History of Physics

According to the historian and sinologist Joseph Needham, Piyo Rattansi is "one of the most profound students of the English world of the scientific revolution". In this interview, Rattansi addresses several topics including historiography, history and philosophy of science, history of Kenya, history of 17th-century England, Isaac Newton, among other themes.

Editorial: https://revistas.pucsp.br/circumhc/article/view/43321/28799

In this paper we have tried to deduce the possible origin of particle and evolution of their intrinsic properties through spiral dynamics. We consider some of the observations which include exponential mass function of particles following a sequence when fitted on logarithmic potential spiral, inwardly rotating spiral dynamics in Reaction-Diffusion System, the separation of Electron’s Spin-Charge-Orbit into quasi-particles. The paper brings a picture of particles and their Anti Particles in spiral form and explains how the difference in structure varies their properties. It also explains the effects on particles in Accelerator deduced through spiral dynamics.

The Women, Co-occurring Disorders, and Violence Study (WCDVS) was a multi-site cooperative study to evaluate new service models for women with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders and a history of physical and/or sexual abuse. Despite common features in the service interventions and evaluation procedures, diversity across the nine sites plus differences introduced by non-random assignment led to numerous methodological challenges. This article describes the design, measurement, and analysis decisions behind the WCDVS and lays the foundation for understanding participant-level outcomes and service costs. This article also describes the study population, as recruited and following attrition at the 6-month follow-up, in order to address the threat of selection bias to inferences drawn from this multi-site study.

Objectives: To determine the factors associated with domestic violence against pregnant Palestinian refugee women residing in Lebanon and currently using the United Nation Relief and Work Agency's (UNRWA) primary healthcare services. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a polyclinic of primary healthcare of the UNRWA in South Lebanon during the years 2005-2006. The sample was 351 pregnant women who were 15-42 years of age and not accompanied by their husbands or relatives. All women were invited by the midwife to participate in the study during their visit to the clinic for their first checkup or during a follow-up visit. The Abuse Assessment Screen instrument was used to screen for past and recent history of physical and emotional abuse among the participants. Results: Domestic violence was significantly associated with education, gestational age, fear of husband or someone else in the house, and unintended pregnancy. The odds of abuse for women with an elementary or lower education were 6.86 (95% CI 1.2-38.1) and for women with an intermediate or secondary education 6.84 (95% CI 1.4-33.3) compared with women with a university education. The odds of abuse during pregnancy for women whose husbands did not desire their pregnancy were 3.80 (95% CI 1.5-9.7) compared with other women. Conclusions: Domestic violence against women in Lebanon was associated with educational level, gestational age, fear of husband or someone else in the house, and unintended pregnancy.

El objeto del presente trabajo es el análisis de la literatura publicada sobre el tema de la figura de la Tierra entre 1687 y 1743. Nuestro estudio se ve acotado por dos fechas cuya importancia ha sido resaltada por numerosos autores. l,a primera de ellas, 1687, coincide con la publicación de los Philosophiae rvaturalis Princ$ia Mathematica de Newton,
obra en la que, como veremos, se aborda el problerria desde primeros principios. En efecto, los trabajos empíricos hasta entonces realizados para la valoración de las dimensiones del planeta, adquirieron una dimensión totalmente nueva a partir de esa fecha. El estudio de Newton demostraba la insuficiencia de recursos de la ciencia experimental y el abismo existente entre la precisión que podían asegurar los métodos de la astronomía práctica y las nuevas exigencias planteadas por su mecánica celeste. La segunda fecha propuesta coincide con la publica-
ción por A. C. Clairaut de la Théorze de la figure de la terre (París, 1743): obra en la que se sintetiza y desarrolla todo cuanto estas cinco décadas habían aportado sobre el tema. La hidrostática e hidrodinámica serán definitivamente reformuladas en forma de primeros principios por Euler en 1753; antes de ello, Clairaut establecerá las condiciones generales de equilibrio hidrostático y los métodos de integración de las ecuaciones diferenciales en derivadas parciales que su estudio requería.
Se cierra así una etapa en cuyo comienzo Newton no sabía pensar el término fluido sin imaginar explícitamente niasas de agua canalizadas.

A complete history of early atomic models would fill volumes, but a reasonably coherent tale of the path from mechanical atoms to the quantum can be told by focusing on the relevant work of three great contributors to atomic physics, in the critically important years between 1904 and 1913: J. J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr. We first examine the origins of Thomson's mechanical atomic models, from his ethereal vortex atoms in the early 1880's, to the myriad "corpuscular" atoms he proposed following the discovery of the electron in 1897. Beyond qualitative predictions for the periodicity of the elements, the application of Thomson's atoms to problems in scattering and absorption led to quantitative predictions that were confirmed by experiments with high-velocity electrons traversing thin sheets of metal. Still, the much more massive and energetic α-particles being studied by Rutherford were better suited for exploring the interior of the atom, and careful measurements on the angular dependence of their scattering eventually allowed him to infer the existence of an atomic nucleus. Niels Bohr was particularly troubled by the radiative instability inherent to any mechanical atom, and succeeded in 1913 where others had failed in the prediction of emission spectra, by making two bold hypotheses that were in contradiction to the laws of classical physics, but necessary in order to account for experimental facts. Contents 1 Introduction 2 The mechanical atoms of J. J. Thomson 2.1 Rings of Saturn and ethereal vortices 2.2 A corpuscular theory of matter 2.3 The number of corpuscles in the atom 3 The nuclear atom of Ernest Rutherford 3.1. Fundamental properties of α-particles 3.2. The angular dependence of α-scattering 3.3. Competing theories and experimental data 4 The quantum atom of Niels Bohr 4.1 Absorption and atomic oscillators 4.2 Hypotheses without mechanical foundation 4.3 Ionized helium and lithium References

The Women, Co-occurring Disorders, and Violence Study (WCDVS) was a multi-site cooperative study to evaluate new service models for women with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders and a history of physical and/or sexual abuse. Despite common features in the service interventions and evaluation procedures, diversity across the nine sites plus differences introduced by non-random assignment led to numerous methodological challenges. This article describes the design, measurement, and analysis decisions behind the WCDVS and lays the foundation for understanding participant-level outcomes and service costs. This article also describes the study population, as recruited and following attrition at the 6-month follow-up, in order to address the threat of selection bias to inferences drawn from this multi-site study. D

Adaptación del instrumento Multidimensional Trauma Recovery and Resilience (MTRR) en una muestra de madres maltratadoras físicas con historia de maltrato fisico y madres no maltratadoras con historia de maltrato físico. Método: La muestra estuvo constituida por 80 participantes provenientes de Santiago y Temuco, quienes, en un diseño de caso control, fueron divididos en dos grupos: un grupo de madres maltratadoras físicas con historia de maltrato físico en la niñez (n = 40) y un grupo de madres no maltratadoras con historia de maltrato físico en la niñez (n = 40). Ambos grupos fueron pareados en 5 variables sociodemográficas. Se estimó la confiabilidad del acuerdo interjueces y la consistencia interna de loś ıtems del inventario MTRR; se hizo un análisis deítems y una comparación de ambos grupos en las ocho escalas del instrumento a través de la prueba de Wilcoxon. Resultados: El nivel de concordancia entre los jueces fue de .79 (coeficiente de concordancia W de Kendall) y la consistencia interna según alfa de Cronbach fue .75. Un total de veinticincoítems (26.3%) discriminaron significativamente entre ambos grupos. La comparación de grupos a través de la prueba de Rangos Señalados de Wilcoxon mostró que seis de las ocho escalas también discriminaron significativamente. Conclusiones: En el contexto de nuestro país, el instrumento presentó resultados fiables y que discriminaron entre los grupos estudiados. Estos datos preliminares apoyan la idea de continuar trabajando en el desarrollo de una versión chilena de este instrumento.

To avoid molecular damage of biomolecules due to oxidation, all cells have evolved constitutive and responsive systems to mitigate and repair chemical modifications. Archaea have adapted to some of the most extreme environments known to support life, including highly oxidizing conditions. However, in comparison to bacteria and eukaryotes, relatively little is known about the biology and biochemistry of archaea in response to changing conditions and repair of oxidative damage. In this study transcriptome, proteome, and chemical reactivity analyses of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) induced oxidative stress in Sulfolobus solfataricus (P2) were conducted. Microarray analysis of mRNA expression showed that 102 transcripts were regulated by at least 1.5 fold, 30 minutes after exposure to 30 mM H 2 O 2 . Parallel proteomic analyses using two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), monitored more than 800 proteins 30 and 105 minutes after exposure and found that 18 had significant changes in abundance. A recently characterized ferritin-like antioxidant protein, DPSL, was the most highly regulated species of mRNA and protein, in addition to being post-translationally modified. As expected, a number of antioxidant related mRNAs and proteins were differentially regulated. Three of these, DPSL, superoxide dismutase, and peroxiredoxin were shown to interact and likely form a novel supramolecular complex for mitigating oxidative damage. A scheme for the ability of this complex to perform multi-step reactions is presented. Despite the central role played by DPSL, cells maintained a lower level of protection after disruption of the dpsl gene, indicating a level of redundancy in the oxidative stress pathways of S. solfataricus. This work provides the first ''omics'' scale assessment of the oxidative stress response for an archeal organism and together with a network analysis using data from previous studies on bacteria and eukaryotes reveals evolutionarily conserved pathways where complex and overlapping defense mechanisms protect against oxygen toxicity.

More than half of substance abusers entering addiction treatment report a history of physical or sexual abuse. It is unclear if such a history impacts treatment outcomes. This one-year follow-up study of 700 substance abusers sought to clarify the relationship between lifetime physical and/or sexual abuse and addiction treatment outcome to help address the specific needs of this population. To achieve this goal, baseline characteristics, no-show for treatment status, post-treatment clinical outcomes, and treatment history were studied for subjects with lifetime history of abuse (47.3%) versus without. Abused subjects, predominantly women, were significantly more impaired at baseline on clinical dimensions including family/social severity and psychiatric severity as measured by the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), and general level of functioning. The two groups endorsed different drugs as primary, with the abused group less frequently endorsing heroin and cocaine in favor of alcohol and polydrug use. Abused subjects reported more prior medical and psychiatric treatments. Abuse history was not a predictor of no-show for treatment. Over the 1-year follow-up, lifetime physical and/or sexual abuse was significantly associated with worse psychiatric status and more psychiatric hospitalizations and outpatient treatment despite receiving similar intensive addiction treatment.

Far from egalitarian, Galileo’s epistemology asserts an uncompromising hierarchy between science and scripture — an idea he suggests originates with early Christian author Tertullian of Carthage. For Galileo, when the scientific data causes us to disagree with the apparent meaning of scripture, it is not the data that we discard nor is it the scientist whose word is subject to doubt. Rather, whenever a disagreement arises, we always reinterpret the Bible and Holy Fathers such that we can make them agree with what the scientist observes. Galileo states, “[H]aving arrived at any certainties in physics, we ought to utilize these as the most appropriate aids in the true exposition of the Bible […], for these must be concordant with demonstrated truths” (183). In other words, we establish matters of fact first , and then decide what interpretations of scripture will maintain the truth of those facts, second. Given that Galileo’s method stands in radical opposition to the methods of the Church as carried out in the Inquisition following the Council of Trent (1563), it is not hard to understand why the Church felt threatened by him and thereby sought to repress his views.

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

You all know about mechanics, the branch of physics that deals with the action of forces on bodies and with motion, comprised of kinetics, statics, and kinematics. The branch of mechanics based on Newton's laws of motion and that is applicable to systems that are so large called Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics. In classical mechanics objects are neither too big nor too small, more precisely, system on an atomic scale. These extreme cases are dealt with the theory of relativistic mechanics and quantum mechanics respectively. But these classifications of mechanics did not come suddenly. In this paper, I'll tell you some very interesting incident about the origins of quantum mechanics. We'll know about the importance of quantum mechanics.

What has natural history done for physics? The eighteenth century is an important source of answers to this question, since it witnessed the emergence of experimental physics and systematic natural history as distinct branches of science. Much existing literature suggests that these two traditions were opposed in the eighteenth century or that they rarely made contact. The main aim of this dissertation is to show that natural history made an important contribution to the experimental method of the French scientist Charles-François de Cisternay Dufay (1698–1739). This contribution took the form of systematic experimental history. To do systematic experimental history is to apply the same experimental operation to a large number of animal, plant or mineral species, with the aim of comparing the outcomes of these trials. An analysis of Dufay’s articles and correspondence shows that he possessed a large gem collection and that he was in contact with some of the most prolific collectors of his day. His systematic experimental history of gems informed his pioneering papers on electricity, luminescence and double refraction. In this form natural history helped him to discover new phenomena, generalise known phenomena, optimise known phenomena, and discern taxonomic rules, ie. rules expressing contrasts between the observable behaviour of different kinds of material. Dufay’s rules about the electrical behaviour of conductors and non-conductors are of particular interest. These rules were the basis for an absorption theory of electrics that sheds new light on Dufay’s electrical research and on that of his immediate French successors. These reinterpretations of Dufay’s experimental papers are supported by two further claims. The first is that there was a continuous tradition of systematic experimental history at the Académie Royale des sciences in the seventy years before Dufay began his electrical research. The second is that Dufay’s relationship with René Réaumur, the leading naturalist in France at the time, was richer than historians have supposed. This study opens up new lines of research on the role of materials in the qualitative physics of the eighteenth century, the role of naturalists in the quantification of physics around 1800, and the interaction between physics and mineralogy at the Jardin du Roi and, in the nineteenth century, at the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle.

This article surveys Galileo’s contribution to the conceptualisation of the problem of isochronism, as his most important input in the study of the oscillation of heavy bodies. We will deal essentially with the mathematical aspects of his various attempts to discover mathematical proofs for his theorems of isochronism, in his early manuscripts (1600-1609), bound in Volume 72 of the Galilean Manuscripts, and in his later two major publications, the Dialogo and the Discorsi. The experimental procedures he implemented in his research will be dealt with as far as they shed light on different aspects of properly mathematical issues of the Galilean analysis of iscohronism. Alternating between the analysis of Galileo’s private manuscripts and the relevant passages in his mature works, we follow the emergence and evolution of Galileo’s theory of the pendulum within his physics of motion, and we witness how his investigation was faced with serious challenges, mathematical and experimental, t...

We discuss epistemological and methodological aspects of the Bayesian approach in astrophysics and cosmology. The introduction to the Bayesian framework is given for a further discussion concerning the Bayesian inference in physics. The interplay between the modern cosmology, Bayesian statistics, and philosophy of science is presented. We consider paradoxes of confirmation, like Goodman's paradox, appearing in the Bayesian theory of confirmation. As in Goodman's paradox the Bayesian inference is susceptible to some epistemic limitations in the logic of induction. However Goodman's paradox applied to cosmological hypotheses seems to be resolved due to the evolutionary character of cosmology and accumulation new empirical evidences. We argue that the Bayesian framework is useful in the context of falsificability of quantum cosmological models, as well as contemporary dark energy and dark matter problem.

The experience of aversive interactions within the family of origin is believed to increase the probability of parental physical child abuse. To test this hypothesis, 375 subjects were given a Childhood History Questionnaire (CHQ) and the Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory. The CHQ contained a series of questions about the presence and frequency of various abusive behaviors and associated sequelae that were received and~or observed before and~or after puberty. The CAP Inventory was used to measure adult physical child abuse potential. As expected, a childhood history of physical abuse was significantly related to adult physical child abuse potential; and, as chronicity increased, so did abuse potential. The experience of physical abuse prior to puberty produced higher abuse scores than the experience of physical abuse after puberty. The study provides preliminary data indicating the childhood experience of a caring adult and~or caring friend moderates adult child abuse potential.

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

La traduction de ce texte en italien a été publiée dans l'Enciclopedia Italiana (Storia della Scienzia, 2003) En histoire des sciences comme ailleurs, la quête des origines est une entreprise assez vaine. Nul ne saurait dater la naissance de la physique moderne. Il existe en revanche, des moments fondateurs où de nouvelles configurations de savoirs émergent. C'est le cas, en France, après 1800, quand surgit une génération d'hommes de sciences pratiquant une physique différente de celle du siècle précédent. Le changement est à la fois institutionnel et intellectuel. De nouvelles formes d'investigation s'inventent. Des champs inédits s'ouvrent à la recherche. C'est de là, principalement, que sortira le formidable développement de la physique au XIX e siècle.

This is a book in progress. First it is an attempt to refresh the foundational concepts and definitions of  classical physics. Building on this is attempts to clarify the syntax and semantics of classical physics. Finally it  attempts to distinguish between the speculative elements and careful evidence in modern cosmology.

The history of the dark matter problem can be traced back to at least the 1930s, but it was not until the early 1970s that the issue of ‘missing matter’ was widely recognized as problematic. In the latter period, previously separate issues involving missing mass were brought together in a single anomaly. We argue that reference to a straightforward accumulation of evidence alone is inadequate to comprehend this episode. Rather, the rise of cosmological research, the accompanying renewed interest in the theory of relativity and changes in the manpower division of astronomy in the 1960s are key to understanding how dark matter came to matter. At the same time, this story may also enlighten us on the methodological dimensions of past practices of physics and cosmology.

Universe is made up of God Particles or Basic Building Blocks ( Fig -1) or mind and mass . To Understand life ( new definition ) we have to understand  sleeping and arousal phenomenon  in living animals , plants and  seed ,  molecules , atoms , particles and in Tachyons which are made up off two God particles . We are set of informations ( Code PcPs ) and that too changing ( fetus , infant , adolescence , adult , old age and finally death ) . Death set of informations ( code PcPs ) are different than life set of informations ( CodePcPs) . Life set of  Informations could be recreated only by Almighty B.B.B . Hence death is illusion. In all stages of set of informations of  particles , atoms, molecules  have arousal state of mind ( Eyes open ) . Hence Idols  are alive  by virtue of arousal -  sleep  phenomenon property ( property of life ) of God particles ( Mind and Mass ) . Life effects are higher thought expressions of B.B.Bs . When these thought expressions are inhibited death thoughts are  triggered , we observe death effects . ( autolysis of cells  and rigor mortis etc ). Hence concept of soul is myth. Hence Life means sleep and arousal phenomenon ( new definition ) . Hence statues are alive because they are in arousal state of mind . ( Open eyes ) till creation exists . After the creation is over,  all stages of God particles would come in sleeping state  in symmetry phase  ( close eyes –mind ) but alive ( new definition ) . Universe “I” is always Alive ( new definition ) whether it is in sleeping state of mind or arousal state of mind.

Trained at University of Liverpool in both theoretical and experimental physics, William Band accepted in 1929 an appointment at Christian Yenching University in Beijing, China, where he established his career through the 1930s, heading the physics department and nurturing dozens of distinguished Chinese researchers in its MSc program. Despite the Japanese occupation of Beijing in summer 1937, Band continued his work at Yenching—an American property and an oasis of freedom for Chinese students in North China. In the wake of Pearl Harbor, Band joined a breathtaking and successful escape from Yenching, just before the Japanese raid reached the campus. He sought refuge in Communist guerrilla bases in North China, where he taught calculus, college physics, and radio theory to radio technicians of guerrilla forces. After trekking one thousand miles through Japanese occupied areas, escorted by Communist guerrillas, Band arrived first in Yan’an, the Chinese Communist headquarters, where he met and conversed with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, and then in Chongqing, China’s wartime capital, where he served in the Sino-British Science Cooperation Office to help war-ridden Chinese scientists until his departure for Britain in December 1944. Band’s adventure provides a unique and useful lens to explore uncharted aspects of science in Republican China.