Geothermal

12th Annual Green Economics Institute Conference  10-12th June 2017
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The development of the geothermal industry in Indonesia is still far from expectation. The government strives to increase geothermal capacity by attracting investors in this sector, but the results are still not significant. Several problems hinder investors, including high exploration risk, remote locations with minimal facilities, complicated policies and permits, and a less targeted national energy master plan (Ermawati & Negara, 2014). One of the government's initiatives to mitigate risks in this industry is to minimize potential risks made by human error by setting competency standards for workers in the geothermal industry. Indonesia has implemented national competency standards (NCS) in various fields of work. However, many positions still have no competency standards, especially in the renewable energy industry until recently. The new NCS in Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemical (3G) of the geothermal industry has been prepared by the Directorate General of New and Renewable Energy in 2016 and approved by the Ministry of Manpower in 2018. This step is also directly followed up by the Human Resources Development Agency of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR). The personal certification body of MEMR has prepared a certification scheme as a basis for competency tests. Currently, the scheme has been submitted to the National Professional Standards Agency to obtain a license to carry out certification following the existing NCS. This paper is focused on answering several questions related to NCS in 3G before being implemented in the industry. The first part of the paper discusses the main reason and steps taken before the NCS establishment. Furthermore, this paper elaborates on the need for NCS in the industry and steps to implement it. This paper also discusses the industry's feedback for the implementation of the NCS that is mostly positive.

Condenser performance monitoring needs the values of Cleanliness Factor (CF) and Performance Factor (PF). Analysis of variables which determine CF and PF is needed in order to improve the condenser performance. This research is aimed at obtaining the values of CF and PF at many operational conditions, knowing the load-change influence to CF and PF, searching variables that dominantly affect condenser performance and gaining the solutions in order to improve the condenser performance. CF is a ratio between the effective heat transfer coefficient with its HEI overall tube-bundle heat transfer coefficient, whereas PF is a ratio between the effective heat transfer coefficient with its ASME single-tube U coefficient. HEI overall tube-bundle heat transfer coefficient and ASME single-tube U coefficient are evaluated in the clean condition.
Operational data show that CF and PF increase linearly as their load change. This condition proves that fouling does not decrease CF and PF. The variables which dominantly affect CF and PF are volumetric flow of cooling water (CW flow), cooling water inlet temperature (Tin) and back pressure of the condenser (Pback). Design Of Experiment (DOE) method shows that dominant variables are Pback, Tin and their interaction. The regression of the data shows that Pback and Tin are the most dominant variables.
The considerations to improve the performance of the condenser are maintaining the high vacuum condition of the back pressure, optimizing the gas removal system (the venting system), reducing the air-in leakage and maintaining rather-high cooling water inlet. In order to get CF 65 % - 70 % with the pressure 0.094 barA (average pressure of performance test), cooling water inlet temperature will be 85.48 oF – 86.32 oF (29.71 oC – 30.18 oC).

Dear researchers, Geoscience and the progress of technology can be put to the service of the environment for the improvement of human living conditions. In this context, the Laboratory of Geodynamics and Natural Resources (LGRN), Department of Geology, The Second Edition of Doctoral Days (2EJD), to be held on January 14 & 15, 2019 at the Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi University Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco. Research Ph.D. students will then have the opportunity to disseminate their research and share their experiences with other researchers. This edition will cover a wide range of topics in the fields of Geoscience and Natural Resources. Researchers who want to participate in the event Email: [email protected] We look forward to meeting you at the Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz.

Studies were carried out in 2004 and 2005 across the island of Ireland, to develop a database and a series of index maps for the geothermal resources of Ireland. The objective of the projects was to produce a GIS-linked geothermal database, an up-to-date map series, and a report with recommendations for the next steps necessary in expanding the use of Ireland's geothermal energy from both shallow resources and the somewhat unknown deeper resources. Some of the difficulties involved in finding a best approach to such an exercise are discussed and some of the strength and weaknesses of the results of such a study are presented. However the value of carrying out such an exercise is highlighted as a first tool in geothermal resource assessment. A number of geothermal depth plans have been produced for surface, 100m, 500m, 1,000m, 2,500m and 5,000m depths. The maps may be viewed using free MapInfo-Proviewer software.

In oil, gas, and geothermal energy production, as well as geological CO 2 storage, the target formation is typically deeper than 1000 meters. As a result, associated wellbores have a large heat exchange area with the surrounding formation. Large gradients and temporal variations in temperature induced by the injection and production of fluids require accurate and efficient ways to calculate the heat exchange between fluids in the wellbore and the formation. One way to calculate this heat exchange is to fully discretize and numerically model the formation that surrounds the wellbore. However, because only the energy equation needs to be solved (i.e., there is no fluid exchange between the cased wellbore and the formation), this approach is computationally inefficient. In this work, we propose a time-convolution method, where only the wellbore is fully discretized, and heat exchange between fluids in the wellbore and the formation is calculated using semi-analytical solutions of radial conductive heat flow. The timedependent temperature evolution in the wellbore is calculated numerically using a wellbore simulator for non-isothermal, multiphase fluid mixtures. At each time step, radial heat transfer with the formation is calculated by superposition of analytical solutions of heat flow that are dependent on the temperature differences between subsequent time steps. This coupling scheme is implemented in the TOUGH2 suite of reservoir simulators. To verify the proposed semi-analytical method and demonstrate its applicability, we present examples and compare them to full numerical solutions.

This article looks to give an overview throughout the geothermal energy technology. Analyzing the origin of its energy and talking about it history in the actual electrical applications. From the first time when geothermal energy was used to generate electricity and its path in The United States until today, where the use of geothermal power plants has been extended around the world. Also, it will be given a brief examination on the future technologies that are under developing in this moment and that will make this type of energy a better competitor against the other renewable energies, as wind and solar power that have taken advantage in the actual sustainable energy market.

Geothermal energy is energy created by the heat of the Earth. To extract energy from the underground, water is most times used as the heat carrier. As the crust is highly fractured and thus permeable to fluids, surface water, in most cases rainwater, penetrates at depth and exchanges heat with the rocks. Two main forms of heat transfer occur within the crust: conduction and convection. Where rocks are much fractured and circulating fluids are abundant, the resulting convective heat transfer is very efficient and can be easily exploited by drilling wells and discharge the hot fluids to the surface. The Earth's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs, but only a very small fraction may be profitably exploited. Drilling and exploration for deep resources is very expensive. Forecasts for the future of geothermal power depend on assumptions about technology, energy prices, subsidies, plate boundary movement and interest rates. Geothermal energy is a well-established and relatively mature form of commercial renewable energy characterized by a high load factor, which means that its installed capacity produces significantly more electricity during a year than other sources like wind and solar power plants. Geothermal power plants provide stable production output, unaffected by weather or climate, resulting in high capacity factors ranging from 60% to 90% which is ideal for making the technology suitable for base load electricity production.

Los Humeros geothermal field is a remarkable example of the lack of water-rock equilibrium. Significant variations of hydrothermal activity have occurred before and after exploitation started. Presently, discharged water is not in equilibrium with the alteration suite observed in the reservoir rocks. Hydrothermal minerals identified in core and cuttings define the occurrence of several stages of hydrothermal activity. Cooling at depth is inferred from fluid inclusion and alteration mineralogy data from the wells located nearby Los Humeros fault. Most wells produce a two-phase fluid with excess enthalpy, this accounts for the high CO content observed in the discharged fluid. Sulfur and carbon isotopic data indicate 2 that volatile species in the geothermal fluid have magmatic as well as sedimentary components, while strontium isotopic composition shows that calcium is provided by the andesitic rocks that form the reservoir. As exploitation of the field started, concentration of HCl increased in the discharged fluids. This shows that recharge of the reservoir is not enough to balance the output for production, and drying out of the field may be taking place at depth. The lack of chemical equilibrium and the presence of gases of magmatic origin suggest that Los Humeros is a relatively young geothermal field related to a recent magmatic intrusion. q presently produce 35 MW. The results obtained with the small plants will be useful to plan further development of the field.

Silica has been using as one of geothermometer in the geothermal exploration. Its solubility is very sensitive due to temperature changes. When fluids rise and appear as thermal manifestation, the temperature tend to decrease. This occurs due to mixing with surface water. This mixing process use as basis to build silica-enthalpy mixing model. This paper discussed condition and assumption of fluids that can be using in the mixing model. Basic assumptions that in high-temperature water, solubility of silica controlled by its quartz species, no silica deposition occurred before or after mixing, no conductive cooling occurred after mixing, and any steam that formed adiabatically did not separate from residual liquid water before mixing with the cold-water. In its application, this model be able to characterize reservoir condition validated by using measured silica and enthalpy from well. Chemically, the validation also sort water type of thermal manifestation that can be used are chloride and bicarbonate type. Chloride type represents reservoir fluids, whilst bicarbonate type point out the fluids which affected by surface water. Meantime, sulfate type cannot be used because of the tendency of formation is due to the condensation of geothermal gasses. Due to its solubility, silica mixing model is well suited to describe their process in water domination geothermal system. Interestingly, the model is also very effective to identify steam entry in geothermal well because the prediction of enthalpy from this model covers the saturation enthalpy from water. The higher measured enthalpy than the maximum enthalpy prediction indicated excess enthalpy which beneficial for power generation.

The specific characteristics of the Greek geothermal fields on the volcanic islands of Milos and Nisyros are described, with emphasis on the characteristics affecting well casing. Overpressure, high temperatures and highly saline brines are typical features of the Greek fields. A new treatment of the different load conditions along the casing string is proposed that takes into consideration the possible formation overpressure, the axial thermal stresses and their effect on burst and collapse resistance. This treatment is further applied to some typical wells that have experienced casing failure.

ABSTRACT The emergence of the ‘social licence to operate’ concept reflects increasing awareness by industries of the need to negotiate with communities and other stakeholders regarding the costs and benefits associated with industrial development. It has been assumed that all industries understand and apply the social licence to operate concept in a similar way, as previous research has tended to adopt a single-industry focus. This article is one of the first known cross-industry examinations of social licence to operate, comparing the use of this concept in four Australian energy industry contexts: mining, wind, carbon dioxide capture and storage, and geothermal. Semi-structured interviews with industry representatives were conducted to provide a comparison of views on the understanding and application of social licence to operate in these industries. The findings identified shared expectations of increasing stakeholder engagement in energy project development, and a view that a social licence to operate could guide this engagement. Yet the duration of use, the maturity of the industry, and the ways in which the industries related to the concept influenced the understanding and application of this concept. This research provides evidence of how the meaning and application of social licence to operate does vary between industries. Further exploration of community and government perspectives on social licence to operate is recommended in order to broaden the findings of this research. Such research will provide an emerging platform for encouraging discerning use of the concept by industries, and also practitioners who may be engaged across multiple industries.

İSG Faaliyetleri Pentan Hesaplamaları
Pentan Sıvı ve Gaz Fazı Boşalma Hızı Hesaplamaları
Pentan Kritik Basınç,Özgül Isı
Pentanın sabit sabınçta özgül ısı ve adyabatik genleşmenin politropik indeksi

Pentan Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özellikler Dökümanları;
https://yadi.sk/d/Gc4CHelFg3M6e

Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University addresses the need for trained and specialized human resource for energy industry worldwide. It intends to expand the opportunities for students and professionals to develop intellectual knowledge base with leadership skills to compete in the global arena. This objective is being addressed through a number of specialized and well-planned undergraduate and post-graduate energy education programs and intensive research initiatives. is a Senior Officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service, having more than 30 years of experience in Public Policy and Administration. He is currently the Principal Secretary to Government of Gujarat in Energy and Petrochemical Department, which coordinates public and private sector power utilities to provide quality power at affordable cost to various consumers in the state. The department also facilitates industries in the value chain of the petroleum and natural gas sector, i.e. upstream, midstream and downstream activities to secure the energy needs of the nation.

Andis Faza Fauzana (071001700016) I. Latar Belakang Setelah lapangan geothermal dikembangkan dan produksi telah dimulai, manajemen produksi dan operasi injeksi untuk menjaga power plant pada kapasitas penuh menjadi prioritas utama. Hal ini melibatkan multidisiplin ilmu seperti produksi, geokimia, teknik reservoir dan simulasi untuk menyatukan data produksi dan injeksi yang diukur dipermukaan dengan informasi sumur di bawah permukaan. Untuk memahami proses yang terjadi di reservoir, terkadang melibatkan geosains dari waktu ke waktu untuk melakukan survey microgravity dan ground deformation. Selain itu, akan dilakukan juga pemantauan korosi subsurface dan kerusakan casing. Semua informasi ini harus disatukan menjadi satu model yang dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kapasitas produksi dan injeksi di masa depan dan untuk mengidentifikasi area yang perlu perbaikan untuk menjaga production plant pada kapasitas penuh. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan pembersihan sumur secara berkala untuk menghilangkan scale calcit atau memindahkan sumur injeksi untuk menghindari "return fluids" diantara sumur produksi dan injeksi. Beberapa data yang akan sering tersedia diantaranya adalah wellhead pressure (WHP), valve settings, aliran uap dan brine, aliran total (massa dan entalpi) dari separator, aliran injeksi dan suhu sumur dsb. Data lainnya dari pemantauan reservoir yang utama berupa tekanan sumur dan data lain yang

Against the global warming that is problem for world in high scale and for Turkey in little scale. Importance
of the renewable energy sources that is called green energy has been displayed. Depending
on the use of fossil fuels, countries were reviewed and accelerated their green energy R&D investments
about the effect of increasing greenhouse gas. In Turkey, R&D concept has not been apprehended
enough yet. So, Turkey has dropped back despite including high potential.
The first part of this case, green energy R&D investments of other countries has been analyzed. In
the next part, R&D investments and capacity of Turkey have been analyzed and compared with other
countries. Also, insufficiencies of goverment agenciess’ R&D departments have been analyzed and in
conclusions, some solutions have been offered.

Ancora ai primissimi del Novecento, i soffioni della zona di Pomarance venivano sfruttati unicamente per la produzione d'acido borico: attività inaugurata dall'ingegnere ed imprenditore François Jacques de Larderel (1790-1858) nel 1818, e che, con vari perfezionamenti nella tecnica estrattiva, era proseguita per circa un secolo. Quest'impresa, che valse al francese la concessione del titolo nobiliare di Conte da parte del Granduca Leopoldo II, legò a tal punto la famiglia dei Larderel alla località della Val di Cecina da conferirle il proprio nome, poi italianizzato in Larderello.

The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was -and is -two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency's aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries' access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context -particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data.

Terrestrial heat flow influences a large collection of geological phenomena. Its determination and understanding is of prime interest for oil industry because geothermal processes impact directly maturation histories and economic potential of oil fields and reservoirs. Published systematic heat flow determinations from major oil provinces are however seldom. Robust heat flow determinations in drillholes require logging of undisturbed temperatures and intensive sampling of core material for petrophysical measurements. Temperature logging in exploration drillholes is traditionally conducted during drilling breaks or shortly after drilling, resulting in temperatures severely disturbed by mud circulation and coring is restricted to selected intervals. Alternatively, test temperatures, information from electric logs and lithological descriptions of drill cuttings can be used to overcome these limitations.
The present contribution introduces new heat flow determinations based on 63 exploration drillholes from the Norwegian North Sea, the Mid Norway Margin and the Barents Shelf.  Our analyses are based on released DST temperatures, precise lithological descriptions of drill cuttings, previously measured rock matrix thermal conductivities and established porosity laws. For the sake of comparison, we carefully review previous heat flow studies carried out both onshore and offshore Norway.
Our results suggest median heat flow values of 64 mW/m2, 65 mW/m2 and 72 mW/m2 for the North Sea, the Mid Norway Margin (mainly the Trøndelag Platform) and the SW Barents Shelf respectively. In detail, heat flow increases by ~ 10 mW/m2 from the southern Norwegian North Sea towards the Mid Norway Margin. This result appears to be in very good agreement with seismic tomographic studies suggesting northward thinning of the underlying mantle lithosphere. Our results together with published marine heat flow data from the Mid Norway Margin suggest a gradual decrease in heat flow from both the North Sea and the Trøndelag Platform towards the centres of the deep Møre and Vøring basins. This latter effect is attributed to reduced heat input from crustal sources caused by the extreme attenuation of the crystalline basement below these two basins. Heat flow in the SW Barents Shelf increases westwards. This is interpreted as lateral heat transfer from the adjacent young ocean. Tentative corrections for Quaternary sedimentation/erosion effects suggest similar heat flow levels for the three studied areas but the above mentioned regional trends remain unchanged.

Bu araştırmanın amacı termal otel işletmelerinde jeotermal kaynak kullanımının nereden ve nasıl temin edildiği, kullanım alanları, avantajları ve ikincil suların nerede ve nasıl değerlendirildiği açısından incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın evrenini, Nisan 2018 itibariyle Türkiye'de 25 ayrı ilde faaliyet gösteren T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı tarafından turizm işletme belgeli 83 termal otel işletmesi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında herhangi bir örnekleme alınmamış ve tam sayım ile tüm evrene ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırma nicel olarak tasarlanmış olup veri toplama aracı olarak anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında dokuzu çevrimiçi ve 31'i yüz yüze olmak üzere toplam 40 yöneticiye anket uygulanmış. Elde edilen veriler sıklık ve yüzde analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda, termal otel işletmelerinde jeotermal kaynakların %82,5 ile en çok termal havuzlarda ve SPA bölümlerinde ve temel olarak %81,8'lik oranda sağlık ve tedavi amacıyla kullanıldığı; jeotermal kaynakların en büyük faydasının %70 ile otelin doluluğunu artırma yönünde olduğu; ikincil termal suları geri dönüşüme gönderme oranlarının ise %42,5 ile sınırlı kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Turizm, Jeotermal Kaynak, Termal Otel İşletmeleri, Yönetsel Bakış. Abstract The purpose of the study is to evaluate the use of geothermal resources in terms of where and how to supply of it, operating areas, benefits, where and how to utilize the secondary waters in thermal hotel enterprises. The research population, consists of 83 thermal hotel establishments which are certified by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and operates in 25 different provinces in Turkey as of April 2018. No sampling was conducted within the scope of the research and it is aimed to reach the whole population with full count. The research was designed as a quantitative method and the as a data collection tool survey technique was used. To collect the data, a total of 40 managers were interviewed, nine of whom were online and 31 were face to face. Frequency and percentage analysis were used to examine obtained data. As a result of the research, it was found that the thermal springs in were used with 82.5% in thermal pools and SPA sections, and mainly 81.8% in basic health and treatment; the major benefit of geothermal 1 Bu çalışma, IMASCON 2019 Güz Kongresinde sözlü olarak sunulan bildiriden türetilmiştir.

İzmir, located in the western part of Anatolia, is the third major city of Türkiye. İzmir is very important because of geoethermal resources. The geothermal areas of İzmir can be listed as Balçova, Karşıyaka-Menemen, Seferihisar, Alaçatı-Çeşme, Dikili-Bergama, Aliağa and Bayındır. In Balçova district heating and thermal tourism, in Çeşme thermal tourism, in Dikili-Bergama district heating and greenhouse heating is of importance in using geothermal energy. Apparent potential of geothermal energy in İzmir province, considering the lowest consumption temperature as 40 0 C, is 440 000 000 kcal/h. Depending on the greatness of the geothermal areas, reservoir temperature and possible number of wellhole locations of the future, expected total potential is 2325 MWt.

Located in the Circum-Pacific Rim of Fire, the Philippines is endowed with both mineral and energy resources. Philippines ranks
second in the world (next to the United States of America) in using geothermal energy for electricity generation. From seven (7)
production fields, a total of 1848MWe of electricity is produced which constitutes nearly 12% of the electricity requirements in the
country. The success of the Philippines in exploiting geothermal energy may be attributed on good governance and commendable
government-industry collaboration.

Future plans for development of more fields for electricity production as well as direct uses of the geothermal waters are in the
pipeline. The Department of Energy is currently planning to increase the countries capacity by installing another 1.445 MW by the
year 2030. Expansion to increase or at least maintain the performance of current production fields within its vicinities are being
done. Before the end of 2014, the Maibarara Geothermal Field with a power generation capacity of 20 MW is expected to operate
commercially along with the transfer completion of the Northern Negros Geothermal plant to the 20 MW Nasulo geothermal
facility within the Palinpinon geothermal complex. Projects in the pre-development stage located in the island of Luzon include the
27 MW Mabini Project (Batangas), Negron Cuadrado Geothermal prospect (Zambales-Pampanga), 100 MW Kalinga project, 60-
100 MW Bontoc-Sadanga geothermal project (Mt. Province), 60-100 MW Buguias-Tinoc Geothermal project (Benguet-Ifugao), 40
MW West Bulusan project, Iriga Geothermal prospect (Camarines Sur),Mariveles geothermal prospect (Bataan), East Mankayan
Geothermal project (Benguet-Ifugao) and 70 MW Montelago Geothermal project (Mindoro) where hot springs, spa and aquaculture
is planned to be established. Projects in the islands of Visayas and Mindanao include the 49 MW Biliran (Caibiran) Geothermal
project and the North Cotabato prospects.

Sumber energi dari energi fosil yang sudah semakin menipis menyebabkan manusia mencari sumber energi lain, salah satunya energi panas bumi. Hal ini didukung oleh potensi energi panas bumi di Indonesia yang mencapai 28,1 GW dan khususnya di Aceh mencapai 1.115 MW. Salah satu lokasi panas bumi di Aceh yang telah terdeteksi berada di Gunung Seulawah Agam. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa kapasitas energi listrik panas bumi Gunung Seulawah Agam secara perhitungan daya listrik dengan data yang diperoleh dari Dinas Pertambangan dan Energi (DISTAMBEN) Provinsi Aceh serta dari wawancara dengan narasumber yang terkait. Dari data didapat cadangan panas di Gunung Seulawah panas mencapai 13,5 x 10 18 J dan estimasi potensi listrik secara perhitungan panas mencapai 160 MW. Setelah dilakukan perhitungan secara daya listrik didapat keluaran generator yang merupakan daya akhir mencapai 153 MW dengan daya masingmasing sumur 51 MW dengan jumlah sumur 3 (tiga) sumur. Hal ini menunjukkan kapasitas listrik yang didapat dari hasil perhitungan daya listrik tidak jauh berbeda dari estimasi potensi listrik yang dilakukan secara perhitungan panas.

Crocodiles are hunted for their skins, meat, oil and claws. Over catching of this animal has led to the decline of this species in wild populations. Although it is not a new idea, breeding this animal under captivity is a developing industry in some parts of the world. Crocodiles have been bred in farms since early 20th century. The majority of these farms were tourist attractions with wild caught alligators or crocodiles under captivity. Decline of the wild populations led to the prohibitions around the word. In crocodile farming operations, the idea is to obtain skins, meat and other products without stressing wild populations. This animal has its own characteristics and they should be learned well before any economic investment. In this review, our aim is to identify these characteristics and inform farmers about the challenges, downsides and advantages of crocodile farming with emphasis on their biology and present farming operations.

This is the first book describing the glorious geology of Iceland's Golden Circle and four additional excursions:(1) the beautiful valleys and mountains of the fjord of Hvalfjördur, (2) the unique landscape and geothermal fields of the Hengill Volcano, (3) the explosion craters, volcanic fissures, and lava fields of the Reykjanes Peninsula, and (4) the volcanoes (Hekla, Eyjafjallajökull, Katla), waterfalls, sandur plains, and rock columns of South Iceland. The Golden Circle offers a unique opportunity to observe and understand many of our planet's forces in action. These forces move the Earth's tectonic plates, rupture the crust, and generate earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, channels for rivers and waterfalls, and heat sources for hot springs and geysers. The Golden Circle includes the famous rifting and earthquake fracture sites at Thingvellir, the hot springs of the Geysir area, the waterfall of Gullfoss, and the Kerid volcanic crater. As the book is primarily intended for people with no background in geosciences, no geological knowledge is assumed and technical terms are avoided as far as possible (those used are explained in a glossary). With more than 240 illustrations – mostly photographs – explaining geological structures and processes, it is also a useful resource for geoscientists.

Turkey is an area of complex geology with active tectonics and high geothermal potential. Especially, the western part of Turkey is a region of abundant geothermal activity. Faults accommodating the deep circulation of hydrothermal fluids of meteoric origin are the primary means by which of geothermal systems are controlled in this region. Many of the thermal activities are related to the improved dilation on the~E-W-strikes of the graben faults. This situation serves as a suitable environment for the presence of high levels of arsenic in geothermal water resources. The highest concentrations of naturally occurring aqueous arsenic (As) are found in certain types of geothermal waters, generally those related to major graben faults. In this regard, high arsenic concentrations in geothermal resources have been detected in Western Turkey, including but not limited to Biga Peninsulla, Gediz Graben, Kucuk, and Buyuk Menderes Graben with values ranging from 1 to 1419 ppb in geothermal fluids. The thermal waters have surface temperatures of up to 100°C and reservoir temperatures range from 150 to 248°C in the Menderes Graben, from 120 to 287°C in the Gediz Graben, and from 153 to 174°C in Biga Peninsula. Hydrogeochemically, the Menderes graben and Gediz Graben thermal waters are of the Na-HCO 3 , Ca-HCO 3, and Na-SO 4 types, whereas some geothermal fluids such as those of Tuzla and Kestanbol in the Biga Peninsula, Çeşme, and Urla are of the Na-Cl type.

Please join us on a gathering focused on Geothermal Resource development in the Hawaiian Islands:

Aia La O Pele i Hawaii: There is Pele in Hawaii—
Is Geothermal Appropriate for Hawaii?
Thursday, October 31, 2014
5 PM to 7:30 PM
Halau o Haumea, Hawaiian Studies, UH Manoa Campus
Mea ai for the kino and soul will be served

What is geothermal? Is Geothermal appropriate for the Hawaiian Islands?  Where is it applicable in Hawaii? What challenges and opportunities does this renewable energy technology present for our communities, energy industry, and government? Come join us with questions as we learn about Geothermal resources development and its potential to shift how we consume energy in the Hawaiian Islands.


*Brought to you by Hawaiian Islands Science, East-West Center Participants Association, and Pan-Pacific Association with support from COSEE-IE

La información disponible acerca de las características de las manifestaciones termales existentes en la décima Región de Los Lagos, Chile, es escasa; sin embargo, los factores que hacen pensar en la Región de Los Lagos como una zona de interés para el desarrollo geotérmico son, básicamente, los numerosos centros volcánicos y aguas termales presentes, al igual que la alta densidad de estructuras, donde aquellas que presentan una orientación aproximada NE-SW y que son en su mayoría dextrales son agrupadas en el Sistema de Falla Liquiñe-Ofqui (SFLO); mientras que las que muestran orientación WNW-ESE y con dinámicas esencialmente siniestrales son agrupadas en el Sistema de Fallas de Larga-vida oblicuas al Arco (SFLA).
Se utilizan análisis químicos de 18 de 36 manifestaciones catastradas. Algunas fuentes muestran correlaciones entre sus composiciones químicas y sus ubicaciones geográficas. A partir de ello, se identifican 2 grandes grupos: las manifestaciones localizadas sobre estructuras del SFLA y aquellas sobre trazas del SFLO. Las fuentes pertenecientes al primer grupo (Porcelana Chico, El Comau, Porcelana Grande) se caracterizan por tener aportes volcánicos directos relacionados al transporte lateral de fluidos, presentando mayores razones B/Cl, un origen netamente geotermal de cloruros y un menor intercambio catiónico. El segundo grupo se subdivide según se ubiquen en la zona intermareal o en zona continental. El primer subgrupo (termas de Rollizos, Cochamó, Sotomó y El Yate) lo forman las únicas manifestaciones que parecen mostrar, aunque leve, una interacción con aguas salinas pertenecientes al fiordo El Comau y al estuario Reloncaví, por lo tanto el origen de sus cloruros se considera mixto. Finalmente, el segundo subgrupo reúne al resto de las termas (Puyehue, Aguas Caliente, Rupanco, El Callao, Cayetué, Ralún, Puelo, Pichicolo, Llancahué, Cahuelmó y El Amarillo), en particular, aquellas localizadas lejos de estuarios y fiordos, y muestra un importante intercambio catiónico, presentando un transporte de fluidos básicamente vertical y con una importante interacción con rocas del Batolito Norpatagónico.
Todas estas características químicas son reflejadas en las diferencias entre las temperaturas estimadas con el geotermómetro de Na/K, al cual se le determinan índices de corrección respecto a los valores otorgados por el geotermómetro de SiO2, aplicados en la generación de un mapa de índices de favorabilidad geotérmica, el cual muestra a la península de Huequi como la zona con condiciones más favorables.

In this study, one of renewable energy sources, geothermal fluid(brine water) viscosity calculations for geothermal power plant are specified. The calculations of flow stability are compared with ‘’Pipe Flow Expert’’ program.  Due to the fact that Geothermal fluid’s (brine water) chemical properties are similar to seawater, El Doussky and J.Sündermann 's studies and researches  are based on . Also fluid movement function (Laminar or Turbulent) is investigated in drawn and welded steel pipes and based on these studies, calculations are made with cathodic protection and galvanic anode applications related to mechanical and chemical corrosion and a study is presented including many issues, the theoretical and practical knowledge.

Metode penginderaan jauh dipakai untuk melakukan pengenalan (reconnaissance) wilayah potensi panas bumi di daerah Ngebel, Gunung
Wilis, Jawa Timur. Karakteristik struktur geologi dikaji melalui penerapan analisis citra satelit melalui algoritma komposisi spektral dari data
sensor satelit LANDSAT ETM+. Distribusi temperatur permukaan tanah didekati melalui algoritme single channel yang diterapkan terhadap
data sensor Thermal Infra Red (TIR). Hasil perhitungan Temperatur Permukaan Tanah dengan sensor TIR dikorelasikan dengan data
MODIS Terra sehingga didapatkan konfirmasi yang lebih baik. Anomaly temperatur panas permukaan tanah ditemukan di sekitar Telaga
Ngebel terutama di sisi selatan, Dapat ditunjukkan bahwa ada korelasi struktur morfologi terhadap distribusi temperatur permukaan tanah. Morfologi yang ada merupakan sistem sesar. Hasil analisis data satelit merupakan dasar untuk melakukan survei geologi secara lebih efektif dan efisien untuk melengkapi data yang ada. Dari sistem sesar yang ada, peran telaga Ngebel menjadi penting sebagai bagian dari recharge area.

Kata Kunci : citra satelit LANDSAT ETM+, thermal infra red, panas bumi, struktur morfologi, Ngebel Ponorogo.

Geo-pressured gas reservoirs are reservoirs with high pressure gradient of about (0.5-1.0) psi/ft. The increase in pressures has been proposed by some authors to be caused by inability of excess fluids to leak-off after major tectonic events of compressional folding or rapid deposition of thick sediments in young sedimentary rocks. The limitation of the conventional method in estimating original gas in place (OGIP) in a geo-pressured gas reservoir is that the solution gas in connate water is habitually neglected in estimating the OGIP. As a result, its contribution of the total gas production is omitted in the MBE. This leads to an inaccurate estimation of OGIP and gas reserve. To eliminate this error, a new form of MBE is presented by this study. It includes the contribution of solution gas in connate water to the total gas production. A comprehensive compressibility term that includes the rock compressibility (Cf), water compressibility (Cw) and the gas solubility in water (Rsw) are introduced into the material balance equation and P/Z plots are formulated. The result of the formulation indicates a 5 -12% increase in the estimation of the OGIP as compared to some existing methods. This tells the importance of the solubility of gas in brine in the estimation of the OGIP and the importance of its inclusion in the Material Balance Equation.

This paper presents an overview of the Malawi energy situation and the potential of renewable energy resources including solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal. Despite a range of efforts by local and international stakeholders to increase access to modern energy sources in the country, 89 per cent of Malawi׳s energy is still sourced from traditional biomass mainly fuel wood. Only 8 per cent of the population in Malawi have access to electricity but installed capacity of electricity generation is lower than demand. This leads to load shedding by the electricity supplier; consequently electricity supply in Malawi is unreliable and micro and macroeconomic activities are significantly affected. Solar, non-traditional biomass (crop residues and forest residues not burnt on three stone fireplaces, and biogas), hydro, wind and geothermal are potential energy resources that could enhance Malawi׳s energy security. However, unreliable financing mechanisms for large scale energy projects;...

Jeotermal enerji kaynakları sıcaklıklarına bağlı olarak başta elektrik enerjisi üretimi olmak üzere konut ısıtması, sera ısıtması, termal turizm-tedavi, endüstriyel sıcak su ve kimyasal madde eldesinde kullanılmaktadır. Ekonomik ve çevre dostu bir yenilenebilir enerji kaynağı
olan jeotermal enerji kaynakları, yüksek potansiyeli olan ülkemizin gelişiminde önemli bir faktör olarak önümüzde durmaktadır. Bu konumda fosil yakıtların ithalatı sebebiyle enerjide olan dışa bağımlılığın azaltılması için mevcut kaynaklarımızı etkin ve verimli kullanmamız
bir zorunluluktur. Bu çalışmada jeotermal enerji kaynaklarımız ve potansiyellerimiz değerlendirilmiş ve elektrik üretimi prosesleri açıklanmıştır. Örnek bir jeotermal enerji santralinin işleyişi ve devreye alınma süreçleri anlatılmıştır. Bunların yanında çevresel etkileri
ve maliyetleri ele alınmış jeotermal kaynaklarımızı etkin ve verimli kullanılması için somut veriler ışığında temenni ve tavsiyelerde bulunulmuştur.

Located in the Circum-Pacific Rim of Fire, the Philippines is endowed with both mineral and energy resources. Philippines ranks second in the world (next to the United States of America) in using geothermal energy for electricity generation. From eight (8) production fields, a total of 1868MWe of electricity is produced which constitutes nearly 12% of the electricity requirements in the country. The success of the Philippines in exploiting geothermal energy may be attributed on good governance and commendable government-industry collaboration.