Geodetic Engineering

Αντικείµενο της εργασίας είναι η µελέτη της χωροταξικής κατανοµής των συνοικιών της Θεσσαλονίκης από τον 15 ο ως τις αρχές του 20 ου αιώνα. Στη µακραίωνη ιστορία της πόλης, ιδιαίτερα σηµαντικός ήταν ο ρόλος του εθνικού και θρησκευτικού παράγοντα, ως αποτέλεσµα της πολυπολιτισµικής σύνθεσης του αστικού χώρου (16 ος – 20 ος αιώνας). Ως εκ τούτου, η χωροθέτηση των συνοικιών της, όπως αυτή οριστικοποιήθηκε κατά τους τελευταίους αιώνες της οθωµανικής κυριαρχίας, αντανακλούσε σε σαφή όρια τα εθνοτικά και θρησκευτικά χαρακτηριστικά των κατοίκων της. Ο βυζαντινός χαρακτήρας των συνοικιών της Θεσσαλονίκης προ της άλωσης, διατηρήθηκε ως τα τέλη του 17 ου αι. οπότε και αρχίζει να καταγράφεται η σαφής χωροθέτηση των εβραϊκών συνοικιών στον ιστό της πόλης. Οι 11 αρχικές συνοικίες της Θεσσαλονίκης κατά τον 15 ο αι., σταδιακά αυξήθηκαν σε 71 συνοικίες κατά τα τέλη του 19 ου αι. Οι µουσουλµάνοι ήταν συγκεντρωµένοι στα βόρεια υψώµατα της πόλης, οι Εβραίοι στην περιοχή νότια της Εγνατίας, και οι Έλληνες καταλάµβαναν την ανατολική περιοχή του κέντρου, πλαισιώνοντας την Καµάρα και το Ιπποδρόµιο. Είχε ήδη διαµορφωθεί η περιοχή της Αγοράς, όπως και η περιοχή του Ιστιρά (Αγορά του λιµανιού) στη θέση των σηµερινών Λαδάδικων. Μέσω των εργαλείων του γεωπληροφοριακού συστήµατος, προκύπτει ότι από τον 16 ο αι. ως τις αρχές του 20 ου αι. η συνολική έκταση των ελληνικών συνοικιών συρρικνώθηκε δραµατικά, καταλαµβάνοντας µόλις το 18% της συνολικής έκτασης της πόλης. Αντίθετα, τόσο οι τουρκικές όσο και οι εβραϊκές συνοικίες αύξησαν εντυπωσιακά την έκτασή τους, καθώς οι µουσουλµάνοι καταλάµβαναν το σύνολο σχεδόν της Άνω πόλης και οι Εβραίοι επεκτάθηκαν στη θέση παλαιότερων κεντρικών χριστιανικών και µουσουλµανικών συνοικιών. Η µεγάλη πυρκαγιά του 1917 κατέστρεψε περίπου το 24% των τουρκικών και των ελληνικών συνοικιών, και το 89% των εβραϊκών συνοικιών. Η περιοχή της Αγοράς καταστράφηκε σε ποσοστό περίπου 81% ενώ η αγορά του Ιστιρά σε ποσοστό περίπου 12%. Μετά την ανοικοδόµηση της Θεσσαλονίκης, σταδιακά τα όρια των παλαιών συνοικιών καταργήθηκαν καθώς ατόνησαν οι χωροθετηµένοι εθνοτικοί διαχωρισµοί. Oι 16 σηµερινές ενορίες του κέντρου της Θεσσαλονίκης αποτελούν διοικητική µετεξέλιξη των συνοικιών των αρχών του 20 ου αι. Οι περισσότερες από αυτές έχουν διατηρήσει τα ονόµατα των παλαιών χριστιανικών συνοικιών, "δανεισµένα" από την κύρια εκκλησία της περιοχής. Το χαρακτηριστικό αυτό αποτελεί και το µόνο κοινό στοιχείο µε την πρότερη κατάσταση, καθώς τα όρια των σηµερινών ενοριών έχουν διαµορφωθεί αποκλειστικά σύµφωνα µε διοικητικές διαδικασίες.

The very accurate measuring of three-dimensional models of complex surfaces and objects in general (and their creation, as well), are subjects of the three-dimensional Metrology (3D-Metrology). In order 3D-Metrology to connect effectively the physical world with the virtual world (and vice versa), there is a need of measurements, methodologies of measurements and calculations. In this area, the contribution of the science of Geodesy, a science of spatial measurements, is of paramount importance. In this paper, a review and analysis of both, methods (or principles) and measuring instruments are carried out. These methods and instruments, although they belong to Geodesy (specifically in a branch of it, also known as: Geodetic Metrology, Technical Geodesy or Industrial Geodesy), they also form fundamental milestones of 3D-Metrology.

KEBIJAKAN SPASIAL TERHADAP PENUNJANG PENGEMBANGAN SEKTOR PERSAMPAHAN DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH (oleh : RAHMAT IRAWAN) I. PENDAHULUAN Pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk, kemajuan teknologi dan perkembangan ekonomi mengakibatkan peningkatan aktifitas manusia, sehingga menyebabkan masyarakat semakin konsumtif dan meningkatkan jumlah timbulan sampah. Salah satu kebutuhan mendasar untuk mengatasi peningkatn timbulan sampah adalah adanya Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir (TPA) sampah. Permasalahan serius yang dialami oleh Kabupaten Lombok Tengah yaitu TPA Lajut yang saat itu masih digunakan, kondisinya sudah melebihi daya tampung. Pengelolaan sampah yang digunakan di TPA Lajut adalah sistem open dumping, serta tidak dimanfaatkannya alat komposter, sehingga sampah tidak mengalami reduksi. Hal tersebut menyebabkan kondisi sampah yang menggunung di TPA Lajut. Oleh karena itu, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah memerlukan TPA baru untuk menampung dan memproses timbulan sampah yang semakin meningkat. Untuk meminimalisir dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan yang ditimbulkan akibat kegiatan TPA, maka diperlukan pengembangan dalam sektor persampahan sesuai dengan arahan kebijakan dan strategi dalam RTRW Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Namun pengembangan TPA harus seimbang dengan pengembangan fasilitas penunjangnya.

‫للطريق‬ ‫الجانبي‬ ‫الرفع‬ ‫ويشمل‬ ‫للطريق‬ ‫الفقي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫ويستعرض‬ ، ‫التصميم‬ ‫ومحددات‬ ‫ومواصفات‬ ، ‫الحضرية‬ Superelevation ‫والتوسيع‬ Widening ‫الرأسي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫فتستهدف‬ ‫التالية‬ ‫المرحلة‬ ‫أما‬ ‫النتقالية،‬ ‫والمنحنيات‬ ‫و‬ ‫الرصف‬ ‫عروض‬ ‫وتحديد‬ ‫العرضية‬ ‫القطاعات‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫الخيرة‬ ‫المرحلة‬ ‫تأتي‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الرأسية‬ ‫والمنحنيات‬ ‫للطريق‬ ‫للطريق.‬ ‫النشائي‬ ‫والتصميم‬ ‫الدوار‬ ‫وتصميم‬ ‫الوسطية‬ ‫والجزر‬ ‫المشاة‬ ‫وأرصفة‬ ‫والبردورات‬ ‫الكتاف‬ ) ‫رقم‬ ‫جدول‬ 2 ‫الجريان‬ ‫وسرعة‬ ‫التصميميه‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العلقة‬ ( ‫التصميمية‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫ساعة(‬ / ‫)كم‬ Design Speed ‫الجريان‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫ساعة(‬ / ‫)كم‬ Average ‫التصميمية‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫مواصفات‬ Design Speed Standards ‫والمتوقعة‬ ‫المختارة‬ ‫التصميمية‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫متناسبة‬ ‫للطريق‬ ‫الهندسي‬ ‫التصميم‬ ‫خصائص‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫على‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫التصميمية‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫المصمم‬ ‫على‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫كما‬ ‫التضاريس‬ ‫وظروف‬ ‫البيئية‬ ‫للظروف‬ . ‫القتصادية‬ ‫والعتبارات‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫و‬ ‫التضاريس‬ ‫وخصائص‬ ‫المخططة‬ ‫الطريق‬ ) ‫رقم‬ ‫جدول‬ 3 ‫الحضرية‬ ‫للطرق‬ ‫التصميمية‬ ‫السرعة‬ ( ‫درجات‬ ‫الدنى‬ ‫السرعة‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫ساعة(‬ / ‫)كم‬

The advent of satellite positioning technology has led to a change in the physical realisation of geodetic control. Traditional survey monumentation is being replaced or enhanced with active GPS control that can provide data to users in a number of ways. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago upgraded its national geodetic infrastructure by installing a network of five active GPS reference stations across the islands. The system is designed to deliver data to users through cellular telephone service and the world wide web. A follow-on phase in 2007 will construct a MSK radio beacon service sited in the centre of the country. These new services are designed to enhance the quality of survey data that is acquired in the region, and to provide broad access to the use of modern technology to land surveyors, mappers, utility companies, academia and the various members of the wider position-fixing community. Local datum issues arise when integrating information acquired under the new technology, and this presents a particular problem on these islands that are spanned by a tectonic fault structure. This paper explains the concepts employed in designing the new geodetic infrastructure for the country, and highlights difficulties that arise in the local environment.

Kabupaten Pati merupakan kabupaten yang terletak di bagian utara pulau jawa, membentang di sebelah timur semenanjung muria menjadikan daerah ini memiliki morfologi yang beragam. Bentang alam yang beragam ini kemudian menyebabkan keberagaman sumber daya alam dan mata pencaharian penduduk serta kebudayaannya.
Pada abad ke-16 masehi, semenanjung muria yang kini terbagi menjadi 3 wilayah administratif (Jepara, Pati, dan Kudus) merupakan pulau yang terpisah dari pulau jawa. Hingga pada abad ke-17, Selat Muria mengalami pendangkalan akibat sedimentasi. Posisi Selat Muria sangat strategis untuk menerima sedimentasi dari segala arah.

The Province of Yogyakarta is an area with high level of seismic activity in Indonesia. One of the active faults in this provice is Opak Fault, which was regarded as responsible for Yogyakarta earthquake of May 27, 2006. It is necessary to establish geodetic network for monitoring around the fault, with more detailed geologic mapping.
The research was conducted with several stages since the literature review, discussions with colleagues in the Laboratories of Geodesy and Geodynamic, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The first research procedure includes planning for bench-mark (BM) installation, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data acquisition, Linux Centos V. 6.5 as Operating System and
GAMIT/GLOBK V 10.5 as scientific software for data proccesing. Measurement of monitoring network in
this area was carried out on 18 November 2013. The second research percedure was Geological observation and mapping which were conducted for about three weeks in the August 2013.
The research has established 10 BMs for monitoring network point using 3D Cartesian coordinates system. Pasive stations were labelled OPK 3, OPK 4, OPK 6, OPK 7, OPK 8, TGD 2, and active stations were labelled GK1_,KPG1,SLM1and BTL1. Distance between network monitoring stations ranges from
6,045.67385 m for the shortest distance OPK 6 to GK1_ and 4,3603.16313 m for longest distance of OPK 6 to KPG1, with precision of base lines varies from 3.94 mm to 10.61 mm, standard deviation of on the X-as (x) , Y-as (y) and Z-axis as (z) are varies. Standard deviations of 3D Cartesian coordinates system for pasive and active stations have similar pattern where y lesser than x dan z. Geological
mapping and field observation on the suspected area for the seismogenic fault suggest that the Mangunan-Muntuk region was influenced by similar tectonic forces as in 2006 earthquake.

CV. Bagja Niaga Teknik (BNT) yang merupakan Supplier alat teknik bekas maupun baru berupa Total Station, Theodolite Digital, Waterpass, GPS, dan Accesories. Dengan Berbagai merk seperti Topcon, Sokkia, Nikon, Leica, Garmin, Trimble dll. Dan juga menerima jasa rental atau sewa alat teknik/alat ukurt dan GPS geodetik.

There is a variety of definitions about Artificial intelligence (AI). In this paper, the following definition is selected advisedly: AI is the development of computer systems to solve difficult problems, which can not be solved by an exhaustive examination of all possible solutions since these may be too many. From this point of view, as this definition guides, a brief review of some of AI-tools is attempted with two targets: To present some of the tools (older-" classics " and younger-" exotics ") and to explore their penetrating potentiality in the opportune fields of Geodesy and Geomatics.

Palabras claves: Optimización. Red geodésica. Datum. Marcos de Referencia. Compensación Resumen. En este trabajo se presentan soluciones óptimas por mínimos cuadrados (incluyendo la Minimun Norm Least Square Solution) de la compensación de una red geodésica libre bidimensional en un modelo singular de Gauss-Markov que incorpora en forma explícita en sus ecuaciones de restricciones mínimas del datum a cuatro parámetros de una transformación plana de Helmert: dos traslaciones ; una rotación diferencial, y un cambio de escala. Estos parámetros de transformación permiten vincular el marco de referencia formado por las coordenadas aproximadas de los puntos de la red con el marco de referencia formado por las coordenadas compensadas o ajustadas. Como ejemplo numérico, el método desarrollado se aplica en la compensación de una trilateración bidimensional compuesta de seis puntos.

H έννοια της αξιοπιστίας σε ένα πρόβληµα εκτίµησης σχετίζεται µε τις αρχικές υποθέσεις που αφορούν στις µετρήσεις, στις µαθηµατικές σχέσεις που συνδέουν τις µετρήσεις µε τις επιλεγµέ-νες άγνωστες παραµέτρους και στη διαδικασία υπολογισµού αυτών των παραµέτρων. Αν αυτές οι αρχικές υποθέσεις δεν ισχύουν, τότε η ολική διαδικασία οδηγείται σε λανθασµένα αποτελέ-σµατα. H ορθότητα των αρχικών υποθέσεων καθώς και κάθε στατιστική υπόθεση σχετική µε τα αποτελέσµατα της ανάλυσης των παρατηρήσεων και της εκτίµησης των αγνώστων παραµέ-τρων, ελέγχεται µε την εφαρµογή του στατιστικού ελέγχου της γενικής υπόθεσης. Επειδή στις συνήθεις εφαρµογές η πιο συνηθισµένη αιτία για αναξιόπιστα αποτελέσµατα είναι τα σφάλµατα των µετρήσεων, για το λόγο αυτό και η έννοια της αξιοπιστίας συνδέεται κυρίως µε την ύπαρξη χονδροειδών σφαλµάτων στις µετρήσεις. Στην περίπτωση ειδικών εφαρµογών όπου απαιτείται υψηλή ποιότητα αποτελεσµάτων, είναι εξίσου σηµαντική η αξιολόγηση της αξιοπιστίας κάθε στατιστικού ελέγχου που εφαρµόζεται στα αποτελέσµατα της εκτίµησης και των σχετικών υπο-λογισµών. Στην εργασία αυτή αρχικά γίνεται αναφορά στην αξιοπιστία της σάρωσης δεδοµέ-νων, αλλά η έννοια της αξιοπιστίας επεκτείνεται και στον έλεγχο της γενικής υπόθεσης, όπως εφαρµόζεται στην ανάλυση των µετρήσεων και την εκτίµηση των αγνώστων παραµέτρων. Λέξεις κλειδιά: στατιστικός έλεγχος, σάρωση δεδοµένων, εσωτερική αξιοπιστία, εξωτερική αξιο-πιστία. Abstract The reliability related to an estimation problem, is associated with the initial assumptions about the measurements, the mathematical relationships that link the measurements to the unknown parameters selected and finally, the process of calculating these parameters. If these initial assumptions are not valid, then the whole process led to incorrect results. The accuracy of the initial assumptions and any statistical assumption on the results of the analysis of observations and assessment of unknown parameters, are all controlled by the application of statistical testing of the general case. For usual applications (with average accuracy standards), the most common cause of unreliable results is the errors in the measurements. Therefore, the concept of reliability is mainly linked to the existence of coarse errors in measurements. On the other hand, in the case of special applications which demand high accuracy standards, it is equally important to assess the credibility of any statistical test applied to the results of the assessment and calculation. This paper initially refers to the reliability of the data snooping, but the concept of reliability is extended to test the general case (general hypothesis), as applied both to the analysis of measurements and to the estimation of unknown parameters.

This paper addresses the task of time-separated aerial image registration. The ability to solve this problem accurately and reliably is important for a variety of subsequent image understanding applications. The principal challenge lies in the extent and nature of transient appearance variation that a land area can undergo, such as that caused by the change in illumination conditions, seasonal variations, or the occlusion by non-persistent objects (people, cars). Our work introduces several major novelties: (i) unlike previous work on aerial image registration, we approach the problem using a set-based paradigm; (ii) we show how image space local, pair-wise constraints can be used to enforce a globally good registration using a constraints graph structure; (iii) we show how a simple holistic representation derived from raw aerial images can be used as a basic building block of the constraints graph in a manner which achieves both high registration accuracy and speed; (iv) lastly, we introduce a new and, to the best of our knowledge, the only data corpus suitable for the evaluation of set-based aerial image registration algorithms. Using this data set, we demonstrate: (i) that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art for pair-wise registration already, achieving greater accuracy and reliability, while at the same time reducing the computational cost of the task; and (ii) that the increase in the number of available images in a set consistently reduces the average registration error, with a major difference already for a single additional image.

The general objective of this study is to analyze the performance of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) convergence and initialization while stochastically constraining the atmosphere. One specific objective of this study is to review the performance of dual-and triple-frequency PPP solutions using uncombined measurements. The research question to be answered is whether there is any significant benefit in constraining the atmosphere, specifically the ionospheric parameter, in dual-and triple-frequency PPP processing? For thorough performance analysis in the uncombined PPP case, data from 70 globally distributed multi-GNSS stations were processed for the month of February, 2016. The uncombined triple-frequency PPP results with GIM ionospheric constraints showed reduced convergence time compared to unconstrained solutions. At the 68 th percentile, a 60% and 78% reduction in convergence was observed for dual-and triple-frequency PPP with ionospheric constraints, respectively. However, more than 50% improvement was observed for constrained triple-frequency uncombined GNSS PPP solution convergence and initialization in the first 5 minutes as compared to dual-frequency PPP solutions. It was concluded that by applying atmospheric constraints in an uncombined multi-GNSS approach, significant improvements were observed for both dual-and triple-frequency PPP implementations.

Sensors and geosensors (i.e. specific "georeferenced sensors" which measure, monitor, track, record phenomena in geographic space) comprise a plethora of modern 'tools' with a vast field of applications. They are a continuous revolution on 'observation of the natural world'. In this paper, a brief introduction to them is given on the basis of their networks (Wireless Sensor Networks-WSN; GeoSensor Networks-GSN) and their combination (sensor fusion), followed by a discussion on their advantages/disadvantages and their (direct/indirect) influence on Geodesy and Geomatics. Finally , the contemporary developments and some 'visions' are discussed, based on this technology and its combina-tion/mixture with other modern technologies/methods encountered in the field of geoinformatics (GIS), such as: sensor fusion (combination/coordination of sensors), pervasive/ubiquitous computing and ambient/spatial intelligence (ambi-ent/spatial intelligence), Internet of Things (IoT) and finally, Web of Things (WoT).

With the advent of quad‐constellation, triple‐frequency and external atmospheric constraints being provided to the PPP user, the novelty and focus of this paper is in the quest to answer the question: Do we really need ambiguity resolution in multi‐GNSS PPP for accuracy or for integrity? To address the first component of the question, which is also an area of research that has lacked attention, is an examination of the significance between the float and ambiguity resolved PPP user solution. Is the improvement significant enough for applications such as precision agriculture and autonomous vehicles to justify the additional cost and computational complexity of producing a multi‐GNSS PPP‐AR solution? Results consist of solution analysis of convergence time (time to a pre‐defined performance level), position precision (repeatability), position accuracy (solution error with respect to analysis centre's weekly Site Independent Exchange (SINEX) solution) and residual analysis. Pre‐defined user thresholds were selected based on specifications for lane navigation and machine guidance for agriculture. A novel component within the realm of PPP‐AR is the analysis of ambiguity resolution as a metric to examine the integrity of the user solution. The role of ambiguity resolution relies primarily on what are the user specifications. If the user specifications are at the few cm‐level, ambiguity resolution is an asset, as it improves convergence and solution stability. Whereas, if the user's specification is at the few dm‐level, ambiguity resolution offers limited improvement over the float solution. If the user has the resources to perform ambiguity resolution, even when the specifications are at the few dm‐level, it should be utilized. To have a high probability of correctly resolving the integer ambiguities, the residual measurement error should be less than a quarter of a wavelength. Having a successfully resolved and validated solution can indicate to user the solution strength and reliability.

Η γενικευµένη ιστορική αναδροµή στην επιστήµη της Μετρολογίας που επιχειρείται στην εργασία αυτή, τονίζει κυρίως τα κοµβικά σηµεία της εξέλιξής της σε σχέση µε την επιστήµη της Γεωδαισίας, µιας κατεξοχήν επιστήµης οργάνων και µετρήσεων. Οπωσδήποτε, εκτός από τους λογικούς περιορισµούς χώρου της παρούσας εργασίας, επί πλέον υπάρχουν οι εξής λόγοι που οδηγούν αυτήν την ιστορική αναδροµή, αφενός στον περιορισµό του πλήθους (στα απολύτως εξαιρετικά σηµαντικά) των εν λόγω κοµβικών σηµείων και αφετέρου στην απόλυτα περιληπτική περιγραφή τους. Οι λόγοι αυτοί είναι: (α). Η αναµφισβήτητα τεράστια γκάµα οργάνων και µετρητικών συστηµάτων της Γεωδαισίας, αποτελεί από µόνη της καθοριστικό απαγορευτικό παράγοντα για µια, από καθαρά γεωδαιτική σκοπιά, περιεκτικότερη και εκτενέστερη ανασκόπηση της

CV. Bagja Niaga Teknik (BNT) yang merupakan Supplier alat teknik bekas maupun baru berupa Total Station, Theodolite Digital, Waterpass, GPS, dan Accesories. Dengan Berbagai merk seperti Topcon, Sokkia, Nikon, Leica, Garmin, Trimble dll. Dan juga menerima jasa rental atau sewa alat teknik/alat ukurt dan GPS geodetik.

The definition of the geodetic datum is a fundamental issue in the solution of the inverse problems related with the adjustment of free geodetic networks. Taking into account the conventions given by the International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service (IERS) on the definition and realization of a Terrestrial Reference System (TRS), it is considered here that a geodetic datum is the set of all conventions, algorithms and constants necessaries to define and realize the origin, orientation, scale and their time evolution of a TRS in such a way that these attributes be accessible to the users through occupation, direct or indirect observation.

CV. Bagja Niaga Teknik (BNT) yang merupakan Supplier alat teknik bekas maupun baru berupa Total Station, Theodolite Digital, Waterpass, GPS, dan Accesories. Dengan Berbagai merk seperti Topcon, Sokkia, Nikon, Leica, Garmin, Trimble dll. Dan juga menerima jasa rental atau sewa alat teknik/alat ukur dan GPS geodetik.

Alamat; Terusan Buah Batu Komplek Sapta Taruna PU
Jl Suhodo Blok. B1 No. 17 Bandung 40287
Phone; 022-8752 1608 / 0812 22222 9059 / 0815 622 9059
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Pulau Papua secara administratif terletak pada 130° 19'-150° 48' BT dan 0° 19' LS-10° 43' LS. Lempeng kepala burung merupakan lempeng tektonik kecil yang terhubung ke semenanjung kepala burung di ujung barat Pulau Papua. Aktivitas seismik menyebabkan pergerakan lempeng dan mempengaruhi perubahan dinamis posisi benda. Perubahan yang terjadi menunjukkan deformasi. Deformasi adalah perubahan posisi, bentuk, dan ukuran benda di bumi. CORS adalah observatorium GNSS statis yang beroperasi 24 jam sehari. Data pengamatan CORS dapat digunakan untuk memantau arah dan kecepatan deformasi dan perpindahan yang terjadi di daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini berfokus pada penentuan kecepatan pergeseran dan regangan menggunakan data pengamatan 16 CORS yang berada di

ABSTRAK Peristiwa pemanasan global dan tingginya suhu global menjadi kajian yang harus diteliti. Efek pemanasan global sangat dirasakan, terutama di wilayah Kabupaten Blora, Provinsi Jawa Tengah.. Pemanasan global dipicu dari banyaknya faktor yang mendukung terjadinya peristiwa tersebut seperti tingkat vegetasi yang rendah, suhu permukaan tanah yang tinggi, kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi, polusi udara, dan sebagainya. Dengan teknologi penginderaan jauh, kita dapat mendeteksi tingkat kerapatan vegetasi dengan menggunakan metode Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) pada suatu daerah dan dapat mendeteksi perubahan kerapatan tersebut dengan mengolah citra pada tahun yang berbeda. Teknologi penginderaan jauh ini digunakan pula untuk identifikasi bagaimana kondisi suhu permukaan (Land Surface Temperature). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan informasi tingkat vegetasi dan informasi tingkat suhu permukaan pada tahun 2013 dan 2015 di Kabupaten Blora, memberikan informasi berdasarkan data yang ada mengenai pengaruh perubahan NDVI dan tutupan lahan terhadap perubahan suhu permukaan, dan mengetahui korelasi hubungan antara suhu permukaan dengan tingkat kerapatan vegetasi atau NDVI. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah menunjukkan peningkatan suhu permukaan di tahun 2015 sebesar 2-3 derajat celcius dibanding dengan tahun 2013, menunjukkan penurunan tingkat kerapatan vegetasi dari vegetasi cukup rapat menjadi vegetasi jarang di tahun 2015, dan menunjukkan tingkat korelasi atau hubungan sebesar 60% antara variabel suhu permukaan dengan variabel NDVI.

Mangroves is a forest cover type that grows in the tropical and subtropical
intertidal zones and supports a unique ecosystem of human and various animals
and plants species. They play a vital role by providing ecological and economical
goods to the local community. Over the last decade, there was an observed
decline in the extent of mangrove forest cover with human-induced activities
perceived to be one of the main drivers. The study aims to identify the factor
causing damages to the mangrove forest and correlate their impacts to the
mangrove forest. Using average of factors analysis and linear regression analysis,
the overall damage potential based on the factors considered was relatively
quantified. In order to validate the result of the two methods, mangrove forest
cover data within the vicinity of Puerto Princesa City, Palawan from 2003 and
2013 were categorized into three (3) groups – reforested areas, deforested and
areas with no change in mangrove forest cover. Results of the average of factors
analysis were unable to correctly determine the relative damage potential of the
three groups based on reclassified ratings of factors, with areas with no change in
mangrove forest cover obtaining the highest damage potential. On the other hand,
the linear regression model was able to give a valid result of damage potential
using the result of neighborhood analysis of the three categories as its dependent
variable.

The rapid adoption of the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) technology in our modern daily life brings the opportunity to investigate its applicability to areas beyond positioning, navigation and timing, such as meteorology. Due to its high accuracy performance, GNSS (PPP) Precise Point Positioning has become an attractive tool to retrieve the precipitable water vapor (PWV) from the atmosphere. Apart of the GNSS observations, PPP PWV retrieval also requires surface pressure and temperature measurements to calculate precisely the wet part of the tropospheric delay and convert it to PWV. This research reports on the atmospheric water estimation using GNSS PPP method. GNSS observations from CUSV IGS tracking station are combined with IGS precise data in order to obtain the best PPP estimates. Forward and backward solutions are combined using a weighted normalized approach. In addition, observation data from two meteorological stations is used in PWV estimation. The numerical analysis covered the entire year of 2016. Our analyses show that PPP combined solutions are in very good agreement with IGS official products in terms of coordinates and zenith tropospheric delays. In addition, PPP PWV estimates display seasonal and temporal variation in the water content of the atmosphere. The PWV values over 65 mm were found to be from May to November, whereas they were on average 20% lower for the other months of the year. Furthermore, PWV estimates were found to be correlated with local rainfall events recorded at the meteorological stations. Our research concludes that GNSS data processing using PPP method provides high accuracy solution that may be used for retrieving reliably information about the water content in the atmosphere.