered for improving the quality of human manual review using statistical quality control (QC) measures and machine-learning tools for pre-assessment and document categorization. 4 unit 2 size was two. The majority of the corpus, 99%, consisted of families with no more than eight attachments. The family size frequencies are provided in Figure 2. FIGURE 1-DATA COMPOSITION OF THE REVIEW SET FIGURE 2-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY-UNIT SIZE-Most families consisted of two or one member. Bin Frequency Cumulative %

In the age of social media where it is almost impossible to escape your past on the Internet, the right to be forgotten enhances the ability of the individual to control the use of his or her personal data. Such a right has been recognized by the CJEU in the Google Spain case as far as search engines are concerned. With the adoption of the Data Protection Regulation by the EU it will form part of the EU legal framework in data protection.

In their book Blown to Bits: How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy, authors Evans and Wurster see the transfer of information as a 'trade-off between richness and reach'. Reach refers to the number of people who share particular information, with ...

This paper examines coding applied by seven different review groups on the same set of twenty eight thousand documents. The results indicate that the level of agreement between the reviewer groups is much lower than might be suspected based on the general level of confidence on the part of the legal profession in the accuracy and consistency of document review by humans. Each document from a set of twenty eight thousand documents was reviewed for responsiveness, privilege and relevance to specific issues by seven independent review teams. Examination of the seven sets of coding tags for responsiveness revealed an inter-reviewer agreement of 43% for either responsive or non-responsive determinations. The agreement on the responsive determination alone was 9% and on the non-responsive determination was 34% of the total document family count. Pair-wise analysis of the seven groups of reviewers provided higher rates, however no pairing of the teams indicated that there is an unequivocally 1 Thomas I. Barnett is the leader of the e-Discovery, records and information management consulting division of Iron Mountain, Inc.; Svetlana Godjevac is a senior consultant at Iron Mountain, Inc. 2 superior assessment of the dataset by any of the teams. This paper considers the ramifications of low agreement of human manual review in the legal domain and the need for industry benchmarks and standards. Suggestions are offered for improving the quality of human manual review using statistical quality control (QC) measures and machine-learning tools for pre-assessment and document categorization. 4 unit 2 size was two. The majority of the corpus, 99%, consisted of families with no more than eight attachments. The family size frequencies are provided in Figure 2. FIGURE 1-DATA COMPOSITION OF THE REVIEW SET FIGURE 2-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY-UNIT SIZE-Most families consisted of two or one member. Bin Frequency Cumulative %

The volume is devoted to the relevant problems in the legal sphere, created and generated by recent advances in science and technology. In particular, it investigates a series of cutting-edge contemporary and controversial case-studies where scientific and technological issues intersect with individual legal rights. The book addresses challenging topics at the intersection of communication technologies and biotech innovations such as freedom of expression, right to health, knowledge production, Internet content regulation, accessibility and freedom of scientific research.

The Upper Information Rights Tribunal in the UK recently held that controllers not required by law to report data breaches are still subject to monetary penalties even if they voluntarily report a breach. The Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) and some information law experts stated that this holding notwithstanding, the economic benefits of self-reporting still outweigh the risk of penalties since the ICO considers self-reporting a mitigating factor in determining the amount of any fine. This paper attempts a theoretical analysis of controllers’ risk calculi to determine if they are truly better off self-reporting breaches. Based on historic ICO data, we first examine the claim that self-reporting mitigates a penalty’s magnitude. We then investigate whether the mitigation of penalty amounts alone is sufficient to persuade controllers that they are better off self-reporting given their “chances of being fined.” Conventional models use a fixed value for this probability in analy...

It is not reasonable to discuss rights and justice in a society where human rights are not guaranteed and severely violated. Human rights are the most fundamental rights that have co-existed since the man's inception, and the supreme goal of any state must be to protect human rights. A part of the fundamental rights enshrined in international conventions and constitutions, which are the basic laws of states, are related to the media.One of the most discussed and controversial topics in the Republic of Azerbaijan last year - 2021 - is the draft law "On Media". This law was not so welcomed by journalists, lawyers and the people. Of course, the main reason for this is the excessive restrictions in the law. The lack of a free media poses a serious threat to human rights, as well as a major threat to journalists' freedom - journalists are responsible for conveying the truth to the public in the most accurate and precise manner, without interference or restriction, and any provisions that could harm their activities should be avoided.

BACKGROUND: Point 7 of the Rome Declaration is aimed at improving data sharing and technological and knowledge transfer as instruments to implement health policies. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current paper is to understand if the legal framework (especially at a transnational level) may actually help to achieve the objectives laid down by Principle 7 or if some interpretative or legislative actions will be necessary. METHODS: The paper analyses the legal sources at international and EU levels. RESULTS: The applicable rules are based on the idea that the information and material are forms of 'property' of the individuals or of the states (i.e., the sovereign). According to the traditional idea of property, the owner has a sort of absolute power over the res and is entitled to exclude others from any rights over the thing. The 'property paradigm' may be useful to protect some relevant interests, but it can also affect collective interests, such as those concerning health during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: In order to build a global system for the exchange of data and materials as provided for by Principle 7 of the Rome Declaration, a new legal approach should be elaborated which takes into consideration the international corpus of fundamental rights, including research freedom, the right to health and the principle of transnational 'digital' solidarity.

İnsanların internet üzerinden diyalog ve farklı multimedya ürünleri paylaşımını sağlayan sosyal medya, sosyal hayatımızda önemli bir yere sahiptir. Özellikle son dönemlerde sosyal medya kişisel verilerin korunması, özel ve aile hayatının güvenliği açısından farklı tehditlerin oluşumunu da kendi ile beraberinde getirmiştir. Sosyal medya hukukunun araştırma alanını teşkil eden bu gibi yasadışı eylemlerin önlenmesi ve güvenilir bir dijital dünyanın oluşumu tüm insanlığı ilgilendiren meseledir. Araştırmamızda sosyal medya ve sosyal medya hukuku kavramını, sosyal medya üzerinden kişisel verilerin korunmasına ilişkin mevcut problem ve imkanları ele almaya çalıştık. Sonuç ve değerlendirme kısmında internet üzerinde kişisel ve aile hayatımızın dokunulmazlığına ilişkin sorumluluklarımızdan ve yapılması gereken bazı tedbirlerden bahsettik. Anahtar kelimeler: sosyal medya; sosyal medya hukuku, kişisel verilerin korunması, özel ve aile hayatına saygı, sosyal ağ.

PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA IN SOCIAL MEDIA LAW ABSTRACT Social Media, what provides us communication and sharing different multimedia products on internet is one of the main part of our life. But especially recently, social media has brought different threats to protection of personal data and security of private and family life. The prevention of such illegal acts, which constitute the main research area of social media law and for- mation of a secure digital world are important issues for humanity. We tried to deal about the concept of social media and social media law, the current problems and opportunities regarding the protection of personal data via social media in our research. As a result, we talked about our responsibilities and take the necessary measures about respect for our private and family life on internet. Keywords: social media; social media law; protection of personal data; respect for private and family life; social network

Стаття присвячена аналізу змісту категорії «недостовірна інформація». Проаналізовано доктринальні погляди стосовно достовірності як загальної властивості інформації, факторів, що впливають на формування недостовірної інформації. Здійснено аналіз наявних у науковій літературі, в судовій практиці поглядів щодо категорії «недостовірна інформація». На основі проведеного дослідження визначено зміст категорії «недостовірна інформація».


The article is devoted to the analysis of the content of the category “unreliable information”. Analyzed
the position of scientists regarding such information properties as reliability, regarding factors affecting the
formation of unreliable information. The analysis of the available in the scientific literature, in the judicial
practice of views regarding the category “unreliable information” is carried out. As the result of investigation
conducted, the content of the category “unreliable information” is determined.

The first freedom of information law was enacted in Sweden back in 1766 as the “Freedom of the Press and the Right of Access to Public Records Act”. It sets an example even today. However, the “triumph” of the freedom of information did not take place until much later. Many western legal systems arose from the American Freedom of Information Act, which was signed into law by President L.B. Johnson in 1966. This Act obliges all administrative authorities to provide information to citizens and imposes any necessary limitations. In an exemplary manner, it standardizes the objective of administrative control to protect citizens from government interference with their fundamental rights. Over 100 countries around the world have meanwhile implemented some form of freedom of information legislation. The importance of the right of access to information as an aspect of transparency and a condition for the rule of law and democracy is now also becoming apparent in international treaties at a regional level. This article provides an overview on the crucial elements and the guiding legal principles of transparency legislation, also by tracing back the lines of development of national and international case-law.

Dette kapitel om personlighedsret indgår i Lærebog i informationsret (2016, Jurist- og Økonomforbundets Forlag), som behandler en række immaterialretlige emner som ophavsret, persondataret, erhvervshemmelighedsbeskyttelse m.v.

Personlighedsret er en juridisk disciplin, som beskæftiger sig med de retsregler, der beskytter individets integritet og personlighed, og som giver individet ret til at forbyde andre at foretage nærmere angivne behandlinger af information , der kan henføres til den pågældende person.

Personlighedsretten omfatter navnlig emner som retten til eget navn, billede og stemme, retten til egne oplysninger og historie, retten til privatliv, aere og omdømme, retten til egen identitet og valg af eget personlighedsbillede i offentligheden.

Personlighedsretlige problemstillinger har fået en stadig større betydning i takt med internettets udbredelse, den teknologiske udvikling og digitaliseringen af almindelige kommunikationsformer og nyhedsformidlingen. Den enkle måde, hvorpå information om et menneske, herunder navnlig personbilleder og personoplysninger, kan offentliggøres og videreformidles til en større og nogle gange ubegraenset kreds, aktualiserer ofte spørgsmål af personlighedsretlig karakter. Det samme gælder teknologier, som til samfundsmaessige eller kommercielle formål kan indsamle og lagre information om enkeltpersoners færden i det offentlige rum, og den persondyrkelse af kendte mennesker, som kan være forbundet med betydelige ideelle og kommercielle interesser.

Information disclosure is a key principle of democratic and legitimate governance. It is an inevitable need for improving public policy decisions and stimulating citizen’s awareness to collectively produce high quality decisions. The purpose of this study is to determine the scope of openness in Kurdistan’s public sector organizations. It also intends to identify the kind of information that citizens want to access. This paper found that the information provided by the government is incomplete, inaccurate, untimely and inaccessible. The finding emphasized that the government failed to disseminate information on policy intention. The study stressed that information on budgeting is more favored by respondents.

No es infrecuente, al menos en el Derecho comparado, que las solicitudes de acceso a la información pública tengan por objeto el intercambio de correos electrónicos
de empleados y cargos públicos.
El examen de la casuística comparada e interna
demuestra que el objeto de las solicitudes comprende tanto el contenido de las comunicaciones institucionales (incluidas las electrónicas), como la información relativa a los metadatos de los correos
electrónicos o los archivos adjuntos a los mismos.
En España, el CTBG y los Consejos autonómicos ya han tenido ocasión de abordar algunas solicitudes de acceso a la correspondencia escrita y correos electrónicos institucionales con relación al cumplimiento de compromisos internacionales en materia de transparencia (CTBG 2015) o en materia fiscal (CTBG 2016), procedimientos de contratación de personal (CTyPD-A 2016), la correspondencia histórica de una corporación local obrante en archivos comarcales (GAIP 2016) o procedimientos de
concentración parcelaria (CTCL).
El Derecho comparado ofrece una casuística muy variada en el ámbito local o regional relativa al acceso a correos electrónicos institucionales con
relación a programas de colaboración interadministrativa (S.D.N.Y 2011), control de la ejecución de contratos públicos (CT-Chile 2012), políticas tarifarias (ICO 2014), prestación de servicios de asistencia social (CADA 2015), políticas de desarrollo regional y autorización de locales de ocio (CT-Chile 2015) , o venta de terrenos públicos (ICO 2017).
También con clara incidencia en el ámbito local, la práctica comparada ha ido más allá, al delimitar bajo qué circunstancias es posible el acceso a la información
contenida en cuentas de correos privadas e incluso en dispositivos personales utilizados por empleados y responsables públicos (ICO 2012).
Desde la perspectiva de la transparencia de las instituciones públicas, el tema que aquí se aborda no es una cuestión menor. En palabras del CT-Chileno, afirmar el carácter de «comunicaciones privadas» de los correos «enviados y recibidos por servidores públicos respecto de materias propias del desempeño de sus funciones»
posibilitaría excluir del derecho de acceso «documentos esencialmente públicos por el puro hecho de ser remitidos por esa vía». Para esta Autoridad independiente, lo anterior generaría «un bolsón de opacidad» que permitiría a las instituciones públicas «vulnerar la letra y el espíritu de la Ley de Transparencia».

In this paper we present some aspects of an intelligent interface for a WWWeb legal information retrieval system. Our system is able to keep the context of the user interaction in order to supply suggestions for further refinement of the user queries. The set of documents obtained from the user queries is dynamically organised in clusters labeled with keywords from a juridical thesaurus. Since, some of the texts were not previously classified, we have developed an automatic juridical classifier based on a neural network. The classifier receives as input a legal text and proposes a set of juridical terms that characterize it.

El texto analiza las bases internacionales y constitucionales del derecho a la verdad en un régimen de justicia de transición, vinculándolo con el derecho de acceso a la información en poder del Estado. En busca de la efectividad de un régimen de transición, el autor destaca la necesidad de que las autoridades públicas responsables de las comisiones de la verdad u organismos garantes del acceso a la información, sean dotados de facultades para actuar con independencia. El texto también propone, alternativamente, que el legislador, siempre que le sea posible, indique ejemplos de expresiones como “seguridad nacional” e “interés público”, frecuentemente consideradas como obstáculos para el derecho de acceso a la información y el acceso a la verdad, por autoridades administrativas que carecen de independencia, de modo que se sientan más vinculadas a una exégesis literal de las normas, reduciéndoles el margen de actuación (de discrecionalidad y de apreciación) y, finalmente, proporcionando una mayor seguridad jurídica y, en cualquier caso, la credibilidad del sistema en general.

Texto de la conferencia ofrecida en el VI Congreso Internacional de Derecho Constitucional: Constituciones para la Paz, organizado por la Universidad Libre de Colombia, en Bogotá, el 25 de septiembre de 2014.

English Abstract: This text analyses the international and constitutional bases of the right to the truth under a transitional justice system, linking it with the right to access information that is held by the State. In the search for an effective transitional system, the author points out that it is necessary for the public authorities in charge of the truth commissions and organisations guaranteeing information access to be endowed with powers of independent action. The text also proposes, as a solution, that the legislators, whenever possible, should give examples of expressions such as “national security” and “public interest”, which are frequently considered by non-independent public authorities as obstacles to the right to access information and the truth. Such authorities therefore feel bound to interpret the laws strictly by the letter, which reduces their scope of action (margin of discretion and evaluation). In the final analysis, such legislative definitions would create greater legal certainty and improve the general credibility of the legal system.

Asked to edit and critically review the exchange between philosopher Rafael Capurro and Linda Treude on the concept of information, the below linked document presents the final version of the exchange, including my contributions to copy and content editing as well as bibliographic suggestions from my review. The final version of the document can be accessed at http://www.capurro.de/moraes.html

- Jared Bielby


"The term information is omnipresent in academic research as well as in everyday life. Buzz words such as information society, information age or information overload are floating around everywhere. But what do we mean exactly with 'information' in different contexts?

The philosopher Rafael Capurro dealt with this question in the late 1970's in his PhD thesis on the concept of information. Especially the philosophical community was suffering at that time from a lack of reflection thereupon. Capurro tried to fill this gap. The following remark by the physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (1912-2007) had a particular impact on him.

"Today we are getting accustomed [...] to understand information as something different from matter and consciousness. What we have discovered is an old truth in a new place. It is the Platonic eidos, the Aristotelian form, expressed in words such that also a human being in the 20th century can learn about them."

Weizsäcker’s step back to the history of ideas motivated Capurro also to deal with ethical issues of the information society particularly since the rise of the internet. The handling of digital information requires new cultural skills that are addressed with the term 'information literacy.' In the last ten years many projects in the Library and Information Science field (LIS) include or are even focused on information literacy (IL). In many of these projects there is a pre-understanding that IL has to do with the ability to find, filter, and process digital information. At the same time, there is a gap between this pre-understanding and an the ongoing academic discussion on the concept of information. The following dialogue deals particularly with this gap."

~ Linda Treude

This paper describes a work in progress within the evolving transactional learning environment at Glasgow Graduate School of Law and places this development within the wider context of our philosophy of professional legal education. The pedagogic rationale and models on which our work is based are described and the practical implications of the implementation discussed.

Le tecnologie digitali hanno favorito l’emergere di nuove
modalità di regolamentazione e di governance, in quanto consentono processi più decentrati di elaborazione,
gestione e controllo dell’informazione. Allo stesso tempo tali
tecnologie facilitano e supportano l’utilizzo di pratiche considerate illegali o illecite, specie nel mondo dei contenuti digitali. Tali argomenti sollevano la questione di come sia possibile controllare e governare le nuove tecnologie della comunicazione salvaguardando le libertà dei loro utilizzatori. In questo stesso contesto, si pone altresì il problema di come conciliare la dimensione globale di tali strumenti comunicativi con le libertà individuali, gli interessi economici in gioco e le particolari esigenze di ogni singolo stato. Considerando tale contesto, il seminario intende mettere l’accento sul ruolo fondamentale svolto dalle nuove forme di espressione e
comunicazione mediate dalle reti di computer, il loro potenziale sulla democratizzazione della libertà d’espressione e le incognite in termini di conflitto tra diritti.