Green Building Materials (Architecture)

Concept of the dymicity and the meaning ,
The Nature has Dynamic Identity,
The building with the dynamic shape ,
Dynamic inside the building ,
Dynamic of light,
Dynamic of Form
Dynamic in the planning
Dynamic with sustainable approach for example circulation of wind and natural sources Smart materials with dynamic identity...

Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.
Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, and the very first rule is, do not build in sprawl (spreading in disordered fashion). No matter how much grass you put on your roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you build in sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose. Buildings account for a large amount of land. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives to building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of an existing structure. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy amongst the practices used. Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques, such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well.
Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment. To reduce operating energy use, high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors increase the efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.

Yeşil bina değerlendirme sistemleri, Türkiye’de son birkaç yılda gündeme gelmeye başlamış, hızla gelişmekte olan bir piyasaya sahip bir konudur. Şu anda Türkiye’nin yerel bir değerlendirme sistemi yoktur ve bina sahipleri, yabancı sistemleri kullanarak binalarını sertifikalandırmayı tercih etmektedirler. Değerlendirme sistemlerinin bilinirliğinin artması, yerel bir değerlendirme sisteminin ihtiyacının farkına varılmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu doğrultuda ÇEDBİK, bir Türk yeşil bina değerlendirme sisteminin oluşturulması için çalışmalara başlamıştır.

Ülkeler, kendi değerlendirme sistemlerini geliştirirken tecrübeli olan diğer sistemlerden yararlanırlar. Pek çok ülkenin yeşil bina konseyi mevcut sistemleri inceleyip kendi yerel durumlarına adapte etmeyi tercih eder. ÇEDBİK de benzer bir yöntemle BRE Global-ÇEDBİK ortak adaptasyon çalışması ile BREEAM’i Türkiye koşullarına göre adapte ederek ulusal bir yeşil bina değerlendirme sistemi yaratmak hedeflenmektedir.

Bu çalışma, bahsi geçtiği üzere henüz oluşturulma aşamasında olan yerel bir değerlendirme sisteminin malzeme kategorisinde ele alınması gereken konuları belirlemeyi, bu konuların puanlamaya tabi tutulabilmesi için referans gösterilecek mevcut yasal dokümanları incelemeyi, eksik dokümanlara dikkat çekmeyi hedeflemektedir. Özellikle malzeme konusunun seçilme sebebi, yapı malzemelerinin binanın yaşam döngüsüne, hatta binanın inşa edilmesinden önceki zaman periyodlarına yayılan bir çevresel etki yaratmasıdır.

Bu inceleme çalışması için yalnızca BREEAM değil, LEED de kaynak olarak kullanılmıştır. Her iki sistemin malzeme kategorileri altında yer alan kredilerin yanısıra, yapı malzemeleriyle ilişkili olduğu düşünülen fakat farklı kategorilerde bulunan kriterler de incelenmiştir.

Çalışmanın sonunda, incelenen her iki sistemin güçlü ve zayıf yanları, BREEAM adaptasyonu ile sınırlı kalındığı takdirde Türk yeşil bina değerlendirme sisteminin malzeme kategorisinde oluşacak eksiklikler belirtilerek, konuyla ilgili alınabilecek önlemler önerilmiştir. Bu öneriler yapılırken, Türkiye’nin konularla ilgili mevcut yasal altyapısı göz önünde bulundurulmuştur.

Construction industry is growing rapidly and new technologies have evolved very fast to cater different difficulties in the construction industry. Among all materials used in the construction industry concrete is main material for construction puposes. Billions of tons of naturally occurring materials are mined for the production of concrete which will leave a substantial mark on the environment. Nowadays recycling of waste and industrial by products gaining popularity to make concrete environment friendly material and the concrete can be called as Green Concrete. This review paper will give us a brief idea about as well as advantages and disadvantages about green concrete.

A green building material (GBM) is an ecological, health-promoting, recycled, or high-performance building material that impacts the material selection to cover all three pillars (3Ps) of sustainability. The absence of clear instructions for GBMs and the difficulty of precision adjustments of GBM criteria with 3Ps sustainability make GBM selection a challenge. In addition, the consideration of all sustainability factors in GBM selection is a multi-criteria decision problem that requires mathematical techniques such as the multi criteria decision making (MCDM) method. This study applies a hybrid MCDM methodology to resolve multiple incompatible and conflicting GBM criteria to align with 3Ps sustainability. The Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) was used to analyze the efficacy of and interrelationship between GBM criteria. This tool is a hybrid model using fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) for aligning and ranking GBM criteria based on 3Ps sustainability. Additionally, the study inspects four groups of professionals in Malaysia who involved in GBM selection and modified one of the oldest GBM criteria models considering the criteria identified from a comprehensive literature review. The results show that the relationship between GBMs and sustainability criteria are different based on the separate 3Ps of sustainability. The evaluation and results provide a valuable reference for building professionals to enhance sustainable construction through green materials.

Producing power through renewable energy systems in buildings, known as green buildings, is becoming more and more crucial and also popular in these days. In this paper we are introducing a new system by which it is possible to produce more than 1000 watts electrical power. The system works by wastewater generated from domestic activities such as laundry, dishwashing and bathing, known as greywater. To this end, it is necessary to have a vertical sewage plumbing system which is located inside or outside of the building. Conducting greywater of each floor to the plumbing system, it is possible to use plumbing system height and greywater pressure if we dam the end of the plumbing system. Whenever the pipeline fills completely with greywater, the fluid has constant pressure and makes sufficient turbine head that can propel the propeller of a turbine. This Waste to Energy (WtE) system is capable to provide notable electrical power of needful light or other public electrical facilities of a typical building complex. The turbine can produce electrical energy according to the height of the building (sewage plumbing) and its habitancy. The higher and more habitant the building, the more energy is produced.

The traditional architecture of Central Asia and the Middle East is the product of land, the local climate, and people’s culture. The human needs and the environment represented the most essential factors to be considered in their designs. The traditional and vernacular architecture of this region introduced many realistic solutions and devices to the local environmental problems such as the Wind-catcher, which became a common architectural feature in buildings. The wind-catcher is based on a traditional Persian architectural device, which was used to create natural ventilation in buildings. Since the energy crisis of the 1970s, the ecological or sustainable architecture movement dominated architect’s thoughts of realising buildings that are environmentally relevant to their regions. In recent decades, there has been an increasing awareness of these traditional environmental devices and their potential for possible future buildings. However, traditional and vernacular architecture, which considered the human needs and the environment, provided many realistic solutions to the more recent modern environmental problems. This paper demonstrates the value of wind-catchers and provides insight into the application of natural ventilation systems as an alternative to the inappropriate modern cooling system in hot-climate regions. It also aims to examine the theoretical status of wind-catchers and to identify its specific nature, its use and its function in the context of architectural practice and discourse, in the past, present and future.

21. yüzyılın hızlı yaşam döngüsü içinde kimi değerler yitirilirken, kimileri yeniden yaşama katılmakta, keşfedilmektedir. Anadolu’nun derin tarihi içinde yeniden keşfedilen değerlerden birisi de “köy” yaşamı olmaktadır. Belki hiç yitirilmemiş olan köy ve köye ilişkin değerler, bugün yeniden anlamlandırılmakta, değer kazanmakta ve sahip olduğu yere kavuşmaktadır. Toplumsal yaşamın dinamikleri içinde kendiliğinden gelişen bu hareketlilik, bilinçli yaklaşımlarla desteklenerek, toplum, kent ve ülke yaşamı için bir kazanım olabilmektedir.

Bu bağlamda, köye ait değerler, planlama ve mimarlık disiplini içinde yeniden yorumlandığında, önemli potansiyeller içerdiği görülmektedir. Küresel dünyanın gelecek nesilleri gözeterek yapılandırdığı sürdürülebilirlik kavramı bu anlamda önemli bir yaşam felsefesi ve kültürünü amaçlamaktadır. Gerek kerpiç malzeme, gerek mekan organizasyonu, gerek kentsel tasarım disiplinleri ve yapı teknolojileri bağlamında, önemli birikimlere sahip olan köylerin, üzerinde çalışılmayı hak eden bir öneme sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bu noktadan hareket ederek, izleyeceğiniz “köy sergisi”, geleceğe dönük önemli açılımlar içeren bir çalışmanın ilk ayağını oluşturması nedeniyle önemli olmaktadır.

Proje Ekibi  Doç.Dr. Mustafa Özgünler, Doç.Dr. Seden Acun Özgünler, Yard.Doç.Dr. Tolga Sayın, Uzman Ergün Şimşek, Uzman Doğukan Erdoğan, Uzman Şiar Umut Yıldırım, Taybuğa Aybars Mamalı  Çalışmaya Katılan Öğrenciler  Ezgi Polat, Hazel Kazkayası, Ayşegül Özdek, Deniz Kızık, Fırat Kaya, Kadir Yesir, Seda Kireççi, Hülya Şeh, Ayşe Başkonuş, Bekir Emre Ateş, Mehmet Ashi, Ece, Gökçen Köse, Selin Aktürk, Bersu Çelik, Cansu Yılmaz, Gizem Kınsız, Büşra Uysal, Arıkan Özden, Demet Öksüz  MSGSÜ  Yapı Uygulama ve  Araştırma Merkezi, MSGSÜ  Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi

This paper investigates an approach to the use of fractals in architectural design. Two major aspects are discussed. First, the effect of the direction of the line segments on the generated fractal, as well as, the proportions between the generator and the initiator. Secondly, the meanings attached to the lines segments that constitute the fractal are based on some known architectural organization. The goal is to develop a basis for using fractals to suggest architectural forms.

The existence of plastic waste is a global issue since plastic wastes are difficult to destroy and the recycling process causes air pollution and wastes energy. Building materials in the form of bricks produced from plastic waste can decrease wastes and can be used in building constructions. This plastic bricks met the requirement of light load-bearing walls, with a mass of 160g per brick that can withstand a capacity of 32 kN each.

Local content refers to materials and products made in a country as opposed those that are imported. There is an increasing interest in the concept of local content as a means of supporting local economies and providing jobs (Belderbos & Sleuwaegen, 1997; Qiu & Tao, 2001; Corkin, 2012; Warner, 2011; Stephenson, 2013).

Local content is also seen a way of improving national sustainability performance and developing greener buildings (Olivier et al, 2016; van Reneen, 2014; Gibberd, 2002). As a result, an increasing number of developed and developing countries are developed procurement policies that promote local content and it is estimated that about 11% of world trade has been affected (Stephenson, 2013).

This chapter defines local content and provides examples of this in buildings and construction. It shows how local content targets or local content requirements (LCRs) are being formalised in government policy and pursued in procurement regimes. The relationship between local content and sustainability is also delineated in order to demonstrate the implications of local content on building design, construction and operation. The advantages and disadvantages of local content approaches are discussed and illustrated through examples. Finally, broad recommendations are provided to enable the concept of local content to be more effectively integrated in to buildings and construction.

Green building is the way of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction. This practice enlarges and complements the conventional building design concerns of energy, water, materials, carbon emission, economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Hence, these practices have the sole role in sustainable as well as high-performance building. Outdated methods of building or renovation a home uses a huge amount of resources which contain a significant amount of carbon emission and many of them nonrenewable and toxic—and pay little attention to the impact the home’s site have on the landscape. Herein, we elucidate a green building optimization for low-income people with the help of Autodesk Revit as well as EDGE green building analyzer. We designed a sustainable building model by using these tools based on energy efficiency, water efficiency, locally available and low carbon content materials, generate less waste and afford improved spaces for inhabitants, as compared to a traditional building. Embodied energy analysis, material flow analysis, carbon emission analysis and cost optimization are carried out to produce an optimum result.

Self-cleaning properties have received significant attention for the importance of their potential. Coatings at Nano-scales offer possibilities of using materials for self-cleaning surfaces. Recent efforts have begun to focus on the kinds of materials including metals, semiconductors and polymers. Such materials can have enormous potential in only a few applications. Moreover, the production of these materials requires high costs with low photo activity. In this regard, TiO 2 and its derived materials have shown acceptable and effective suggestions for this application. Moreover, the mechanism of self-cleaning has been explained by the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic can have many applications in different areas like water purification, microfluidics and photovoltaic. In this review, the application of self-cleaning in solar cells and environment as well as TiO 2 derived materials and their applications in water management have been briefly illustrated. In addition, it has been explained that a huge number of self-cleaning materials, applications and improvement in utilities have been essential. In short, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the new approach and to mention numerous materials with hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties would be promising for most environmental concerns. Bio-inspired surface respond in nature through hydrophobic (Cicada Wing, Butterfly Wing, Lotus Leaf, Rice Leaf) and hydrophilic (Fish Scale, Snail Shell, Shark Skin) properties was divided in 4 and 3 respectively. Anti reflective coatings with self-cleaning properties have drowned considerable attention for both their basic appearances and vast applied usages. Antireflective coatings with self-cleaning properties have been considered because of their fascinating features and vast diversity of empirical uses.

It is widely recognized that human activities are contributing to climate changes. Buildings are one of the most sigificant sector that contribute in increase of GHG emissions. It cannot be abandoned. All people have to hand-in-hand solve this matter. Green Building is one of best solution to reduce the GHG emissions. Government of Indonesia has been stipulated regulation to strengthen green building concept and together with Grand Building Council of Indonesia (GBCI) conducting assessments, training, and such activities of green building to support all people or companies throughout Indonesia. Fear of costly green building costs are unfounded. For instance, Bamboo is a material that is not only environmentally friendly, but also the material is very cheap and readily available in Indonesia. By simultaneously cooperating with the citizens by creating green environment, it is expected it can reduce GHG emissions or at least slow the global warming.

This article investigates the nature of sustainability assessment of building materials in order to critically review the Sustainable Building Material Index methodology. A literature study is carried out to define sustainability, develop assessment indicators for building materials and describe, and critically review, the Sustainable Building Material Index (SBMI).

The SBMI methodology appears to have potential as a way of providing an indication of the sustainability impacts of building materials and products for developing countries. The SBMI methodology is innovative as it provides a way of capturing simple socio-economic sustainability aspects related to building products, which has not been included in many other building product assessment methodologies.

Sustainable development has become a significant worldwide concern. The past few years have seen a lot of changes. Some of these affect how we do approach-and how we should approach-environmental issues. Because of their adverse impacts on sustainability, knowledge about building materials became a crucial dimension of green change in building and design.

Purpose Ceramic tiles play a strategic role in the Italian market; currently, the Italian production is of 367.2 million m 2 (Confindustria Ceramica 2012). In 2009, Italy was positioned as the world's fourth largest producer of ceramic tiles, producing 368 million m 2 of the world's total production of 1,735 million m 2 Giacomini (Ceram World Rev 88:52-68, 2010). Therefore, there is an ongoing effort to create innovations in the products offered and their manufacturing processes, in order to better compete on the market and to create eco-friendly products. Recently, the Italian Ceramic District has increased its focus on environmental issues with the aim of protecting natural resources and reducing the energy and material consumption. For this reason, a new product was born in the Italian Ceramic District, namely, a large thin ceramic tile (dimensions 1,000 mm× 3,000 mm×3.5 mm) reinforced with a fibreglass backing, which gives the product excellent resistance and flexibility properties. The aim was to manufacture a new product with lower environmental impact than the traditional one. The production of a large thin ceramic tile requires, in fact, a lower quantity of materials, transports and energy consumptions comparing to the same metres square of traditional ceramic tile. At the present, no comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have been performed between traditional and innovative ceramic stoneware tiles. This study analyses, for the first time, a life cycle of the innovative ceramic product (porcelain stoneware) developed by a company of the Italian Ceramic District.

In recent decades, with the development in construction technology, the need for having sustainable building material is more sensible. Concrete is the world’s most popular construction material, because of the benefits that it can provide for construction industry and structures. Concrete, like other products has environmental effects occurring from it raw material process of resource extraction to producing and transportation. The basic impacts of cement productions are the CO2 emissions, which resulted in direct effects to global
warming, raw materials depletion and energy consumption.
Cement manufacturers are a source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around 7% to 8% of CO2 globally. It has been proven that half of the CO2 in manufacturing procedure of cement is released by limestone decomposition in the kiln and the other half is due commonly from fuel burning to operate the kiln. This paper draws attention to some different influences of concrete on the environment and highlights the benefits of fly ash concrete as a new finding in the world of construction by comparing its properties and effects with the regular concrete. At the end, some guidelines for decreasing destructive environmental impacts of concrete are suggested. Therefore, in spite of so many initiatives which have been done in the field of construction but still the improvement of eco-friendly materials seems to be lacking and more efforts are needed in the environmental discussions and education of civil engineers.

When an American city announced plans to demolish over 200 mid-century houses, The Emergent Structures Project was conceived as a means of not only harvesting this wealth of materials—which would otherwise be landfilled—but of nurturing community innovation in the process. As the salvage and distribution of the materials transpires over the next 18 months, the adaptive re-use projects are being recorded by a team of photographers and filmmakers. Site visits, interviews and photo documentation will be conducted. In 2011, a gallery show and photo exhibit will be held in conjunction with an international symposium highlighting this community-wide endeavor to reduce material waste, to reinvent the meaning of material adaptation, and to develop best practices.
The deconstruction and reclamation will be supervised by demolition experts, and will engage a broad cross-section of the community, members of which will be asked to work for a day before they haul their materials. We have also partnered with local farmers to build greenhouses, and tool sheds for community gardens. Furthermore, we will aid local entrepreneurs in building business models that take advantage of their personal craft and design skills, and supply them with the material they need for a small-scale production line.

The built environment is responsible for large negative ecological impacts due in part to the vast amount of materials used in construction. Concurrently, construction and demolition activities result in vast amounts of materials being buried, burnt, and dumped. It is essential therefore to analyze the impact of building materials acquisition, use, and transformation on the ecosystems people inhabit and rely upon for well-being. Typically, this is examined in terms of material use, energy use, and emission of pollutants including greenhouse gases. The impacts various materials have on complex and interconnected networks of ecosystem services are rarely considered. In light of this, this article introduces the concept of ecosystem services in relation to selecting materials for the construction of the built environment. A methodology for applying ecosystem services analysis to building materials specification is presented, and a series of example matrices that examine a selection of materials that are grown, extracted, or made are provided. The article concludes that the potential for positive change in terms of the ecological impact related to building materials across their lifecycles and in how built environments and the materials within them are designed, specified, valued, built, and used is apparent if an understanding of ecosystem services is integrated into built environment materials selection.

Correct citation: PEDERSEN ZARI, M. 2019. Ecosystem services impacts as part of building materials selection criteria. Materials Sustainability Today, Published online 23 March.

Africa and other developing countries have for long borne the blunt of continued environmental pollution despite the fact that the carbon footprint of these economies has comparatively been low. However, statistics today predict a steady growth in economic development in Africa driven by an accelerated growth in the construction sector and migration from rural to urban centers. With this, the Carbon footprint of these countries is expected to steadily increasing the environmental burden for an environment that is already torn apart. This is because the construction industry alone has been blamed for a third of the global environmental pollution. However, prior research by academia, global environmental bodies and governments has shown that sustainable green approaches can be adopted within the construction industry to reduce its carbon footprint and to enhance savings on the environment. Moreover, these environmental savings have been considered not just as enhancing savings for the environment but also their capability to bring greater financial benefits for the organizations as well as increased quality of life for occupants of these buildings and to the society at large. This research analyzes the green technological innovations that can be leveraged for sustainable economic development in developing economies. The research considers two green building cases (the United Nations green building in Nairobi and the Eastgate center in Harare, Zimbabwe) to draw its conclusions. The result of this study is a framework for sustainable building and construction in developing economies.

Recent advances in nano-technology and nano-additives can give enhanced properties to natural hydraulic lime (NHL), creating a multifunctional material. We have prepared a novel nanocomposite, made of a commercial mortar with 1 wt% and 5 wt% added titania nanoparticles (NPs). These TiO2 NPs are themselves doped with 1 mol% silver, to give the material enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties. The Ag-doped TiO2 NPs were made from a simple, costs effective, aqueous green nanosynthesis process, and the end material only contains 0.01–0.05% Ag. As this mortar is intended to both combat atmospheric pollution, and create more durable/lower maintenance building façades (plastering and finishing) by limiting attack from microorganisms and pollutants, its photocatalytic anti-pollution activity under solar and visible (no UV) light for nitrous oxide (NOx) and volatile organic compound (VOC) removal was studied. The addition of dopants did not significantly alter the physical properties or curing of the mortar, while it showed excellent photocatalytic activity under sunlight, The mortars with only 1 and 5 wt% additives degraded 10.6% and 21% NOx after 45 mins, respectively, comparing well to a value of 50% for a pure TiO2/Ag+ sample. They also degraded VOCs under visible light, of the kind used for lighting inside buildings, with no UV component. As the NPs are contained in the whole of the mortar layer, not just as a coating, if the surface is chipped or damaged this mortar will not loose its photocatalytic capabilities.

Recently, thermal properties of the landscaped rooftops and walls have attracted the interest of researchers because of the potential to minimize energy consumption in urban areas and to aid summer-time thermal control. For this reason the creation of a plant-based shade for walls or above buildings is highly important. In this paper we evaluate using Lygodium japonicum, one of the many ferns and fern allies traditionally used in Japanese gardening, as a component of thermal-buffering green walls. Lygodium japonicum, the only climbing fern species in Japan, is fast-growing, adheres easily to walls and has a climbing nature. A simple thermal analysis of the sun-shading effect of Lygodium canopy suggested that local surface temperature above the ceramic tiles placed on the rooftop of a building can be buffered (lowered in daytime and maintained relatively warm at night) by the presence of leafy climbing ferns covering the tiles, possibly due to the reflection and absorbance of solar radiation. Furthermore, the presence of the plants may also slow the night-time release of heat from the building surface. Because plants installed on tall walls or on the tops of buildings are not easily accessed for manual care, we performed a real-time routine monitoring and control of plant growth status using various optical sensors that could be automated and monitored remotely for large-scale applications. For this purpose, the optical properties of a L. japonicum canopy under solar incident light have been determined. In order to evaluate the natural shading and growing properties of a green canopy, the incident solar radiation spectrum (J), leaf canopy-filtered light spectrum (transmittance, T) and leaf-reflectivity spectrum (R) were measured. By reading the reflectivity spectrum, concomitant chlorophyll fluorescence signals (F) from Lygodium leaves were also detected at 760 nm, which corresponds to the O2-A Fraunhofer line. Our data suggests that the daily change in photosynthetic status (P) can be traced by monitoring the change in relative F in relation to the estimated heat loss (H) and measured J, R, and T using a series of practical equations designed to roughly estimate the gross photosynthetic response within the plant canopy. Using our equations, the photosynthetic capacity in the plant canopy structure could be simply simulated and predictable by optical sensors.

The Sustainable Development implies fulfilling the needs of the present without negotiating the ability of the future needs [1]. As on 31.03.2016, out of total 302 GW of electricity generated, approx 43 GW (only 14%) was generated by Renewable Energy Sources [2]. In the National Budget (2015), it was declared that approx five-time increase of Renewable Energy (RE) would be targeted to 175 GW by 2022 from 43 GW at 2016 [3]. Generally, lots of space exists within a company/ institution for conflicting opinions in implementing the retrofitting alternatives. Some of the decision makers may prioritize the financial criteria-Energy Savings (kWh/ Year) in top, some again may arrange the projects based on priority in Annual Investment (Rs.) or Annual Savings (Rs. /Year) or Payback Period (Years). Hence it is needed to obtain the prioritization table scientifically by the application of AHP, where an overall ranking of the energy alternatives is obtained by the combined effect of all of the financial/ doable criteria. In our present study, AHP has been chosen as an action based retrofitting parameter in selecting the priority of doable projects in a descending order of ranking provided by the system, in a MCDM environment. Moreover, to validate our experimental result of AHP, a 2nd stage survey was conducted to the beneficiary experts only of the respective company/ institution, who participated in the 1st round survey. This validation signifies that the Action Based Greening Building Procedure – i.e. the 'AHP' applied in the present paper is very much scientific and universal.

Efforts from laboratory experiments and some practical approaches show that several building materials can be derived from agricultural waste and be used as partial or complete replacement of conventional building materials. These efforts however have not completely provided the solution for the need of alternative building materials. This is due to the lack of generalised information on the development of the materials, which most often test few properties of the materials, and without any meaningful studies of the economic implication of the innovations. This research work was aimed to establish whether there is cost benefit in utilising building materials derived from agricultural waste or not, and to what extent if any? The cost of utilising Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), and Oil Palm Shell (OPS) in concrete, sandcrete blocks, bonding and plaster mortars was then evaluated. The cost was arrived at by adopting the actual cost of the material by volume and multiplying it by the actual quantity by volume used. The study discovered that 41% cost reduction in mass concrete is the highest cost saving while 12% in plaster mortar is the lowest. An overall cost saving of about 24% in the total cost of materials recorded. However, the study discovered that overall cost saving is dependent on the distance of the agricultural waste from production or construction site. Lack of readily available appropriate technology for processing some of the agricultural waste to building material was identified as a major challenge.

Within this work, life cycle assessment modeling is used to determine top design priorities and quantitatively inform sustainable design decision-making for a prefabricated modular building.  A case-study life-cycle assessment was performed for a 5,000 ft2 prefabricated commercial building constructed in San Francisco, California, and scenario analysis was run examining the life cycle environmental impacts of various energy and material design substitutions, and a structural design change.  Results show that even for a highly energy-efficient modular building, the top design priority is still minimizing operational energy impacts, since this strongly dominates the building life cycle's environmental impacts.  However, as an energy-efficient building approaches net zero energy, manufacturing-phase impacts are dominant, and a new set of design priorities emerges.  Transportation and end-of-life disposal impacts were of low to negligible importance in both cases.

Green, sustainable, eco-friendly and environmental design, all these terminologies-besides being environmentally responsible and resource-efficient-are strongly associated to human comfort. Going green has proved that all aspects related to human comfort are enhanced. Today's green space offers better thermal comfort, better day-lighting, better Indoor Air Quality (IAQ); Except for indoor acoustics, which tends to deteriorate by the evolution of green buildings. But when it comes to designing a Green Theater, indoor acoustics is priority number 1. The question is: can we build a green theater without compromising any of the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) aspects, especially when it comes to a space that can offer teaching sustainability.

Yapıların Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi (YDD-Life Cycle Assessment), yapım sektörünün artan çevresel etkilerinden dolayı son yıllarda yoğun olarak çalışılan bir araştırma alanı olmuştur. Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi (YDD), bir ürün ya da hizmetin beşikten mezara olarak tanımlanan tüm yaşam döngüsü içinde çevresel etkilerinin değerlendirmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılan bir yöntemdir. ISO 14040(2006) standardına göre dört evreden oluşmaktadır. Bunlar amaç ve kapsamın tanımlanması, yaşam döngüsü envanter analizi, yaşam döngüsü etki değerlendirilmesi ve yorumlama evreleridir. Yaşam Döngüsü Envanter Analizi (YDE-Life Cycle Inventory), bir ürün sisteminin yaşam döngüsü boyunca oluşan çevresel girdi ve çıktılarının derlenmesi ve nicelendirilmesi için veri toplama ve veri hesaplama işlemlerini içeren YDD yönteminin en önemli evrelerindendir. Yerel faktörler YDE sonuçlarını etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle birçok gelişmiş ülke YDE için kendi çevresel durumunu yansıtan veri tabanları geliştirmektedir. Bazı YDD çalışmalarında, benzer sistem veya teknoloji verileri envanter hesaplamalarında değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak, envanter analizi sonuçlarında gerçek sistem ile kaynak olarak kullanılan sistem arasındaki farklar nedeniyle hatalar olabilir. Türkiye çevresel veri eksikliği olan ülkelerden biridir ve henüz bir envanter veri tabanı yoktur. Bu çalışmada öncelikle YDE analizi ve karşılaşılan problemler değerlendirilerek ulusal envanter veri tabanının Türkiye için öneminin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır.

In addition to the mitigation of carbon emissions through the reduction of building energy consumption, the prevention of fire spread in buildings is important an important task globally. Therefore, a growing interest towards building materials that can simultaneously contribute to energy savings and provide good flame-re-tardant performance in buildings exist. The flame-retardant performances of buildings can be improved through the use of inorganic building materials during construction. Meanwhile, among the different types of construction waste, more than 70% of ceramics can be recycled, which would reduce carbon emissions in the production process. Ceramics are inorganic and non-flammable, and can thus secure the flame-retardant performance of buildings. In this study, recycled ceramic-based inorganic insulation to secure the flame-retardant performance of a building are analyzed for their energy saving values. A case study building was modeled and the flame-retardant performance and building energy consumption were analyzed. Setting the thermal trans-mittance of the external wall according to the energy conservation design standards in South Korea, the tradeoff between model calculates annual energy consumption fire protection and minimization of material environmental impacts are discussed. As a result of simulation, when a wall constructed according to the energy conservation design standards of buildings, the building energy was saved by 18.6% and fire resistance performance was secured.

Soil is used as a building material in different parts of the world. Earth construction, with the least demand for resources, is economically the most efficient means for house construction in developing countries. The recent flood in Kerala (August 2018) resulted in a huge loss of lives, many lost their homes, houses partially destructed, landslides occurred, many animals died. The overall effect was devastating. Post-flood Kerala saw huge deposits of waste and clayey soil accumulated in lands, which needs to be cleared and life should be brought back to normal. Why can’t we use these deposits as raw material for construction? To study this possibility, deposited soil from the areas of Periyar, Kerala, where the most amount of deposits were found and several tests were conducted on it to check its efficiency. Different types of blocks were prepared from this soil with and without adding stabilizers. Tests such as compressive strength and total water absorption were conducted on these blocks to evaluate their strength and durability. Finally, the values and properties of prepared sample blocks were compared and its efficiency to be used as a construction block is proved.  The block can be made in low-cost and is energy efficient. This paper is a review of the construction of such clay blocks produced from flood deposits. It’s an overview to demonstrate the scope of building walling using these clay bricks. Its advantages are realized in terms of rescuing the heritage and as a rediscovered environmentally friendly building material.

A large amount of waste is generated during the manufacture of bottle stoppers from the cork industries in granular form. These granules are lighter than many lightweight aggregates presently used for making lightweight concrete. This paper discusses the properties of cork and its compatibility with cement. Some physical and mechanical properties of cork cement composite materials are also presented.

Under the current Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, EU countries must set building energy renovation as a goal for future development of the cities. The 22@ district of Barcelona is one of the most thriving innovation districts of Europe with an increasing market for office buildings. In this framework, the present paper evaluates the effectiveness of a series of strategies considered the real case project of the energy retrofit of an existing building in 22@. In particular, the study presents the results of different scenarios of building retrofits, where simulations of dynamic envelopes are performed, with the inclusion of a conventional ventilated façade, Living Green Walls and Phase Change Material (PCM) for thermal energy storage. The different scenarios are compared in terms of energy performance, enhanced comfort and cost-benefit analysis. The benefits of latent thermal energy storage, improved thermal inertia and evapotranspiration of the vegetated elements are also assessed. Eventually this study helps understanding the feasibility of the implementation of the nZEB standard in energy retrofit of buildings in the specific context of Barcelona and Spain. 1. Introduction The massive urban development is altering the land surface by concentrating materials which effectively retain heat and create impervious surfaces, thus affecting urban local climate and urban hydrology. Moreover, tall buildings provide multiple surfaces for the absorption of solar radiation that is subsequently reradiated as heat, thus enhancing the efficiency with which urban areas are warmed up [1]. Building renovation is a main issue of recent European policies towards energy efficiency. Today's renovation projects have the challenges of improving the energy efficiency in order to reach the goals of zero emission in the building sector while improving their social and economic value, securing a sustainable use of resources [2] and minimizing the deleterious effects of buildings in the urban environment. The renovation of the building envelope, are a key factor in the energy rehabilitation of buildings and the urban environment. This paper describes three renovation strategies: living walls, ventilated facades with fibre-cement cladding and ventilated facades with PCM materials [3,4,5].

Aim: This study aimed to identify Turkish building material manufacturers' opinion and experiences on Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) approved by the international independent programs and their approaches to a national EPD system. Method: In the study, a questionnaire was designed for the building material manufacturers with EPD certificates in Turkey. It was contacted with specialists responsible for environmental issues in building material firms through different connections such as " survey monkey " questionnaire program, social network (Linkedln) and face to face interviews. Results: The number of EPDs in Turkey is very limited. 36 of the 42 manufacturers agreed to answer the questionnaire. According to the manufacturers, the main strengths of EPDs are developing corporate-brand identity and providing new market opportunities, while the main weaknesses of EPDs are the consumer's lack of knowledge about EPD and high costs of EPD registration and renewal. 43% of the manufacturers have a positive approach, while 7 % of them have negative approach and 50 % of them remained undecided for local EPD. Conclusion: The opinions of the undecided and non-certified manufacturers can be modified by increasing awareness of EPDs' strengths and by eliminating EPDs' weaknesses. National EPD system can be a solution by contributing to the accurate environmental results, the comparability of the environmental impacts of the building materials and the development of local inventory database for the EPD problems.

Soil is used as a building material in different parts of the world. Earth construction, with the least demand for resources, is economically the most efficient means for house construction in developing countries. The recent flood in Kerala (August 2018) resulted in a huge loss of lives, many lost their homes, houses partially destructed, landslides occurred, many animals died. The overall effect was devastating. Post-flood Kerala saw huge deposits of waste and clayey soil accumulated in lands, which needs to be cleared and life should be brought back to normal. Why can't we use these deposits as raw material for construction? To study this possibility, deposited soil from the areas of Periyar, Kerala, where the most amount of deposits were found and several tests were conducted on it to check its efficiency. Different types of blocks were prepared from this soil with and without adding stabilizers. Tests such as compressive strength and total water absorption were conducted on these blocks to evaluate their strength and durability. Finally, the values and properties of prepared sample blocks were compared and its efficiency to be used as a construction block is proved. The block can be made in low-cost and is energy efficient. This paper is a review of the construction of such clay blocks produced from flood deposits. It's an overview to demonstrate the scope of building walling using these clay bricks. Its advantages are realized in terms of rescuing the heritage and as a rediscovered environmentally friendly building material.

Developing new energy efficient building materials to reduce the carbon footprint is now the core of sustainability in construction and an essential factor of life cycle assessment (LCA). The extensive and increasing usage of conventional concrete, mortar, plasters and various cement based materials is only one of the many factors contributing towards urban thermal discomfort caused by urban heat island phenomena and the poor thermal insulation of ordinary cement mortar. Not only this, the wide use of concrete and mortar in construction increases the consumption of their primary components mainly -Portland cement- requiring a large consumption of energy and causing a significant rise in CO2 emissions. Embedding natural and artificial cementitious/pozzolana materials in today`s cement-based building materials has become a common practice. Cementitious and Pozzolanic materials are known to provide an added value to mortar/concrete not only in terms of mechanical and durability properties but also in energy efficiency and enhancing sustainability. Sarooj is a local term describing an artificial cementitious and pozzolana material obtained by traditional calcining of the raw clayey soil. Although its usage is nowadays very limited, Sarooj has been used in Oman and other neighboring countries for centuries, in various buildings and defense into an engineered binding material and hence investigating its physico-mechanical and thermal properties. The raw soil used to produce the traditional Sarooj was employed to engineer a modern “Sarooj” under controlled energy processing (grinding and calcination) conditions. The raw clay minded from specific location was ground first to a fine powdered material and then subjected to full characterization. The physical and chemical characterization indicated that the raw soil is suitable for producing a cementitious/pozzolanic calcined clay. The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis of the clay used reveal that only a moderate temperature of around 800 °C is required for its calcination which preserves energy and reduces CO2 emissions compared to 1600 °C to produce clinker cement. The strength development showed a slow early-age reactivity but an appreciable enhancement in long-term which demonstrates a remarkable latent hydraulic potential of the clay used. It was also found that adding an optimum amount of the calcined clay enhances the thermal properties. The annual energy performance of a typical housing in the hot climate of Muscat, Oman, was evaluated using DesignBuilder software, a whole-building simulation tool. The simulation results showed insignificant savings in annual energy consumption when the developed mixes are used as plastering materials. The clay alkali-activated with NaOH has, however, showed great potential to enhance the mortar`s long-term strength. Using locally engineered cementitious material in a partial replacement of Portland cement can further enhance durability and sustainability by reducing the manufacturing energy of the produced building material such mortars and plasters

Clean air is a fundamental requirement for human and the others. In particular, the quality of air must be
maintained from air pollution because almost 90% of people living in the room. The air pollution in the room arising
from the activity of people in industrial and transportation sectors. This was reported by EPA in 1989 that study of
indoor air pollution is more severe than the outdoors. It reduce the labor productivity up to US $10 billion. People
generally use Air Conditioner (AC) and air freshener to decrease the bad smell in the room. However, use of Air
Conditioner has a bad impact because it contains Chlor (Cl) like Freon and CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon). It was
decreasing the ozon layer causing global warming. Then, it also consumses of 45-66% electrical energy. The
alternative solution to solve this problem is to use activated carbon as adsorbent which is more saving energy and
friendly technology. The use of activated carbon is one application of Green Building. The activated carbon is a good
adsorbent for purification, decreasing dye and smell, dechlorination, detoxification, filtration, separation as well as a catalyst. The activated carbon has long been studied because its ability to absorb the air pollution. For example, Basuki
(2007), make a media-coated exhaust activated carbon without the insertion of TiO2 can reduce HC air pollution with
long media 5,10 and 15 cm are 142,67; 122,67 and 90,67 ppm respectively, from initial concentration 663 ppm.
Whereas, SO2 gas can be decreased to 477,950; 367,353; 215,95 μg/m3 respectively, from initial concentration 930,41
μg/m3 etc.The activated carbon with a specific method can be packed into a painting. Through the use of activated
carbon as a panting not only can absorb the odors but also improve the aesthetics of the room (2 in 1).

Purpose Ceramic tiles play a strategic role in the Italian market; currently, the Italian production is of 367.2 million m 2 (Confindustria Ceramica 2012). In 2009, Italy was positioned as the world's fourth largest producer of ceramic tiles, producing 368 million m 2 of the world's total production of 1,735 million m 2 Giacomini (Ceram World Rev 88:52-68, 2010). Therefore, there is an ongoing effort to create innovations in the products offered and their manufacturing processes, in order to better compete on the market and to create eco-friendly products. Recently, the Italian Ceramic District has increased its focus on environmental issues with the aim of protecting natural resources and reducing the energy and material consumption. For this reason, a new product was born in the Italian Ceramic District, namely, a large thin ceramic tile (dimensions 1,000 mm× 3,000 mm×3.5 mm) reinforced with a fibreglass backing, which gives the product excellent resistance and flexibility properties. The aim was to manufacture a new product with lower environmental impact than the traditional one. The production of a large thin ceramic tile requires, in fact, a lower quantity of materials, transports and energy consumptions comparing to the same metres square of traditional ceramic tile. At the present, no comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have been performed between traditional and innovative ceramic stoneware tiles. This study analyses, for the first time, a life cycle of the innovative ceramic product (porcelain stoneware) developed by a company of the Italian Ceramic District.