Guidance and Conseling

Education in the broadest sense is aimed at helping individuals become more productive members of the society. At the heart of the whole pedagogy is Guidance and Counselling, which has been positively correlated with effective learning outcomes. Primarily, School Guidance and Counselling services are geared towards helping students know themselves, the world around them and make optimal decisions for enhanced future for all. This paper presents guidance and counselling services provided in the school system. It contends that since counselling services are expedient for everyone, all through life, the Counsellor, who is the service provider, needs to be always on top of his/her job.

Soergada Poerbakawatja mengemukakan pengertian emosi, Emosi adalah respons terhadap suatu perangsang yang menyebabkan perubahan fisiologis disertai perasaan yang kuat dan biasanya mengandung kemungkinan untuk meletus. Respons demikian terjadi baik terhadap perasaan-perasaan eksternal maupun internal. Dengan pengertian emosi menurut Soergada ini terlihat jelas perbedaan antara perasaan dengan emosi, bahkan terlihat jelas bahwa perasaan termasuk ke dalam emosi atau menjadi bagian dari emosi. Bentuk-bentuk emosi, yaitu : (1) Amarah adalah salah satu dari bentuk emosi yang di dalamnya meliputi brutal, mengamuk, benci, marah besar, jengkel, kesal hati, terganggu, rasa pahit, tersinggung, bermusuhan, tindak kekerasan dan kebencian patologis. (2) Kesedihan ialah salah satu dari bentuk emosi yang di dalamnya meliputi pedih, sedih, muram, suram, melankolis, mengasihani diri, kesepian, ditolak, putus asa dan depresi. (3) Rasa takut merupakan salah satu dari bentuk emosi yang di dalamnya meliputi cemas, takut, gugup, khawatir, waswas, perasaan takut sekali, sedih, waspada, tidak tenang, ngeri, kecut, panik dan fobia. (4) Kenikmatan adalah salah satu dari bentuk emosi yang di dalamnya meliputi bahagia, gembira, ringan puas, riang, senang, terhibur, bangga, kenikmatan indrawi, takjub, terpesona, puas, rasa terpenuhi, girang, senang sekali dan mania. (5) Cinta ialah salah satu dari bentuk emosi yang di dalamnya meliputi penerimaan, persahabatan, kepercayaan, kebaikan hati, rasa dekat, bakti, hormat, kasmaran dan kasih sayang. (6) Terkejut merupakan salah satu dari bentuk emosi yang di dalamnya meliputi terkesiap, takjub dan terpana. (7) Jengkel adalah salah satu dari bentuk emosi yang di dalamnya meliputi hina, jijik, muak, mual, benci, tidak suka dan mau muntah. (8) Malu merupakan salah satu dari bentuk emosi yang di dalamnya meliputi rasa bersalah, malu hati, kesal hati, menyesal, hina, aib dan hati hancur lebur. Dari deretan bentuk-bentuk emosi yang dikemukakan di atas, maka berdasarkan penelitian dari Paul Ekman ternyata ada bahasa emosi yang dikenal oleh bangsa-bangsa di seluruh dunia yaitu emosi yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk ekspresi wajah yang di dalamnya mengandung emosi takut, sedih, marah dan senang. Ekspresi wajah seperti itu benar-benar dikenali oleh berbagai bangsa di seluruh dunia meskipun memiliki budaya yang berbeda-beda dan bahkan termasuk bangsa-bangsa yang buta huruf, tidak terpengaruhi oleh film dan siaran televisi. jadi, emosi bukan hanya rasa marah tetapi emosi adalah cerminan ekspresi seseorang.

Education in the broadest sense is aimed at helping individuals become more productive members of the society. At the heart of the whole pedagogy is Guidance and Counselling, which has been positively correlated with effective learning outcomes. Primarily, School Guidance and Counselling services are geared towards helping students know themselves, the world around them and make optimal decisions for enhanced future for all. This paper presents guidance and counselling services provided in the school system. It contends that since counselling services are expedient for everyone, all through life, the Counsellor, who is the service provider, needs to be always on top of his/her job.  Article visualizations:

Anak berkebutuhan khusus pada awalnya dikenal dengan istilah anak cacat,anak berkelainan atau anak luar biasa. Anak berkebutuhan khusus adalah anak yang dalam proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya secara signifikan mengalami kelainan atau penyimpangan ( phisik, mental-intelektual, sosial, emosional ) dibanding dengan anakanak lain seusianya sehingga mereka memerlukan pelayanan pendidikan khusus. Anak berkebutuhan khusus merupakan anak yang mengalami gangguan dalam bidang intelegensi, fisik, sensori, emosi, atau perilaku, mempunyai gangguan belajar, atau mempunyai bakat khusus. Termasuk di dalamnya adalah anak dengan masalah kesehatan mental (misalnya depresi, gangguan bunuh diri), kesehatan medis (misalnya autism, asperger, disleksia, disgrafia, asma), kesulitan proses informasi, gangguan bahasa, kerusakan sensori, dan hidup dilingkungan sulit.

Banyaknya permasalahan yang kian kompleks di dalam kehidupan manusia membuat kondisi-kondisi khusus kian bermunculan. Tidak terkecuali dalam dunia pendidikan. Siswa sebagai bagian dari masyarakat yang lebih luas tentu mengalami dampak dari berbagai permasalahan yang ada. Sebagai contoh, maraknya kasus perceraian, penggunaan obat-obatan terlarang, masalah homoseksualitas, atau munculnya berbagai macam penyakit dan bencana dapat menjadi faktor-faktor yang menggiring siswa terjerumus dalam kondisi khusus. Sebagai populasi khusus, siswa-siswa ini tentu memerlukan bentuk perbantuan yang berbeda karena kebutuhan mereka juga tidak sama dengan siswa pada umumnya. Pemahaman yang mendalam tentang siswa-siswa ini perlu dibangun berdasarkan penilaian dan pengetahuan umum yang memadai berdasarkan kajian-kajian teoretik dan empirik.
Guru BK atau konselor sekolah perlu menyadari adanya tantangan semacam ini dalam profesinya. Penting untuk selalu memperbarui wawasan dan meningkatkan keterampilan sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman. Kebaruan wawasan dan pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh guru BK atau konselor sekolah pada akhirnya akan mengantarkan profesi bimbingan dan konseling pada perkembangan yang lebih lanjut dan semakin mapan.

Kita tahu bahwa remaja sangat banyak dan sering membuat onar di jalanan. Remaja tidak memikirkan sebab dan akibat yang dilakukannya mereka hanya tahu senang-senang. Hal tersebut sering disebut kenakalan remaja dan apakah kenakalan remaja itu. Kenakalan remaja adalah perilaku-perilaku yang dilakukan remaja di luar dengan tujuan untuk bersenang-senang bersama temantemannya.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kebutuhan tersedianya perangkat instrumen yang efektif untuk digunakan dalam pengembangan kompetensi konselor di lapangan. Didasari keinginan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menghasilkan perangkat instrumen berupa program dan panduan implementasinya yang efektif untuk mengembangkan kompetensi konselor selaras dengan Standar Kompetensi Konselor Indonesia, dirancang berdasarkan kesenjangan profil kompetensi aktual dengan kompetensi standar pada konselor SMA Negeri di wilayah X. Pengembangan produk tersebut dilakukan dengan menerapkan pendekatan research and development, melalui tahapan: (1) Studi Pendahuluan, (2) Pengembangan dan Validasi Produk, serta (3) Uji Efektifitas Produk. Perangkat instrumen pengembangan kompetensi konselor hasil penelitian ini, telah teruji efektif untuk mengembangkan kompetensi konselor. Kata Kunci: Pengembangan, diskrepansi, Kompetensi Konselor, Standar Kompetensi Konselor Indonesia (SKKI)

There are many public secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County. Most of the students in these secondary schools have been facing cases of indiscipline for many years and these cases seem to be increasing as years go by causing a lot of concern to the school management, parents and the communities at large. Although counseling is offered in the secondary schools, there has been a rise in indiscipline cases at an alarming rate as experienced especially in 2016. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of guidance and counselling programs on managing indiscipline cases in secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County, Kericho County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to investigate the competence of teachers in providing guidance and counselling programs in secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County and to establish the attitude of students and teachers on guidance and counselling programs in secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County. The theoretical framework adopted by the study was the Social Learning theory by Albert Bandura (1977) and Operant Conditioning theory by B.F. Skinner (1948). The Social Learning and Operant Conditioning theories were adopted because they help to change the behavior of the students and thus help to reduce indiscipline cases in schools. The target population comprised 52 public secondary schools, 52 head /deputy head teachers, 52 teacher counsellors, 540 teachers and 10532 students. Out of all these, a sample of 10 secondary schools, 10 head/deputy head teachers, 10 teacher counsellors, 108 teachers and 2106 students were selected through the Purposive sampling technique. Stratified Sampling technique was used to select the secondary schools that were studied whereby the strata consisted of mixed day boarding school, mixed day school, boys’ only boarding school, girls’ only boarding school and girls only day schools. The instruments that were used to collect the data for the study were questionnaires for head/deputies, teacher counsellors, teachers and students and interview schedules were administered to the teacher counsellors and to deputy head teachers. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and tested using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient using Statistical Package of Social Sciences. Questionnaires were analyzed using summary tables for the purpose of data presentation and interpretation. The expected findings were used to guide policy makers in providing guidance and counselling programs in secondary schools. These findings will be useful in the schools.

This study investigated the effects of career guidance method and career counselling method on student’s vocational maturity. The main purpose of the study is to find out which of the two purposed techni1ques will best facilitate the development of vocational maturity among secondary school adolescents in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Two research questions were raised to guide the study and one hypothesis was formulated. The study was a quasi-experimental design of pre-test and post-test two experimental groups. The instrument used was an adopted inventory used by Kuti in 1979. The inventory was named Career Development Inventory (CDI). The validation of the instrument was re-established with reliability co-efficient of 74, 76 and 80 respectively in the sub-scale A, B, C. Treatments were done in two different schools. Career Guidance Technique (CGT) was used in school A, while, Career Counselling Technique (CCT) was used in school B, Career Development Inventory (CDI) was used as measure of vocational maturity at pre-test and post-test. Based on data collected and analysed, the results revealed general improvement in the students’ vocational maturity after treatment. The study also revealed that Career Counselling Technique (CCT) improve vocational maturity better than Career Guidance Technique (CGT). But both (CCT) and (CGT) help in the improvement of vocational maturity of students. Vocational or career guidance and counselling programme should be made compulsory in all secondary schools in Ekiti State.

تواجدت الخدمات النفسية لمساعدة الفرد على التوافق النفسي والاجتماعي في ظل التغيرات والتحديات التي يواجهها في الوقت الراهن، فهناك من يقصد العيادة النفسية قصد العلاج النفسي، وهناك من يتجه نحو مراكز الإرشاد لطلب الاستشارة والخدمة النفسية والتربوية، وهناك من يلجأ إلى الموجه التربوي من أجل مساعدته على الاختيار الدراسي أو المهني الذي يناسب قدراته وإمكاناته، ويحقق له أكبر قدر من التوافق على المستوى الشخصي أو التربوي أو المهني.وبالرغم من اختلاف هذه التوجهات، إلا أن  الكثيرين من الناس يخطئون في طلب المساعدة من مصدرها الصحيح.

    ولهذا ارتأت هذه المداخلة إلى توضيح أوجه المقارنة بين التوجيه، الإرشاد النفسي والعلاج النفسي.

This study investigated the relationship between students’ study behaviour and their academic
achievement in Aboh Mbaise Local Government Area of Imo State. The researchers employed a
correlation design for the study. Two research questions guided the study, and two null hypotheses
were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study was six thousand, eight
hundred and seventy-two (6872) senior secondary school two (SS2) students from twenty three
(23) public secondary schools in Aboh Mbaise. Simple random sampling was used to select six
hundred and eighty-seven (687) students who served as sample for the study. The instrument used
for data collection was Study Behaviour Inventory (SBI) developed by Leonard Bliss in (1993).
The researchers employed face to face method in the administration of the instrument. Data
collected for the research questions were analysed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient (Pearson r), while data relating to the null hypotheses were analysed by comparing
the already established relationship index against the critical values at 0.5 level of significance.
The findings of the study included: that there is significantly high positive relationship between
the students’ study behaviours and their academic achievements in both English Language and
Mathematics. Based on the findings, the researchers made recommendations among which are
that counsellors and teachers should try to create programmes that will help to instill and
maintain good study behaviours among students so as to boost their academic achievement.

Guru bukan hanya sebagai seorang yang mentransfer ilmu pengetahuan yang dimiliki kepada peserta didiknya akan tetapi haruslah menjadi seorang yang dapat memberikan alternatif-alternatif kepada peserta didik yang mengalami kesulitan belajar sehingga peserta didik yang dihadapi tidak putus semangat untuk melakukan proses belajar. Oleh karena itu seorang guru seyogyanya dalam melihat hal-hal yang dapat menghambat tercapainya tujuan dari proses belajar mengajar yang telah ditentukan.

The Kenyan government recognizes guidance and counselling as an essential service that should be given to every student. To demonstrate its seriousness, the government, through the Teachers Service Commission (TSC) has officially appointed heads of departments of guidance and counselling in secondary schools to oversee the implementation and proper running of this programme. Effectiveness of this programme has however not been felt as evidenced by common unrest in many schools. Limited research has been done to examine determinants of effective provision of guidance and counselling programmes in public secondary schools in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of effective guidance and counselling programmes in public secondary schools in Kericho Sub-County, Kericho County. The objectives of the study were; to investigate the qualifications of teacher counsellors providing guidance and counselling services; establish if materials for guidance and counselling are available in Kericho Sub-County. The study was based on Carl Rogers client centered therapy. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study was conducted in Kericho Sub-county in Kericho County, since various schools here experienced problems such as school dropouts, strikes, poor relationships among students despite the provision of guidance and counselling services in their schools. The target population was 2000 students of form three and 60 guidance and counselling teachers. A sample of 200 students and 18 guidance and counseling teachers were selected using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. These figures served as a true representation of the whole population of form three students. The instruments for data collection were questionnaires, interviews, observation checklists and document analysis. Frequency counts and percentages were used to analyse the data. The study concluded that most teacher counsellors lack professional training on guidance and counselling and out of those who are not trained in guidance and counselling, only a few attend refresher courses every term, this hinders effective counselling in public secondary schools in Kericho County. The study also concluded that secondary schools do not have enough facilities for guidance and counselling and the rooms for counselling are not in a strategic place, which is conducive for counselling. Based on the findings, it was recommended that Teachers Service Commission should ensure guidance and counseling departments are headed by trained and qualified counselors for effectiveness and that the County government and the Ministry of Education should enhance quality assessment of G&C in all secondary schools. The findings of this study may be beneficial to policy makers in the Ministry of Education to see the need for employment of professional counsellors.

Community-based psychotherapists and school counsellors work to assist adolescents through sharing resources, building awareness of cognition and behavior, and skill development in communicative competence. However, adolescents, eager to delve deeper into the unknown territory of their being, also present us with speech and acts coming from the unconscious, in the form of metaphors, forgetting, behavioral excesses, mishaps, and physical symptoms. As adolescents search for ways to manage childhood trauma, find meaning and purpose in their lives, and clarify an aspirational direction that makes sense to them, they rarely have opportunities to work at a deeper level. In this article, psychoanalytically informed counselling is presented as a powerful and effective way to work with adolescents. The authors discuss what is at stake during adolescence and they consider the determined denunciation by the adolescent of the impositions of cultural and societal mandates. The call to "make space for the adolescent unconscious" is contextualized in an overview of the historical foundations of psychoanalysis with children and adolescents. The article analyzes two counseling sessions in which the adolescent works with a school-based counsellor to use dreams to "interact with" his unconscious. Drawing from their own counselling and educational experience with adolescents and emerging adults, the authors discuss the ethics upon which psychoanalytically informed work with adolescents must be grounded. The counselling vignettes are interpreted using the work of Freud, Klein, Lacan and the analysts of Groupe interdisciplinaire freudien de recherche et d'intervention clinique et culturelle (Gifric) of the Freudian School of Quebec.

Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between work values and job adjustment of civil servants in Lagos State
Secretariat, Alausa. In this regard, one hundred and sixty workers were used for study selected from four
randomly selected ministries in Lagos State Secretariat. The instrument used for data collection was a researcher
made questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed with independent t-test and Pearson Product Moment
Correlation coefficient statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that there was no significant
difference in the ideal work values of new and experienced workers in Lagos state secretariat, there was a
significant difference in the actual work values of new and experienced workers; a significant difference in the
level of job adjustment of new and experienced workers and a significant relationship between work values and
job adjustment of workers. Based on the findings of this study, suggestions, recommendations, counselling and
evaluation implications were made to stakeholders and relevant agencies.

Yapılan bu araştırmanın amacı, rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmanlık eğitimi alan öğretmen adaylarının kaynaştırma eğitimine ilişkin görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modeli ile hazırlanan 20 maddelik likert tipi anket, araştırma evrenini oluşturan katılımcılara uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılar 2019-2020 eğitim-öğretim yılı güz yarıyılında Kafkas Üniversitesi eğitim fakültesi rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmanlık bölümü 1, 2, 3 ve 4. sınıfında öğrenim gören 57’si kadın 44’ü erkek olmak üzere 101 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verileri Türkçeye uyarlama çalışmaları yapılan Kaynaştırmaya ilişkin görüşler ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Verileri toplamak için kaynaştırma eğitimine ilişkin görüşler ölçeğine yapılan eklemelerle kişisel verilere ulaşılmıştır. Verilerin toplanması sonucunda yapılan analizler SPSS paket programı kullanılarak bulunmuştur. Araştırmaya katılan öğretmen adaylarının kaynaştırma eğitimine ilişkin görüşleri kaynaştırma eğitimine ilişkin görüşler ölçeğine ile bulunmuş ve parametrik testlerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda araştırmaya katılan öğretmen adaylarının kaynaştırma eğitimine ilişkin görüşlerinin cinsiyete, eğitim gördükleri sınıfa ve mezun oldukları okul durumuna göre anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaşmadığı; yakın çevresinde kaynaştırma eğitimi alan öğrenci olma durumuna göre farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmadan hareketle çeşitli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that can be caused by various etiologies accompanied by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin secretion disturbance or insulin disruption, or both. The purpose of this study is whether there is influence of nutrition consultation media to decrease blood sugar in type 2 diabetes at Puskesmas Pasar Ikan Bengkulu city. This research method uses quasi experimental design with one group pretest -postest design. A sample of 38 people who suffered from type 2 diabetes, 19 people for food photo book and 19 people for flipchart group. The results showed that there was no effect of nutrition consultation using food photo book media with p value (0,658)> p value (0,05), and there was no effect of nutrition consultation using flipchart media with p value (0,658) P value (0,05), there was no significant difference between food photo book medium and flipchart media with p value (0,470)> p value (0,05).

Community-based psychotherapists and school counsellors work to assist adolescents through sharing resources, building awareness of cognition and behavior, and skill development in communicative competence. However, adolescents, eager to delve deeper into the unknown territory of their being, also present us with speech and acts coming from the unconscious, in the form of metaphors, forgetting, behavioral excesses, mishaps, and physical symptoms. As adolescents search for ways to manage childhood trauma, find meaning and purpose in their lives, and clarify an aspirational direction that makes sense to them, they rarely have opportunities to work at a deeper level. In this article, psychoanalytically informed counselling is presented as a powerful and effective way to work with adolescents. The authors discuss what is at stake during adolescence and they consider the determined denunciation by the adolescent of the impositions of cultural and societal mandates. The call to "make space for the adolescent unconscious" is contextualized in an overview of the historical foundations of psychoanalysis with children and adolescents. The article analyzes two counseling sessions in which the adolescent works with a school-based counsellor to use dreams to "interact with" his unconscious. Drawing from their own counselling and educational experience with adolescents and emerging adults, the authors discuss the ethics upon which psychoanalytically informed work with adolescents must be grounded. The counselling vignettes are interpreted using the work of Freud, Klein, Lacan and the analysts of Groupe interdisciplinaire freudien de recherche et d'intervention clinique et culturelle (Gifric) of the Freudian School of Quebec.

Using information and communication technology (ICT) in psychological counseling and guidance field is a current issue with the developing technology. In Turkey, scientific research on this subject is quite limited. The aim of this research is to examine the thoughts of counselors in training about the ICT. This qualitative study was conducted with 7 senior female students taking Individual Psychological Counseling Practice course in Psychological Counseling and Guidance Undergraduate Program in Yeditepe University. Data were gathered with both a questionnaire consisting of open-ended questions and focus group discussion. As a result of content analysis, counselors in training were found to think that ICT is positive since it is fast and convenient as a part of the education. Besides, they stated that there are both advantages and disadvantages of online counseling process they conducted within this context. It was understood that being in an online client role is generally easy for counselors in training and this process increases the empathy towards the clients. However, they had difficulties in scenario building and artificial atmosphere. The advantage of conducting online counseling is that it provides enough time to react properly to the clients during sessions, an opportunity to read the conversation again and again, giving opportunity to the people who cannot take counseling service, suitability to people who have difficulty in self-disclosure during face-to-face sessions, and contribution to the counselors' professional development. Disadvantages of the online counseling is that the clients and the counselors cannot communicate directly; that it is hard to build trust, that it is necessary to take additional precautions about confidentiality, and the differences in time management. Extended Summary Purpose Today, most people do bank transactions without getting out from their homes, buy cinema, concert or match tickets while sitting on their seats, read online newspapers and magazines, and organize conferences with computers and cell phones and this is accepted as a usual routine of daily life. In line with this developing new life style, counselors' getting skills in ICT cause quality service to clients.

The Kenyan government recognizes guidance and counselling as an essential service that should be given to every student. To demonstrate its seriousness, the government, through the Teachers Service Commission (TSC) has officially appointed heads of departments of guidance and counselling in secondary schools to oversee the implementation and proper running of this programme. Effectiveness of this programme has however not been felt as evidenced by common unrest in many schools. Limited research has been done to examine determinants of effective provision of guidance and counselling programmes in public secondary schools in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of effective guidance and counselling programmes in public secondary schools in Kericho Sub-County, Kericho County. The objectives of the study were; to investigate the qualifications of teacher counsellors providing guidance and counselling services; establish if materials for guidance and couns...

In the church in recent times, it seems that agitation for the approval of homosexuality or same-sex marriage is on the increase. There is a fight for recognition and societal acceptability of their kind of relationships and marriage, like heterosexual marriages. Homosexuality is characterised by all form of sexual attraction between people of the same sex or sexual attraction to people of ones' sex. Homosexuality among men is commonly referred to as gay while in women the term lesbian is used. The Bible described it as Sodomy. Therefore, this paper examines what should be the in attitudinal position of the Christian in the care of homosexuals in Nigeria. Though it is illegal to be a homosexual in Nigeria, we can not deny the fact that there are homosexuals in the country. This paper recommends that moralization, Pastoral counselling and follow-up service should be key among other methods in the care of homosexuals by the Christians in Nigeria. The methodology used in this paper is a qualitative research approach, while data were gathered predominantly through sources made of books, unpublished materials, journals articles as well as internet materials.

21 st Century is the age of science and technological age, people's quality of life has improved tremendously in this century and also turning on alarm signal of loneliness. The aim of the study was to identify the loneliness among adults with respect to marital status, Family structure and Age". The present study is a cross-sectional Survey Research. "Differential Loneliness scale (DLS)" developed by Schmidt, N. & Sermat, was distributed among 60 adults (Male-34, Female-26), who had been selected purposively. Frequency, Mean, Standard Deviation (SD), Percentage Analysis, Independent sample't' test and One way ANOVA were used to analyze data. The findings revealed that most of the adults (5%) have low level of loneliness and 37% adults have moderate level of loneliness. Only three adults have high level of loneliness (58%). There is no significant difference of loneliness among adults with respect to their family structure, Age and significant difference found of loneliness between married and unmarried adults. Dimension wise no significant difference found of loneliness among adults with respect to their marital status, family structure and age.

A complexities  of living expand and the challenges of meeting everyday needs of homosapiens  increases, there arises in a more compelling proportion the need for achieving sustainable behaviour and attitudinal change in society to ensure societal perpetuation.

There is no doubt whatsoever that the Human immunodeficiency virus infection is a pandemic infectious disease whose impact on societies is without precedent. Hence, people's attitude towards HIV counselling and testing may significantly influence their willingness to participate and benefit from the services. Therefore, the study investigated Socio-demographic determinants of attitude towards voluntary counselling and testing in Delta State, Nigeria. The study adopted the cross-sectional descriptive survey design with a total sample size of two hundred (200) participants, selected simple random sampling. Instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled Socio-demographic Determinants of Attitude towards Voluntary Counselling and Testing Questionnaire (SDAVCTQ). Univariate analysis was used to analyze quantitative variables using mean, and standard deviation and Bivariate analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the socio demographic variables and attitude of the respondents. Results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents have positive attitude towards VCT. It was also found that majority of the respondents were willing to recommend VCT to others while 83.5% believed VCT is very necessary. Finally the findings showed a high significant positive relationship between respondents' attitude and their socio-demographic characteristics such as annual income and tribe, while there is no significant relationship between respondents' age, gender, marital status, educational level, occupation, religion and their attitude towards VCT. The study therefore concluded that there is a positive correlation between annual income, tribe and attitude of persons assessing voluntary counselling and testing of HIV. The study recommended among others that health workers and helping professionals such as medical doctors, nurses, counsellors, clinical psychologists and social welfare officers should be empowered with trainings to be abreast in recent scientific approaches in counselling and VCT centers should be decentralized to enable more people to benefit from the programme.