HVAC Control

A common approach to the modeling of temperature evolution in a multi-zone building is to use thermal resistance and capacitance to model zone and wall dynamics. The resulting thermal network may be represented as an undirected graph. The thermal capacitances are the nodes in the graph, connected by thermal resistances as links. The temperature measurements and temperature control elements (heating and cooling) in this lumped model are collocated. As a result, the input/output system is strictly passive and any passive output feedback controller may be used to improve the transient and steady state performance without affecting the closed loop stability. The storage functions associated with passive systems may be used to construct a Lyapunov function, to demonstrate closed loop stability and motivate the construction of an adaptive feedforward control to compensate for the variation of the ambient temperature and zone heat loads (due to changing occupancy). The approach lends itself naturally to an inner-outer loop control architecture where the inner loop is designed for stability, while the outer loop balances between temperature specification and power consumption. Energy efficiency consideration may be added by adjusting the target zone temperature based on user preference and energy usage. The initial analysis uses zone heating/cooling as input, but the approach may be extended to more general model where the zonal mass flow rate is the control variable. A fourroom example with realistic ambient temperature variation is included to illustrate the performance of the proposed passivity based control strategy. I. INTRODUCTION

This paper focuses on the temperature control in a multi-zone building. The lumped heat transfer model based on thermal resistance and capacitance is used to analyze the system dynamics and control strategy. The resulting thermal network, including the zones, walls, and ambient environment, may be represented as an undirected graph. The thermal capacitances are the nodes in the graph, connected by thermal resistances as links. We assume the temperature measurements and temperature control elements (heating and cooling) are collocated. We show that the resulting input/output system is strictly passive, and any passive output feedback controller may be used to improve the transient and steady state performance without affecting the closed loop stability. The storage functions associated with passive systems may be used to construct a Lyapunov function, to demonstrate closed loop stability and motivates the construction of an adaptive feedforward control. A four-room example is included to illustrate the performance of the proposed passivity based control strategy.

—Energy consumption of the office buildings demonstrates potential energy savings. One of the major parts of the energy consumption in these building is related to the heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems which keep thermal conditions in a comfort zone and indoor air quality in an acceptable range. Nowadays, building management systems are developed to reduce the energy consumption of these systems besides supplying occupants with comfort conditions. Furthermore, these complex systems can be faced by different operation faults. To diagnose and detect these faults, getting the knowledge about the system behavior through modeling is substantial. This paper introduces a scalable multi-zone office building model that was established in Matlab/Simulink using Simscape toolbox. The model contains the thermal dynamics of the building elements and the heating control system which is equipped with demand-controlled ventilation. The results show that the model can correctly describe and predict the dynamics of the system. The proposed approach is intended to be used for HVAC systems in building automation with a specific focus on faults diagnosis and detection.

The main objective of this research is to minimize the usage of Electrical Energy by using BMS (Building Management System) & HVAC (Heating Ventilating &Air Conditioner System) and control the consumption of electric power by installing a suitable system in buildings like offices, universities & also for the residency apartments. On the other hand PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is used as a backbone Controller of system in which Schneider PLC and software Twido Suite is used for testing and simulating all the values of sensors. The result shows that system can work successfully in the environment and capable of optimizing the energy.

The residential HVAC systems in Canada can consume more than 60% of the total energy in a house which results in higher operating costs and environmental pollution. The HVAC is a complex system with variable loads acting on it due to the changes in weather and occupancy. The energy consumption of the HVAC systems can be reduced by adapting to the ever changing loads and implementation of energy conservation strategies along with the appropriate control design.
Most of the existing HVAC systems use simple on/off controllers and lack any supervisory controller to reduce the energy consumption and operating cost of the system. In Ontario, due to the variable price of electricity, there is an opportunity to design intelligent control system which can shift the loads to off-peak hours and reduce the operating cost of the HVAC system. In order to take advantage of this opportunity, a supervisory controller based on model predictive control (MPC) was designed in this research. The residential HVAC system models were developed and accurately calibrated with the data measured from the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority’s Archetype Sustainable House, House B (TRCA-ASHB) located in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. Since HVAC is a large and complex system, it was divided into its major subsystems called energy recovery ventilator (ERV), air handling unit (AHU), radiant floor heating (RFH) system, ground source heat pump (GSHP) and buffer tank (BT). The models of each of the subsystem were developed and calibrated individually. The models were then combined together to develop the model of the whole residential HVAC system. The developed model is able to predict the temperature, flow rate, energy consumption and cost for each individual subsystem and whole HVAC system. The model was used to simulate the performance of the existing HVAC system with on/off controllers and develop the supervisory MPC. The supervisory controller was implemented on the HVAC system of TRCA-ASHB and at least 16% cost savings were verified.

28 Ekimde Karaman Ermenek’te meydana gelen maden kazasında 18 işçimiz su basması sonucunda madende mahsur kalmıştır. Kurtarma çalışmalarının devam ettiği bugünlerde işçilerimizin sağ salim ailelerine kavuşması için içtenlikle dua ediyoruz. İş kazalarının minimuma indirilebilmesi ve aynı üzüntüleri tekrar yaşamamak için, dergimizde de sıklıkla değindiğimiz iş güvenliği konusunda gerekli önlemlerin alınması için başta çalışanlara, işverenlere ve kontrolörlere üzerine düşen sorumlulukları ertelememeleri için ricada bulunuyoruz.
Havaların iyice soğumaya başladığı, sene sonu yoğunluğunun yaklaştığı Kasım sayısında, yine oldukça dolu, bilgilendirici bir sayı ile karşınızdayız. Bu ay, sektöre yön verenlerde
iş hayatında bütünleşmiş bir başarı yakalayan Süleyman ve Fatma Akım’a konuk olduk. Bize yaşamları ile bütünleşmiş işlerinden, felsefelerinden, dünyaya bakışlarından ve
mesleki sorunlardan, çözümlerden, önerilerinden bahsettiler.
Bina hizmetleri, su arıtma ve tesis şebeke tesisat sistemleri de dahil olmak üzere pek çok tesisat sisteminde, boruları birleştirmek ve bir tesisat sisteminde gelecekte
değişiklik veya bakım yapılması gerektiğinde boru kesitlerinin birleştirilmesini ve ayrılmasını sağlamak amacıyla kullanılan ürünleri mercek altına aldık. Victaulic ürün mühendisi Andy Carter’dan Mekanik yiv açma ve flanşlamayı karşılaştırmasını istedik.
Projelerinizde ürün seçimi yaparken sıklıkla gezindiğiniz ürün sayfalarımızda kasa ve izolasyon yapısı soğuk hava depolarında kullanılmaya uygun çevre dostu, dayanıklılığı ve daha az elektrik harcaması ile tasarruf yapmanızı sağlayan LED aydınlatmalara değindik.
Mechanic Dergisi Kasım sayımızda bir yandan sektör ve yeni ürün haberlerine göz atarken bunalmaya başladığınız anda Vals, şinitzel ve pasta şehri Viyana’ya yolculuğa çıkabilir, büyüleyici derinlikleri keşfedebilir, iklimin duygu ve davranışlarınızı nasıl etkilediğine şaşırabilir, soğuk havalarda da içinizdeki miskinliği atmak dışarı çıkmak istediğinizde size yol gösterecek
hayata dair sayfalarımızda konser, sinema, kitap etkinliklerine göz atabilir, eğlenceli zeka soruları ile tebessüm edebilirsiniz.
Sizin için hazırladığımız yeni sayımızı keyifle okumanızı diliyor, dergimizde emeği geçen herkese ve tüm okurlarımıza teşekkür ediyor, bir daha ki sayımızda tekrar görüşmeyi diliyoruz.

The change of weather conditions and occupancy schedules makes heating ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems heavily dynamic. The mass and thermal inertia, nonlinear characteristics and interactions in HVAC systems make the control more complicated. As a result, some conventional control methods often cannot provide desired control performance under variable operating conditions. The purpose of this study is to develop control methods to improve the control performance of HVAC systems. This study focuses on optimizing the airflow-pressure control method of air side economizers, identifying robust building pressurization controls, developing a control method to control outdoor air and building pressure in absence of flow and pressure sensors, stabilizing the cooling coil valve operation and, return fan speed control. The improvements can be achieved by identifying and selecting a method with relatively linear performance characteristics out of the available options, applying fans rather than dampers to control building pressure, and improving the controller’s stability range using cascade control method. A steady state nonlinear network model, for an air handling unit (AHU), air distribution system and conditioned space, is applied to analyze the system control performance of air-side economizers and building pressurization. The study shows that traditional controls with completely interlinked outdoor air, recirculated air, relief air dampers have the best control performance. The decoupled relief damper control may result in negative building static pressure at lower outdoor airflow ratio and excessively positive building static pressure at higher outdoor airflow ratio. On the other hand, return fan speed control has a better controllability on building pressurization. In absence of flow and pressure sensors fixed interlinked damper and linear return fan speed tracking control can maintain constant outside air ratio and positive building pressure. The cascade control method is applied to improve the stability of cooling coil valve operation in single zone air handling unit systems, and return fan speed for building pressure control. The system dynamic response is studied using root locus analysis. It was found that the cascade control improved the stability range in two applications under consideration and made the HVAC feedback control loops more robust and adaptive.

This paper addresses the energy saving problem of air-cooled central cooling plant systems using the model-based gradient projection optimization method. Theoretical-empirical system models including mechanistic relations between components are developed for operating variables of the system. Experimental data are collected to model an actual air-cooled mini chiller equipped with a ducted fan-coil unit of an office building located in hot and dry climate conditions. Both inputs and outputs are known and measured from field monitoring in one summer month. The development and algorithm resulting from the gradient projection, implemented on a transient simulation software package, are incorporated to solve the minimization problem of energy consumption and predict the system's optimal set-points under transient conditions. The chilled water temperature, supply air temperature and refrigerant mass flow rate are calculated based on the cooling load and ambient dry-bulb temperature profiles by using the proposed approach. The integrated simulation tool is validated by using a wide range of experimentally collected data from the chiller in operation. Simulation results are provided to show possibility of significant energy savings and comfort enhancement using the proposed strategy.

Single zone (SZ) air handling units (AHUs) are widely applied in the conditioned spaces. A SZ AHU typically consists of a chilled water cooling coil, a hot water heating coil, and a supply fan. For a constant volume (CV) SZ AHU or variable air volume (VAV) SZ AHU operating at a minimum airflow, the control valve of either the cooling coil or heating coil is modulated to vary the supply air temperature and consequently control space air temperature. Traditionally, a single control loop is applied to modulate the control valve directly based on the space air temperature. The traditional control is simplistic in nature, however, suffers significant drawbacks. Due to the thermal capacity of both the water in the coils and the air in the conditioned space, the system often becomes unstable due to nonlinear characteristics of the SZ AHU system and leads to hunting of the control valve. On the other hand, cascade control makes the control system more adaptive and robust. A cascade control can be applied to a SZ AHU in order to stabilize the system. The primary controller reads the room air temperature and determines the required supply air temperature for a secondary controller which then controls the heating/cooling coil valve. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the stability of the cascade control method in a SZ AHU system. A model of the SZ AHU system with transfer functions is developed for conventional and cascade control methods and root-locus analysis is performed. The results conclude that the cascade control improves the stability of the control valve by reducing the sensitivity to the change in the operating conditions.

This paper addresses the energy saving problem of air-cooled central cooling plant systems using the model-based gradient projection optimization method. Theoretical-empirical system models including mechanistic relations between components are developed for operating variables of the system. Experimental data are collected to model an actual air-cooled mini chiller equipped with a ducted fan-coil unit of an office building located in hot and dry climate conditions. Both inputs and outputs are known and measured from field monitoring in one summer month. The development and algorithm resulting from the gradient projection, implemented on a transient simulation software package, are incorporated to solve the minimization problem of energy consumption and predict the system's optimal set-points under transient conditions. The chilled water temperature, supply air temperature and refrigerant mass flow rate are calculated based on the cooling load and ambient dry-bulb temperature profiles by using the proposed approach. The integrated simulation tool is validated by using a wide range of experimentally collected data from the chiller in operation. Simulation results are provided to show possibility of significant energy savings and comfort enhancement using the proposed strategy.

Client was looking for a solution to enable BACnet MS/TP interface for its VFD drive in HVAC system. In addition, client also wanted support in minimizing the complexity in testing.
Client selected SoftDEL for its BACnet stack development and testing expertise.

In this paper a new dynamic simulation model for the building energy performance analysis of multi-enclosed thermal zones, where rigid air temperature and humidity conditions must be kept, is presented. The model was implemented in a suitable computer code (DETECt 2.3.1) developed for research scopes. Such simulation model allows the hygrothermal analysis of buildings with multi-enclosed thermal zones surrounded by larger ones (e.g. display glass cases with valuable artefacts in museum halls, neonatal intensive care units for premature and full-term newborn babies in hospitals wards, etc.). For this purpose, a novel control algorithm, based on a model reference adaptive control scheme, enabling the online adaptation of the control gains, is implemented. Rigid air temperature and humidity conditions can be guaranteed also in case of sudden and rapid variability of hygrothermal loads. Through such new tool innovative techniques and operative strategies for obtaining energy efficiency and indoor comfort of special building spaces can be studied.
In order to show the capabilities of the tool and the robustness of the adaptive algorithm, as well as the potentiality of the proposed multidisciplinary approach to the energy-related behaviour in buildings (based on building energy modelling and simulation and control theory), two meaningful case studies have been developed. In particular, they refer to the museums and hospital indoor spaces where enclosed thermal zones have to be kept under stringent hygrothermal conditions.

For tropical countries such as Singapore, removing latent load from the building and fresh air is one of primary energy consumption in the building sector.  Among of many dehumidification techniques, which are mainly  for removing latent load, membrane based liquid desiccant dehumidification has recently gained much attention due to its merit of zero desiccant contamination or carryover, and using waste heat or renewable energy as a driving heat source. However, it has some drawbacks that is membrane, separator between air and desiccant streams, and mass transfer resistance in transferring moisture from air to liquid desiccant. This resistance can affect the performance of the dehumidification process. But it can be overcome by a proper selection of optimum operation parameters and combined cooling techniques. Experimental investigations on performance of membrane based liquid desiccant dehumidifier have been carried out. From the experimental results, optimum operating parameters have been determined, and empirical equations for dehumidification process have been developed by using Design Expert® software. By using empirical equations, the simulation models are developed for the, performance analysis of the systems in which vapor compression cycle and evaporative cooling cycles are integrated with dehumidification process. The comparative analysis has been carried out among the models and other research works from literature to determine the energy efficiency of the dehumidification air conditioning system.

Outdoor airflow rate, building static pressure, supply air duct static pressure and relief air plenum static pressure, as controlled variables, are maintained by modulating the speed of the supply and return fans and the position of the outdoor, recirculating, and relief air dampers in an air handling unit (AHU). In practice, the three dampers are interlinked completely or partially to match independent control inputs with the controlled variables. The traditional damper control has all the three dampers interlinked with no control over the relief air plenum static pressure. The reverse relief airflow might occur as the outdoor air damper approaches the closed position. To prevent the reverse airflow, one of solutions is to decouple the relief air damper and maintain positive static pressure at the relief air plenum. Two control methods are available based on the control loop design. The first control method uses the return fan speed to control the relief air plenum static pressure and the relief air damper to control the building static pressure, while the second control method switches two control inputs. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the controllability over the reverse relief airflow and building static pressure of these two control methods. The system performance is investigated through steady state simulation on an AHU at different outdoor airflow using a nonlinear network solution. The simulation results show that both the control methods can well prevent the reverse relief airflow. However, the first control method may result in negative building static pressure at lower outdoor airflow ratio and either excessively positive building static pressure or excessive return fan power at higher outdoor airflow ratio. On the other hand, the second control method shows the robustness on the building static pressure control.

Programmable Communicating Thermostats (PCTs) as price-responsive thermostats are being used broadly for automatic control of residential HVAC systems in North America. The main advantage of existing PCTs is their capability to receive pricing signals from smart meters and shed HVAC load during high demand. In these cases; PCT automatically reduces the initialized set points to the levels pre-adjusted by user. However, there still exist neglected potentials for demand-side management that resides in the control and interaction of PCTs. Hence, it requires making PCTs more intelligence to learn and adapt to user's preference changes which results in adaptive demand-side management. In this paper, an algorithm which is based on the integration of rule-based techniques and wireless sensors capabilities is presented. The proposed algorithm is embedded into exiting PCTs to improve their capabilities in learning and adapting to occupant's pattern changes. The simulation results demonstrate that PCTs equipped with our approach performs better than existing PCTs with respect to energy saving and adapting to occupant's pattern changes. To verify the feasibility of the algorithm; an embedded system using ZigBee wireless communication is built and applied to a conventional air conditioning (AC) system. The experimental results show the system precisely adapts to user's preference changes while saving energy and cost.

Problem statement: Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are among the main installations in residential, commercial and industrial buildings. The purpose of the HVAC systems is normally to provide a comfortable environment in terms of temperature, humidity and other environmental parameters for the occupants as well as to save energy. Achieving these objectives requires a suitable control system design. Approach: In this overview, thermal comfort level and ISO comfort field is introduced, followed by a review and comparison of the main existing control techniques used in HVAC systems to date. Results: The present overview shows that intelligent controllers which are based on the human sensation of thermal comfort have a better performance in providing thermal comfort as well as energy saving than the traditional controllers and those based on a model of the HVAC system. Conclusion: Such an overview provides an insight into current control methods in HVAC systems and can help scholars and HVAC learners to have the comprehensive information about a variety of control techniques in the field of HVAC and therefore to better design a proper controller for their work.

Buildings are maintained at slightly positive pressure by air handling units (AHUs) to reduce infiltration of unconditioned outdoor air. The conventional AHUs rely either on direct building pressure control or volume tracking control with a single loop proportional integral (PI) controller to maintain positive building pressure. Even though this type of control structure is simplistic, it is observed that it may lead to hunting of return fan speed, especially with direct building pressure control. For the direct building pressure control, accurate and stable building pressure measurement is challenging due to wind and intermittent pressure changes caused by the opening of doors. On the other hand, the building static pressure is highly sensitive to the differential airflow therefore; the error in airflow measurement makes the volume tracking method unfavorable. In general, cascade control makes the control system more adaptive and robust. In this case, the primary controller reads the building static pressure and determines the differential flow rate setpoint for secondary controller which then controls the return fan speed. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the cascade control on the building static pressure in comparison with the two conventional controls by simulation. Performance of the two conventional controls as well as cascade control is simulated. The results conclude that the cascade control improves the stability of the system by reducing the sensitivity to the change in the operating conditions and controller gains.

Reducing building life cycle cost has been an important issue where minimizing the operational energy use and the maintenance cost are of primary concerns. This paper presents a new approach to model predictive control, where the above objectives can be addressed directly for the energy use and at least indirectly for the maintenance cost. In the predictive control formulation, we explicitly consider two terms: the first term is related to the energy consumption and the second term will address indirectly the maintenance cost through minimizing setpoint variations in order to provide smooth setpoint trajectories to the actuators. Thus eliminating the fluctuations in the setpoints lead to reduced fatigue of actuator components. Clearly this will lower the systematic maintenance cost significantly. This second term is actually a penalizing or regularization term which will shrink to zero the fluctuations in the setpoints. This proposed approach to model predictive control with this variations regularization term is demonstrated on a four zone building.

Heating, Ventilating and Airconditioning (HVAC) control systems play an important role in regulating indoor air temperature to provide building occupants a comfortable environment. Design of HVAC control system to provide an optimal balance between comfort and energy usage is a challenging problem. This paper presents a framework for control of building HVAC systems using a methodology based on power shaping paradigm that exploits passivity theory. The controller design uses Brayton-Moser formulation for the system dynamics wherein the mixed potential function is the power function and the power shaping technique is used to synthesize the controller by assigning a desired power function to the closed loop dynamics so as to make the equilibrium point asymptotically stable. The methodology is demonstrated using two example HVAC subsystems-a two-zone building system and a heat exchanger system.

— This paper presents a potential effective approach to fault adaptive control for damper stucks in variable-air-volume (VAV) boxes in building heating, ventilation and airconditioning systems. The fault-adaptive controller integrates a dedicated bank of unknown input residual generators for fault detection/isolation followed by suitably designed fault estimators and a model predictive controller. The adaptation of the controller to the fault is achieved by online modification of the constraints in the model predictive control to achieve reduced energy consumption and thermal comfort under faulty modes. The proposed fault-adaptive control law is demonstrated on a four-zones building benchmark.

Smart homes offer various new services and innumerable capabilities in automation. The adaptive and assertive capabilities of smart homes are life changing. The research highlights the concept “internet of things (IoT) along with Artificial intelligence (AI) and how they are helping smart home technology. In this research we have discussed and evaluated different types of smart homes, their terminology, architecture and infrastructure including network topologies and different technologies that are used in the implementation of smart home. The research proves as baseline knowledge for smart technology highlighting various functions of smart home that go beyond simple power control and management services, instead a new chapter of assisted, monitored and smarter life that covers and benefits every aspect of human life e.g. health monitoring, suggestions, infant monitors, elder people assistance, occupancy desired environment and automatic cleaning are a few examples. The research also concludes major challenges posing serious concerns for the smart homes and how they affect the growth of smart home market specially security and privacy issues. In the last an overview on how Smart Homes and are transforming Smart Cities is given.

Energy consumption of the office buildings demonstrates potential energy savings. One of the major parts of the energy consumption in these building is related to the heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems which keep thermal conditions in a comfort zone and indoor air quality in an acceptable range. Nowadays, building management systems are developed to reduce the energy consumption of these systems besides supplying occupants with comfort conditions. Furthermore, these complex systems can be faced by different operation faults. To diagnose and detect these faults, getting the knowledge about the system behavior through modeling is substantial. This paper introduces a scalable multi-zone office building model that was established in Matlab/Simulink using Simscape toolbox. The model contains the thermal dynamics of the building elements and the heating control system which is equipped with demand-controlled ventilation. The results show that the model can correctly describe and predict the dynamics of the system. The proposed approach is intended to be used for HVAC systems in building automation with a specific focus on faults diagnosis and detection.

Building Automation Systems control HVAC systems aiming at optimizing energy efficiency and comfort. However, these systems use pre-set configurations, which usually do not correspond to occupants preferences. Although existing systems take into account the number of occupants and the energy consumption, individual occupant preferences are disregarded. Indeed, there is no way for occupants to specify their preferences to HVAC system. This paper proposes an innovation in the management of HVAC systems: a system that tracks the occupants preferences, and manages automatically the ventilation and heating levels accordingly to their preferences, allowing the system to pool its resources to saving energy while maintaining user comfort levels. A prototype solution implementation is described and evaluated by simulation using occupants votes. Our findings indicate that one of the algorithms is able to successfully maintain the appropriate comfort levels while also reducing energy consumption by comparing with a standard scenario.

Outdoor airflow rate, building static pressure, and supplyair-duct
static pressure, as controlled variables, are maintained
by modulating the speed of the supply and return fans and the
position of the outdoor, recirculating, and relief-air dampers in
an air-handling unit (AHU). Practically, the three dampers are
interlinked completely or partially in order to match independent
control inputs with controlled variables and, consequently,
formfive damper control strategies:thetraditional strategywith
three dampers interlinked, overlapping and sequenced strategies
with the outdoor-air (OA) damper fully open, and ASHRAE
overlapping and sequenced strategies. Currently, damper
control strategies are evaluated based solely on fan-energy
performance. In fact, AHU systems configure a nonlinear
network with variant system gains and interactive disturbance
inputs. Resultant control issues may degrade energy performance.
In this paper, both the fan energy and control performance
offive damper control strategies areinvestigatedthrough
steady-state simulation on an AHU using a nonlinear network
solution. The sequenced strategy with the outdoor-air damper
fully open has the best energy performance, with 4% power
reduction over the traditional strategy, but has much worse
control performance, with a large outdoor airflow control-gain
variation ratio upto 8.9. Onthe other hand,thetraditional strategy
has the best control performance with a much smaller
outdoor airflow control-gain variation ratio of 2.1. Large
outdoor airflow control-gain variations can result in serious
deviation between controlled setpoint and actual time response,
which leads to equipment deteriorations and potential energy
penalties. Therefore, it is recommended that control performance
degradation needsto be consideredin orderto determine
the optimal OA damper control strategy.

The SMART CAMPUS project, co-funded by the European Commission (CIP-ICT-PSP no. 297251), which started in 2011 and will end in 2015, aims at increasing energy efficiency in public university buildings through a dynamic approach that involves negotiating the building environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, lighting, and ventilation) with the users, by developing ICT-based services and applications that will drive a bi-directional learning process such that both the user and the building learn how to interact with each other in a more energy efficient way. With the proposed approach, the project aims at transforming the behaviour of university campus users towards more energy efficient practices.

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are technologies developed to provide environmental comfort indoors. In cities with high temperatures, the energy consumption of an HVAC system can considerably increase, even prevent the system from achieving the desired temperature. For this, we present an automatic linear control of the point system for HVAC systems through the Arduino platform that allows an efficient and rational energy consumption.