Green Building Materials (Architecture)

21. yüzyılın hızlı yaşam döngüsü içinde kimi değerler yitirilirken, kimileri yeniden yaşama katılmakta, keşfedilmektedir. Anadolu’nun derin tarihi içinde yeniden keşfedilen değerlerden birisi de “köy” yaşamı olmaktadır. Belki hiç yitirilmemiş olan köy ve köye ilişkin değerler, bugün yeniden anlamlandırılmakta, değer kazanmakta ve sahip olduğu yere kavuşmaktadır. Toplumsal yaşamın dinamikleri içinde kendiliğinden gelişen bu hareketlilik, bilinçli yaklaşımlarla desteklenerek, toplum, kent ve ülke yaşamı için bir kazanım olabilmektedir.

Bu bağlamda, köye ait değerler, planlama ve mimarlık disiplini içinde yeniden yorumlandığında, önemli potansiyeller içerdiği görülmektedir. Küresel dünyanın gelecek nesilleri gözeterek yapılandırdığı sürdürülebilirlik kavramı bu anlamda önemli bir yaşam felsefesi ve kültürünü amaçlamaktadır. Gerek kerpiç malzeme, gerek mekan organizasyonu, gerek kentsel tasarım disiplinleri ve yapı teknolojileri bağlamında, önemli birikimlere sahip olan köylerin, üzerinde çalışılmayı hak eden bir öneme sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bu noktadan hareket ederek, izleyeceğiniz “köy sergisi”, geleceğe dönük önemli açılımlar içeren bir çalışmanın ilk ayağını oluşturması nedeniyle önemli olmaktadır.

Proje Ekibi  Doç.Dr. Mustafa Özgünler, Doç.Dr. Seden Acun Özgünler, Yard.Doç.Dr. Tolga Sayın, Uzman Ergün Şimşek, Uzman Doğukan Erdoğan, Uzman Şiar Umut Yıldırım, Taybuğa Aybars Mamalı  Çalışmaya Katılan Öğrenciler  Ezgi Polat, Hazel Kazkayası, Ayşegül Özdek, Deniz Kızık, Fırat Kaya, Kadir Yesir, Seda Kireççi, Hülya Şeh, Ayşe Başkonuş, Bekir Emre Ateş, Mehmet Ashi, Ece, Gökçen Köse, Selin Aktürk, Bersu Çelik, Cansu Yılmaz, Gizem Kınsız, Büşra Uysal, Arıkan Özden, Demet Öksüz  MSGSÜ  Yapı Uygulama ve  Araştırma Merkezi, MSGSÜ  Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi

The recent rapid increase in human population over the last two hundred years has raised concerns that humans are beginning to overpopulate our planet, while the available natural resources may not be able to sustain present or larger numbers of humans. However, the industrial revolution has contributed to the development of humans it led to a population shift from rural villages to urban cities and megacities. This population shift has created new problems that didn’t exist before, challenging to maintain a sustainable living. The rapid growth of cities is due to the need to build new homes and provide services for inhabitants of these cities but with much less knowledge of the downsides on the environment, which led to the increase of harmful gas emissions in the air with unprecedented amounts that are now threatening our healthy living. Therefore, the need to develop a new kind of technology that is able to produce less emissions or in fact zero-emissions production is imperative to stop climate change and it became a global challenge to all architects in the past decade, not only to provide more healthy environment to all living beings but also preserve natural resource for future generations. However, the ultimate challenge is to construct buildings that can also restore the damage caused by previous generations and other industries.
This research has a large goal to spur fundamental shifts in thinking and practice in sustainable architecture to improve human life and reduce environmental degradation. This is an ambitious aim that is difficult to achieve yet one reality is evident: Biological Technologies are the key. While the past century was dominated by the flow of information, and advances in physics, electronics and communication, this coming era is considered to be the biological and nanotechnological revolution
Biological NanoArchitecture focuses on biotechnology and nanotechnology use in architecture; mimicking a natural bio system in the building process through the use of nanotechnology, to create a distinctive trend of architecture that is in harmony with the environment and embedded in nature. This new trend of architecture will solve economic issues, provide more human comfort and restores a healthy environment not only for the building users but also for greater society.

Various lignocellulosic materials are available locally from the agro- forestry industries in many parts of the world. Using these materials in a cementitious matrix, composites with a range of properties can be formed. These composites have divers applications in building construction. However, the presence of the extractives in the lignocellulosic materials and their mixing difficulty with cement limit their use. This paper discuss these problems for making cement-bonded products. The properties of the resultant composites and their advantages and limitations are also presented.

Windows are often considered the weakest point in building envelopes, especially in buildings with high window-to-wall ratios, where the windows exhibit much higher thermal transmittance than the opaque portion of the walls. The poor thermal performance of windows can largely be attributed to their frames which have higher thermal transmittance than the glazing portions. This study investigates the thermal transmittance of 48 commercially-available high-performance aluminium, fibreglass, polyvinylchloride (PVC) and wood-composite window frames. Then, it focuses on the possible improvements of each frame by inserting aerogel in the frame cavities. Several modifications of the frame cavities are assessed through two-dimensional numerical modelling done according to the ISO 10077-2 standard. This research concludes that filling existing empty cavities of window frames with aerogel granules could reduce the frame thermal transmittance by 4-29% depending on the frame type. Moreover, the complete filling of the cavities with aerogel can further reduce the thermal transmittance by 35%. Finally, for each investigated material, window frames with a thermal transmittance as low as 0.5 W/m 2 K are proposed.

Africa and other developing countries have for long borne the blunt of continued environmental pollution despite the fact that the carbon footprint of these economies has comparatively been low. However, statistics today predict a steady growth in economic development in Africa driven by an accelerated growth in the construction sector and migration from rural to urban centers. With this, the Carbon footprint of these countries is expected to steadily increasing the environmental burden for an environment that is already torn apart. This is because the construction industry alone has been blamed for a third of the global environmental pollution. However, prior research by academia, global environmental bodies and governments has shown that sustainable green approaches can be adopted within the construction industry to reduce its carbon footprint and to enhance savings on the environment. Moreover, these environmental savings have been considered not just as enhancing savings for the environment but also their capability to bring greater financial benefits for the organizations as well as increased quality of life for occupants of these buildings and to the society at large. This research analyzes the green technological innovations that can be leveraged for sustainable economic development in developing economies. The research considers two green building cases (the United Nations green building in Nairobi and the Eastgate center in Harare, Zimbabwe) to draw its conclusions. The result of this study is a framework for sustainable building and construction in developing economies.

Soil is used as a building material in different parts of the world. Earth construction, with the least demand for resources, is economically the most efficient means for house construction in developing countries. The recent flood in Kerala (August 2018) resulted in a huge loss of lives, many lost their homes, houses partially destructed, landslides occurred, many animals died. The overall effect was devastating. Post-flood Kerala saw huge deposits of waste and clayey soil accumulated in lands, which needs to be cleared and life should be brought back to normal. Why can't we use these deposits as raw material for construction? To study this possibility, deposited soil from the areas of Periyar, Kerala, where the most amount of deposits were found and several tests were conducted on it to check its efficiency. Different types of blocks were prepared from this soil with and without adding stabilizers. Tests such as compressive strength and total water absorption were conducted on these blocks to evaluate their strength and durability. Finally, the values and properties of prepared sample blocks were compared and its efficiency to be used as a construction block is proved. The block can be made in low-cost and is energy efficient. This paper is a review of the construction of such clay blocks produced from flood deposits. It's an overview to demonstrate the scope of building walling using these clay bricks. Its advantages are realized in terms of rescuing the heritage and as a rediscovered environmentally friendly building material.

Within this work, life cycle assessment modeling is used to determine top design priorities and quantitatively inform sustainable design decision-making for a prefabricated modular building.  A case-study life-cycle assessment was performed for a 5,000 ft2 prefabricated commercial building constructed in San Francisco, California, and scenario analysis was run examining the life cycle environmental impacts of various energy and material design substitutions, and a structural design change.  Results show that even for a highly energy-efficient modular building, the top design priority is still minimizing operational energy impacts, since this strongly dominates the building life cycle's environmental impacts.  However, as an energy-efficient building approaches net zero energy, manufacturing-phase impacts are dominant, and a new set of design priorities emerges.  Transportation and end-of-life disposal impacts were of low to negligible importance in both cases.

Local content refers to materials and products made in a country as opposed those that are imported. There is an increasing interest in the concept of local content as a means of supporting local economies and providing jobs (Belderbos & Sleuwaegen, 1997; Qiu & Tao, 2001; Corkin, 2012; Warner, 2011; Stephenson, 2013).

Local content is also seen a way of improving national sustainability performance and developing greener buildings (Olivier et al, 2016; van Reneen, 2014; Gibberd, 2002). As a result, an increasing number of developed and developing countries are developed procurement policies that promote local content and it is estimated that about 11% of world trade has been affected (Stephenson, 2013).

This chapter defines local content and provides examples of this in buildings and construction. It shows how local content targets or local content requirements (LCRs) are being formalised in government policy and pursued in procurement regimes. The relationship between local content and sustainability is also delineated in order to demonstrate the implications of local content on building design, construction and operation. The advantages and disadvantages of local content approaches are discussed and illustrated through examples. Finally, broad recommendations are provided to enable the concept of local content to be more effectively integrated in to buildings and construction.

Producing power through renewable energy systems in buildings, known as green buildings, is becoming more and more crucial and also popular in these days. In this paper we are introducing a new system by which it is possible to produce more than 1000 watts electrical power. The system works by wastewater generated from domestic activities such as laundry, dishwashing and bathing, known as greywater. To this end, it is necessary to have a vertical sewage plumbing system which is located inside or outside of the building. Conducting greywater of each floor to the plumbing system, it is possible to use plumbing system height and greywater pressure if we dam the end of the plumbing system. Whenever the pipeline fills completely with greywater, the fluid has constant pressure and makes sufficient turbine head that can propel the propeller of a turbine. This Waste to Energy (WtE) system is capable to provide notable electrical power of needful light or other public electrical facilities of a typical building complex. The turbine can produce electrical energy according to the height of the building (sewage plumbing) and its habitancy. The higher and more habitant the building, the more energy is produced.

Purpose Ceramic tiles play a strategic role in the Italian market; currently, the Italian production is of 367.2 million m 2 (Confindustria Ceramica 2012). In 2009, Italy was positioned as the world's fourth largest producer of ceramic tiles, producing 368 million m 2 of the world's total production of 1,735 million m 2 Giacomini (Ceram World Rev 88:52-68, 2010). Therefore, there is an ongoing effort to create innovations in the products offered and their manufacturing processes, in order to better compete on the market and to create eco-friendly products. Recently, the Italian Ceramic District has increased its focus on environmental issues with the aim of protecting natural resources and reducing the energy and material consumption. For this reason, a new product was born in the Italian Ceramic District, namely, a large thin ceramic tile (dimensions 1,000 mm× 3,000 mm×3.5 mm) reinforced with a fibreglass backing, which gives the product excellent resistance and flexibility properties. The aim was to manufacture a new product with lower environmental impact than the traditional one. The production of a large thin ceramic tile requires, in fact, a lower quantity of materials, transports and energy consumptions comparing to the same metres square of traditional ceramic tile. At the present, no comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have been performed between traditional and innovative ceramic stoneware tiles. This study analyses, for the first time, a life cycle of the innovative ceramic product (porcelain stoneware) developed by a company of the Italian Ceramic District.

Concept of the dymicity and the meaning ,
The Nature has Dynamic Identity,
The building with the dynamic shape ,
Dynamic inside the building ,
Dynamic of light,
Dynamic of Form
Dynamic in the planning
Dynamic with sustainable approach for example circulation of wind and natural sources Smart materials with dynamic identity...

يوجد العديد من مواد البناء الخضراء والتي تعد أفضل من حيث استخدامها في عملية البناء عن الخرسانة. تستخدم الخرسانة کمادة بناء أساسية في تشييد العديد من المنشآت مثل الکباري والمباني الإدارية والمباني السکنية ...إلخ. ينتج عن استخدام الخرسانة کمادة بناء العديد من الغازات السامة مثل غاز ثاني أکسيد الکربون والتي تضر بالبيئة کل عام مما يساهم في حدوث التغيرات المناخية. لذا يوجد حاجة ماسة للبحث عن مواد بناء جديدة لا تؤدي إلى تلوث الهواء وتکون بديلة للخرسانة ولديها أقل ما يمکن من التأثير السلبي على البيئة المحيطة.
ومن هذا المنطلق وطبقاً لبناء مباني جديدة بالصحراء يسلط هذا البحث الضوء على مواد البناء الخضراء کحل بديل لبناء منشآت صديقة للبيئة في الصحراء.
المشکلة البحثية: الضرر البالغ الواقع على البيئة المحيطة بشکل عام وفي البيئات الصحراوية بشکل خاص نتيجة التأثير السلبي للعديد من الغازات السامة مثل ثاني أکيد الکربون والتي تنبعث عند استخدام بعض مواد البناء مثل الخرسانة المسلحة.
أهمية البحث: تکمن أهمية البحث في الحاجة الماسة اليوم للبحث عن مواد بناء خضراء مستدامة والتي تعد أفضل من حيث استخدامها في عمليات البناء عن الخرسانة لا تؤدي إلى تلوث الهواء وتکون بديلة للخرسانة ولديها أقل ما يمکن من التأثير السلبي على البيئة المحيطة.
أهداف البحث: يهدف البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على استخدام مواد البناء الخضراء کحل بديل لمواد البناء التقليدية کالخرسانة للحد من آثارها السلبية على البيئة المحيطة ولبناء منشأت صديقة للبيئة الصحراوية.
منهجية البحث: تتضمن منهجية البحث:
- الجزء النظري: يشتمل على بعض المفاهيم الهامة لمواد البناء الخضراء، الإستدامة، المباني الصحراوية، مباديء ومميزات وعيوب مواد البناء الخضراء.
- الجزء التحليلي: يوضح البحث دراسة تحليلية لمواد البناء البيئية المستدامو والخضراء الصديقة للبيئة وکيف يمکن استخدامها کحلول بديلة لمثيلتها من مواد البناء التقليدية ويوضح بعض الأمثلة المحلية واالعالمية والتي تستخدم مواد بناء صديقة للبيئة ولا تضر بها للاسترشاد بها عند بناء أي منشا في الصحراء، ويخلص البحث الى نقطة هامة وإيجابية وهي أن استخدام مواد البناء الخضراء في تشييد المباني يعد طريقة يمکن تطبيقها لبناء مباني جديدة في الصحراء دون الإضرار بالبيئة المحيطة ويؤدي إلى إيجاد مدن مستدامة صديقة للبيئة في البيئات الصحراوية.الكلمات الرئيسيةمواد البناء الخضراء؛ الإستدامة؛ المبانی الصحراویة؛ المصادر الطبیعیة؛ المبانی البیئیة

The built environment is responsible for large negative ecological impacts due in part to the vast amount of materials used in construction. Concurrently, construction and demolition activities result in vast amounts of materials being buried, burnt, and dumped. It is essential therefore to analyze the impact of building materials acquisition, use, and transformation on the ecosystems people inhabit and rely upon for well-being. Typically, this is examined in terms of material use, energy use, and emission of pollutants including greenhouse gases. The impacts various materials have on complex and interconnected networks of ecosystem services are rarely considered. In light of this, this article introduces the concept of ecosystem services in relation to selecting materials for the construction of the built environment. A methodology for applying ecosystem services analysis to building materials specification is presented, and a series of example matrices that examine a selection of materials that are grown, extracted, or made are provided. The article concludes that the potential for positive change in terms of the ecological impact related to building materials across their lifecycles and in how built environments and the materials within them are designed, specified, valued, built, and used is apparent if an understanding of ecosystem services is integrated into built environment materials selection.

Correct citation: PEDERSEN ZARI, M. 2019. Ecosystem services impacts as part of building materials selection criteria. Materials Sustainability Today, Published online 23 March.

Conventional building methods are continuing to stress the supply of available resources, including water, energy and materials, causing harm to the environment. In order to tackle these problems the building industry needs to embrace sustainable development methods and policies. One of the main approaches used to define and give solutions to these problems is adopting the relatively newly founded buildings and communities certification systems. As these certification systems are tremendously growing, it is important to continually examine their effectiveness, development path and results.
The objective of the proposition is to better understand the impacts, opportunities and challenges of the use of any certification system, by showcasing “Estidama”, Abu Dhabi’s certification system, addressing the local environment, social, economic and culture aspects. This is assisted by a local case study “Masdar City”, presenting two levels of study, the building and community scales. The research methods include examining available literature, as well as on site Interviews with clients, designers, engineering consultants, environmental consultants, project managers, contractors, facility managers, building information modeling experts, municipal officials, credits assessors, policy writers and government representatives, in an attempt to represent the collaborative effort from all parties involved in any project.
The interview results, as well as specific credits analyzed helped accomplishing the aim of sensitizing stakeholders and regulatory bodies about the benefits and deficiencies of rating systems. Furthermore a development of recommendations formulated in form of strategies and an action plan are presented, to aid enhancing new and existing certification procedures.

Keywords:
Architecture Sustainable Transportation Sustainable Development Environmental Planning and Design Urban Planning Sustainable Building Design Sustainable Urban Environments Sustainable Water Resources Management Sustainable Energy Green architecture Environmental Sustainability Sustainable Architecture Sustainable Design Green Building LEED Certification Thesis Master's Thesis Abu Dhabi Resource efficiency Building Energy Certificates BREEAM Zero-energy buildings Masdar City Green Building Certification Estidama Abu Dhabi Education Council Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council Urban Planning Council

The traditional architecture of Central Asia and the Middle East is the product of land, the local climate, and people's culture. The human needs and the environment represented the most essential factors to be considered in their designs. The traditional and vernacular architecture of this region introduced many realistic solutions and devices to the local environmental problems such as the Wind-catcher, which became a common architectural feature in buildings. The wind- catcher is based on a traditional Persian architectural device, which was used to create natural ventilation in buildings. S ince the energy crisis of the 1970s, the ecological or sustainable architecture movement dominated architect's thoughts of realising buildings that are environmentally relevant to their regions. In recent decades, there has been an increasing awareness of these traditional environmental devices and their potential for possible future buildings. However, traditional and vernacular arch...

In a world that is heading towards the fateful stage of 2030, a year considered to be the limit for climate change due to the rise in atmospheric temperature according to the Paris and, subsequently, Madrid agreements meetings. Recently, we assisted to COP26 in Glasgow, an apparent compromise on fossil fuels in which China and India emerge, the most vulnerable countries lose and risk disappearing, there is also talk of the long-term economy and “smart cities”. This is the topic I will have to deal with especially in relation to my Italian experience. But what exactly are the projects related to smart cities in Italy and what prospects for expanding this experience throughout the national territory and also in the globalized world?

Developing new energy efficient building materials to reduce the carbon footprint is now the core of sustainability in construction and an essential factor of life cycle assessment (LCA). The extensive and increasing usage of conventional concrete, mortar, plasters and various cement based materials is only one of the many factors contributing towards urban thermal discomfort caused by urban heat island phenomena and the poor thermal insulation of ordinary cement mortar. Not only this, the wide use of concrete and mortar in construction increases the consumption of their primary components mainly -Portland cement- requiring a large consumption of energy and causing a significant rise in CO2 emissions. Embedding natural and artificial cementitious/pozzolana materials in today`s cement-based building materials has become a common practice. Cementitious and Pozzolanic materials are known to provide an added value to mortar/concrete not only in terms of mechanical and durability properties but also in energy efficiency and enhancing sustainability. Sarooj is a local term describing an artificial cementitious and pozzolana material obtained by traditional calcining of the raw clayey soil. Although its usage is nowadays very limited, Sarooj has been used in Oman and other neighboring countries for centuries, in various buildings and defense into an engineered binding material and hence investigating its physico-mechanical and thermal properties. The raw soil used to produce the traditional Sarooj was employed to engineer a modern “Sarooj” under controlled energy processing (grinding and calcination) conditions. The raw clay minded from specific location was ground first to a fine powdered material and then subjected to full characterization. The physical and chemical characterization indicated that the raw soil is suitable for producing a cementitious/pozzolanic calcined clay. The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis of the clay used reveal that only a moderate temperature of around 800 °C is required for its calcination which preserves energy and reduces CO2 emissions compared to 1600 °C to produce clinker cement. The strength development showed a slow early-age reactivity but an appreciable enhancement in long-term which demonstrates a remarkable latent hydraulic potential of the clay used. It was also found that adding an optimum amount of the calcined clay enhances the thermal properties. The annual energy performance of a typical housing in the hot climate of Muscat, Oman, was evaluated using DesignBuilder software, a whole-building simulation tool. The simulation results showed insignificant savings in annual energy consumption when the developed mixes are used as plastering materials. The clay alkali-activated with NaOH has, however, showed great potential to enhance the mortar`s long-term strength. Using locally engineered cementitious material in a partial replacement of Portland cement can further enhance durability and sustainability by reducing the manufacturing energy of the produced building material such mortars and plasters

Sustainable development has become a significant worldwide concern. The past few years have seen a lot of changes. Some of these affect how we do approach-and how we should approach-environmental issues. Because of their adverse impacts on sustainability, knowledge about building materials became a crucial dimension of green change in building and design.

The existence of plastic waste is a global issue since plastic wastes are difficult to destroy and the recycling process causes air pollution and wastes energy. Building materials in the form of bricks produced from plastic waste can decrease wastes and can be used in building constructions. This plastic bricks met the requirement of light load-bearing walls, with a mass of 160g per brick that can withstand a capacity of 32 kN each.

Yeşil bina değerlendirme sistemleri, Türkiye’de son birkaç yılda gündeme gelmeye başlamış, hızla gelişmekte olan bir piyasaya sahip bir konudur. Şu anda Türkiye’nin yerel bir değerlendirme sistemi yoktur ve bina sahipleri, yabancı sistemleri kullanarak binalarını sertifikalandırmayı tercih etmektedirler. Değerlendirme sistemlerinin bilinirliğinin artması, yerel bir değerlendirme sisteminin ihtiyacının farkına varılmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu doğrultuda ÇEDBİK, bir Türk yeşil bina değerlendirme sisteminin oluşturulması için çalışmalara başlamıştır.

Ülkeler, kendi değerlendirme sistemlerini geliştirirken tecrübeli olan diğer sistemlerden yararlanırlar. Pek çok ülkenin yeşil bina konseyi mevcut sistemleri inceleyip kendi yerel durumlarına adapte etmeyi tercih eder. ÇEDBİK de benzer bir yöntemle BRE Global-ÇEDBİK ortak adaptasyon çalışması ile BREEAM’i Türkiye koşullarına göre adapte ederek ulusal bir yeşil bina değerlendirme sistemi yaratmak hedeflenmektedir.

Bu çalışma, bahsi geçtiği üzere henüz oluşturulma aşamasında olan yerel bir değerlendirme sisteminin malzeme kategorisinde ele alınması gereken konuları belirlemeyi, bu konuların puanlamaya tabi tutulabilmesi için referans gösterilecek mevcut yasal dokümanları incelemeyi, eksik dokümanlara dikkat çekmeyi hedeflemektedir. Özellikle malzeme konusunun seçilme sebebi, yapı malzemelerinin binanın yaşam döngüsüne, hatta binanın inşa edilmesinden önceki zaman periyodlarına yayılan bir çevresel etki yaratmasıdır.

Bu inceleme çalışması için yalnızca BREEAM değil, LEED de kaynak olarak kullanılmıştır. Her iki sistemin malzeme kategorileri altında yer alan kredilerin yanısıra, yapı malzemeleriyle ilişkili olduğu düşünülen fakat farklı kategorilerde bulunan kriterler de incelenmiştir.

Çalışmanın sonunda, incelenen her iki sistemin güçlü ve zayıf yanları, BREEAM adaptasyonu ile sınırlı kalındığı takdirde Türk yeşil bina değerlendirme sisteminin malzeme kategorisinde oluşacak eksiklikler belirtilerek, konuyla ilgili alınabilecek önlemler önerilmiştir. Bu öneriler yapılırken, Türkiye’nin konularla ilgili mevcut yasal altyapısı göz önünde bulundurulmuştur.

Self-cleaning properties have received significant attention for the importance of their potential. Coatings at Nano-scales offer possibilities of using materials for self-cleaning surfaces. Recent efforts have begun to focus on the kinds of materials including metals, semiconductors and polymers. Such materials can have enormous potential in only a few applications. Moreover, the production of these materials requires high costs with low photo activity. In this regard, TiO 2 and its derived materials have shown acceptable and effective suggestions for this application. Moreover, the mechanism of self-cleaning has been explained by the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic can have many applications in different areas like water purification, microfluidics and photovoltaic. In this review, the application of self-cleaning in solar cells and environment as well as TiO 2 derived materials and their applications in water management have been briefly illustrated. In addition, it has been explained that a huge number of self-cleaning materials, applications and improvement in utilities have been essential. In short, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the new approach and to mention numerous materials with hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties would be promising for most environmental concerns. Bio-inspired surface respond in nature through hydrophobic (Cicada Wing, Butterfly Wing, Lotus Leaf, Rice Leaf) and hydrophilic (Fish Scale, Snail Shell, Shark Skin) properties was divided in 4 and 3 respectively. Anti reflective coatings with self-cleaning properties have drowned considerable attention for both their basic appearances and vast applied usages. Antireflective coatings with self-cleaning properties have been considered because of their fascinating features and vast diversity of empirical uses.

Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from sitting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.
Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, and the very first rule is, do not build in sprawl (spreading in disordered fashion). No matter how much grass you put on your roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you build in sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose. Buildings account for a large amount of land. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives to building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of an existing structure. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy amongst the practices used. Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques, such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well.
Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment. To reduce operating energy use, high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors increase the efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.

Yapıların Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi (YDD-Life Cycle Assessment), yapım sektörünün artan çevresel etkilerinden dolayı son yıllarda yoğun olarak çalışılan bir araştırma alanı olmuştur. Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi (YDD), bir ürün ya da hizmetin beşikten mezara olarak tanımlanan tüm yaşam döngüsü içinde çevresel etkilerinin değerlendirmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılan bir yöntemdir. ISO 14040(2006) standardına göre dört evreden oluşmaktadır. Bunlar amaç ve kapsamın tanımlanması, yaşam döngüsü envanter analizi, yaşam döngüsü etki değerlendirilmesi ve yorumlama evreleridir. Yaşam Döngüsü Envanter Analizi (YDE-Life Cycle Inventory), bir ürün sisteminin yaşam döngüsü boyunca oluşan çevresel girdi ve çıktılarının derlenmesi ve nicelendirilmesi için veri toplama ve veri hesaplama işlemlerini içeren YDD yönteminin en önemli evrelerindendir. Yerel faktörler YDE sonuçlarını etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle birçok gelişmiş ülke YDE için kendi çevresel durumunu yansıtan veri tabanları geliştirmektedir. Bazı YDD çalışmalarında, benzer sistem veya teknoloji verileri envanter hesaplamalarında değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak, envanter analizi sonuçlarında gerçek sistem ile kaynak olarak kullanılan sistem arasındaki farklar nedeniyle hatalar olabilir. Türkiye çevresel veri eksikliği olan ülkelerden biridir ve henüz bir envanter veri tabanı yoktur. Bu çalışmada öncelikle YDE analizi ve karşılaşılan problemler değerlendirilerek ulusal envanter veri tabanının Türkiye için öneminin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır.

The traditional architecture of Central Asia and the Middle East is the product of land, the local climate, and people’s culture. The human needs and the environment represented the most essential factors to be considered in their designs. The traditional and vernacular architecture of this region introduced many realistic solutions and devices to the local environmental problems such as the Wind-catcher, which became a common architectural feature in buildings. The wind-catcher is based on a traditional Persian architectural device, which was used to create natural ventilation in buildings. Since the energy crisis of the 1970s, the ecological or sustainable architecture movement dominated architect’s thoughts of realising buildings that are environmentally relevant to their regions. In recent decades, there has been an increasing awareness of these traditional environmental devices and their potential for possible future buildings. However, traditional and vernacular architecture, which considered the human needs and the environment, provided many realistic solutions to the more recent modern environmental problems. This paper demonstrates the value of wind-catchers and provides insight into the application of natural ventilation systems as an alternative to the inappropriate modern cooling system in hot-climate regions. It also aims to examine the theoretical status of wind-catchers and to identify its specific nature, its use and its function in the context of architectural practice and discourse, in the past, present and future.

Construction industry is growing rapidly and new technologies have evolved very fast to cater different difficulties in the construction industry. Among all materials used in the construction industry concrete is main material for construction puposes. Billions of tons of naturally occurring materials are mined for the production of concrete which will leave a substantial mark on the environment. Nowadays recycling of waste and industrial by products gaining popularity to make concrete environment friendly material and the concrete can be called as Green Concrete. This review paper will give us a brief idea about as well as advantages and disadvantages about green concrete.

A large amount of waste is generated during the manufacture of bottle stoppers from the cork industries in granular form. These granules are lighter than many lightweight aggregates presently used for making lightweight concrete. This paper discusses the properties of cork and its compatibility with cement. Some physical and mechanical properties of cork cement composite materials are also presented.

Green building is the way of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction. This practice enlarges and complements the conventional building design concerns of energy, water, materials, carbon emission, economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Hence, these practices have the sole role in sustainable as well as high-performance building. Outdated methods of building or renovation a home uses a huge amount of resources which contain a significant amount of carbon emission and many of them nonrenewable and toxic—and pay little attention to the impact the home’s site have on the landscape. Herein, we elucidate a green building optimization for low-income people with the help of Autodesk Revit as well as EDGE green building analyzer. We designed a sustainable building model by using these tools based on energy efficiency, water efficiency, locally available and low carbon content materials, generate less waste and afford improved spaces for inhabitants, as compared to a traditional building. Embodied energy analysis, material flow analysis, carbon emission analysis and cost optimization are carried out to produce an optimum result.

Soil is used as a building material in different parts of the world. Earth construction, with the least demand for resources, is economically the most efficient means for house construction in developing countries. The recent flood in Kerala (August 2018) resulted in a huge loss of lives, many lost their homes, houses partially destructed, landslides occurred, many animals died. The overall effect was devastating. Post-flood Kerala saw huge deposits of waste and clayey soil accumulated in lands, which needs to be cleared and life should be brought back to normal. Why can’t we use these deposits as raw material for construction? To study this possibility, deposited soil from the areas of Periyar, Kerala, where the most amount of deposits were found and several tests were conducted on it to check its efficiency. Different types of blocks were prepared from this soil with and without adding stabilizers. Tests such as compressive strength and total water absorption were conducted on these blocks to evaluate their strength and durability. Finally, the values and properties of prepared sample blocks were compared and its efficiency to be used as a construction block is proved.  The block can be made in low-cost and is energy efficient. This paper is a review of the construction of such clay blocks produced from flood deposits. It’s an overview to demonstrate the scope of building walling using these clay bricks. Its advantages are realized in terms of rescuing the heritage and as a rediscovered environmentally friendly building material.

A green building material (GBM) is an ecological, health-promoting, recycled, or high-performance building material that impacts the material selection to cover all three pillars (3Ps) of sustainability. The absence of clear instructions for GBMs and the difficulty of precision adjustments of GBM criteria with 3Ps sustainability make GBM selection a challenge. In addition, the consideration of all sustainability factors in GBM selection is a multi-criteria decision problem that requires mathematical techniques such as the multi criteria decision making (MCDM) method. This study applies a hybrid MCDM methodology to resolve multiple incompatible and conflicting GBM criteria to align with 3Ps sustainability. The Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) was used to analyze the efficacy of and interrelationship between GBM criteria. This tool is a hybrid model using fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) for aligning and ranking GBM criteria based on 3Ps sustainability. Additionally, the study inspects four groups of professionals in Malaysia who involved in GBM selection and modified one of the oldest GBM criteria models considering the criteria identified from a comprehensive literature review. The results show that the relationship between GBMs and sustainability criteria are different based on the separate 3Ps of sustainability. The evaluation and results provide a valuable reference for building professionals to enhance sustainable construction through green materials.

Aerated geopolymers are low calcium alkali-activated materials with induced porosity. These materials are reported to have huge potential to modulate the thermal and hydric conditions within buildings. The performance of these materials as a passive hygrothermal controller depends on various factors. However, studies in this area are limited. This study investigates how Si/Al ratio impacts the thermal and hydric features of foamed geopolymers. The thermal conductivity of the samples increased as the Si/Al ratio increased. While the vapor permeability of the materials decreases with rising silicon content. This is because the pore network declines with Si/Al. The vapor permeability of the samples has values ranging between 7.55 to 6.37(10 − 11)(Kg/m.s.Pa). The moisture buffer capacity also follows a similar trend with values from 4.17 to 6.81(g/m 2 %RH). The moisture absorption capacity also reduces when the Si/Al increases. Therefore, Si/Al ratio is a key factor that needs to be controlled to engineer aerated geopolymers for passive house applications.

Aim: This study aimed to identify Turkish building material manufacturers' opinion and experiences on Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) approved by the international independent programs and their approaches to a national EPD system. Method: In the study, a questionnaire was designed for the building material manufacturers with EPD certificates in Turkey. It was contacted with specialists responsible for environmental issues in building material firms through different connections such as " survey monkey " questionnaire program, social network (Linkedln) and face to face interviews. Results: The number of EPDs in Turkey is very limited. 36 of the 42 manufacturers agreed to answer the questionnaire. According to the manufacturers, the main strengths of EPDs are developing corporate-brand identity and providing new market opportunities, while the main weaknesses of EPDs are the consumer's lack of knowledge about EPD and high costs of EPD registration and renewal. 43% of the manufacturers have a positive approach, while 7 % of them have negative approach and 50 % of them remained undecided for local EPD. Conclusion: The opinions of the undecided and non-certified manufacturers can be modified by increasing awareness of EPDs' strengths and by eliminating EPDs' weaknesses. National EPD system can be a solution by contributing to the accurate environmental results, the comparability of the environmental impacts of the building materials and the development of local inventory database for the EPD problems.

ATMOSPHERE 10 explores Fabrications. Fabrications implicate diverse artifacts and modes of making, together with the places, practices, contingencies and intentions that enable and contextualize making. In other words, this symposium will examine not simply what, how and why we make, but sites and situations of making. The aim is to explore how cultural and environmental circumstances become meaningful catalysts of design, building, teaching and research. This theme encompasses manifold concerns beyond the digital: complexities of urban and social fabrics; intricacies of environmental skins; potentials of building sites and workshops; as well as the stories and arguments through which we craft shared understandings of our fabricated world.

Abstracts due Nov 1, Symposium Feb 1-3, 2018 University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.

Keynote Speakers include: Brian MacKay-Lyons & Philip Beesley
http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/architecture/atmosphere/2018/brian-mackay-lyons.html
http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/architecture/atmosphere/2018/philip-beesley.html

Recent advances in nano-technology and nano-additives can give enhanced properties to natural hydraulic lime (NHL), creating a multifunctional material. We have prepared a novel nanocomposite, made of a commercial mortar with 1 wt% and 5 wt% added titania nanoparticles (NPs). These TiO2 NPs are themselves doped with 1 mol% silver, to give the material enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties. The Ag-doped TiO2 NPs were made from a simple, costs effective, aqueous green nanosynthesis process, and the end material only contains 0.01–0.05% Ag. As this mortar is intended to both combat atmospheric pollution, and create more durable/lower maintenance building façades (plastering and finishing) by limiting attack from microorganisms and pollutants, its photocatalytic anti-pollution activity under solar and visible (no UV) light for nitrous oxide (NOx) and volatile organic compound (VOC) removal was studied. The addition of dopants did not significantly alter the physical properties or curing of the mortar, while it showed excellent photocatalytic activity under sunlight, The mortars with only 1 and 5 wt% additives degraded 10.6% and 21% NOx after 45 mins, respectively, comparing well to a value of 50% for a pure TiO2/Ag+ sample. They also degraded VOCs under visible light, of the kind used for lighting inside buildings, with no UV component. As the NPs are contained in the whole of the mortar layer, not just as a coating, if the surface is chipped or damaged this mortar will not loose its photocatalytic capabilities.

This paper investigates an approach to the use of fractals in architectural design. Two major aspects are discussed. First, the effect of the direction of the line segments on the generated fractal, as well as, the proportions between the generator and the initiator. Secondly, the meanings attached to the lines segments that constitute the fractal are based on some known architectural organization. The goal is to develop a basis for using fractals to suggest architectural forms.

In recent decades, with the development in construction technology, the need for having sustainable building material is more sensible. Concrete is the world’s most popular construction material, because of the benefits that it can provide for construction industry and structures. Concrete, like other products has environmental effects occurring from it raw material process of resource extraction to producing and transportation. The basic impacts of cement productions are the CO2 emissions, which resulted in direct effects to global
warming, raw materials depletion and energy consumption.
Cement manufacturers are a source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around 7% to 8% of CO2 globally. It has been proven that half of the CO2 in manufacturing procedure of cement is released by limestone decomposition in the kiln and the other half is due commonly from fuel burning to operate the kiln. This paper draws attention to some different influences of concrete on the environment and highlights the benefits of fly ash concrete as a new finding in the world of construction by comparing its properties and effects with the regular concrete. At the end, some guidelines for decreasing destructive environmental impacts of concrete are suggested. Therefore, in spite of so many initiatives which have been done in the field of construction but still the improvement of eco-friendly materials seems to be lacking and more efforts are needed in the environmental discussions and education of civil engineers.

The largest energy consumption that we use is the consumption of electrical energy in terms of meeting the lighting needs and building air conditioning requirements (World Energy Consumption, 2016). According to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2017), Indonesia's largest energy use in commercial buildings is for flight systems (63%), lighting systems (20%), vertical transportation (7%) electronic devices (10%). The use of energy in the fulfillment of excessive needs result in worsening conditions on earth. Data can be a reflection of how the condition of the earth that we live at this time. Energy savings should be made to reduce the damage already occurring on this earth such as electricity usage savings, optimization of use of materials, the use of motor vehicles that cause air pollution, and others. The way that can be used to reduce artificial energy use is to utilize the existing passive building design such as the use of solar energy that can be maximized during the day, so that the use of electrical energy for lamps and artificial air conditioning. reduced. In addition, it can also be considered the optimal use of wind direction and speed that can suppress the use of Air Conditioner (AC) in excess. Building envelope with bimetal thermal material module application is part of kinetic architecture via biomimicry approach. Kinetic architecture is a concept where buildings are designed to allow parts of buildings to move without compromising the unity of the structural system. Approaches that can be applied in green building design is by optimizing bimetal material module that utilizes the thermal coefficient of a material. With this approach, building envelopes are improvised so that they can adapt to the existing environment. This research take location of case study in Kampung Juminahan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia which has characters of comunal housing.

Pamphlet outlining the principle traits of Panarchistic Architecture's 'pyroevader' pyroachetype for use when exploring how the architectural and urban resilience paradigm may work in policy and professional practice. Part of the wider suite of Panarchic Codex® materials available via www.panarchiccodex.com.

The use of natural fibers in the buildings and construction industries as a sustainable and biodegradable product with the aim of noise pollution control has attracted the attention of many researchers. This work aims to study the acoustic behavior of porous absorbers made of natural Kenaf fibers. To this end, samples of sound absorber were fabricated with thicknesses of 10-40 mm at two different bulk densities of 150 and 200 kg/m 3, and their sound absorption coefficient (SAC) was determined by standing wave sound impedance tube at different air gap cavities. A hybrid numerical-mathematical model was also proposed to investigate the acoustic behavior of the samples. To this end, a code was developed to simulate the 3D virtual structure of samples, and flow resistivity was calculated by numerically solving the flow of air in the structures. Tortuosity and two characteristic lengths were obtained using an inverse method programmed in MATLAB®. These parameters were then imported into the Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) model to predict SACs at different frequencies. Afterward, considering the cost and sound absorption average (SAA), samples were optimized using factorial design. Consequently, the acoustic behavior of the optimized acoustic panels was investigated in the reverberation room in terms of reverberation time and random absorption coefficient. Moreover, in order to provide aesthetically and artistically pleasing appearance, the samples were covered with spacer fabrics, and their sound absorption behavior was also studied. The results revealed the promising sound absorption performance of Kenaf fibers. It was found that the SAC at low, mid, and high frequencies increases significantly with increasing the bulk density. The average of SACs for frequencies above 1250 Hz for samples of 40 mm thickness was found to be 0.95, while these values for samples of 30 and 20 mm thickness were respectively 0.85 and 0.7. The introduction of the air gap was found to improve the SAC at low-frequency bands and shift the peak of absorption toward low frequencies. Very good consistency was observed between the predicted and experimental data. The results of the statistical analysis suggested a thickness of 33 mm and a bulk density of 150 kg/m 3 for the optimized panels. The results showed that the mean of SAC increased from 0.68 to 0.72 after covering the optimized panels with spacer fabrics.

Recently, thermal properties of the landscaped rooftops and walls have attracted the interest of researchers because of the potential to minimize energy consumption in urban areas and to aid summer-time thermal control. For this reason the creation of a plant-based shade for walls or above buildings is highly important. In this paper we evaluate using Lygodium japonicum, one of the many ferns and fern allies traditionally used in Japanese gardening, as a component of thermal-buffering green walls. Lygodium japonicum, the only climbing fern species in Japan, is fast-growing, adheres easily to walls and has a climbing nature. A simple thermal analysis of the sun-shading effect of Lygodium canopy suggested that local surface temperature above the ceramic tiles placed on the rooftop of a building can be buffered (lowered in daytime and maintained relatively warm at night) by the presence of leafy climbing ferns covering the tiles, possibly due to the reflection and absorbance of solar radiation. Furthermore, the presence of the plants may also slow the night-time release of heat from the building surface. Because plants installed on tall walls or on the tops of buildings are not easily accessed for manual care, we performed a real-time routine monitoring and control of plant growth status using various optical sensors that could be automated and monitored remotely for large-scale applications. For this purpose, the optical properties of a L. japonicum canopy under solar incident light have been determined. In order to evaluate the natural shading and growing properties of a green canopy, the incident solar radiation spectrum (J), leaf canopy-filtered light spectrum (transmittance, T) and leaf-reflectivity spectrum (R) were measured. By reading the reflectivity spectrum, concomitant chlorophyll fluorescence signals (F) from Lygodium leaves were also detected at 760 nm, which corresponds to the O2-A Fraunhofer line. Our data suggests that the daily change in photosynthetic status (P) can be traced by monitoring the change in relative F in relation to the estimated heat loss (H) and measured J, R, and T using a series of practical equations designed to roughly estimate the gross photosynthetic response within the plant canopy. Using our equations, the photosynthetic capacity in the plant canopy structure could be simply simulated and predictable by optical sensors.