Génétique

Present-day people from England and Wales have more ancestry derived from early
European farmers (EEF) than did people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this,
here we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the
Middle to the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and western and
central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 bc, EEF ancestry increased in
southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to
incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and
who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants
contributed about half the ancestry of people of England and Wales from the Iron Age,
thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into
Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more
similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to the Late Bronze Age,
coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2–6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and the
independent genetic trajectory in Britain is also reflected in the rise of the allele
conferring lactase persistence to approximately 50% by this time compared to
approximately 7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a
millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different
ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.

Ces dernières années, nous constatons que la science est subie une métamorphose. Ceci s'est traduit par la vague des ouvrages qui sont publiés dans les diverses disciplines, et ils sont présentés dans le Net, mais plus spécifiquement au niveau des bibliothèques universitaires. Ces livres sont volumineux et très compliqués, l'étudiant algérien se retrouve dans une situation très mal à gérer par ce nombre énorme des donnés dans leur recherche personnelle (exposés, mémoires et révision d'examen), se sont généralement des livres spécialisés destinent à la recherche appliquée. À la lumière de ces nouveaux éléments, nous avons l'idée de créer une série des ouvrages, appelée « Utile en Biologie » qui sera destinée aux étudiants de tronc commun de domaine de SNV (Biologie et Agronomie), cette série est caractérisée par la simplicité dans le contenu des cours et les chapitres sans l'entrer dans les détails.

Cette étude comprend deux objectifs: premièrement, elle vise à étudier dans quelle mesure les enseignants de biologie du secondaire, au Liban, utilisent les ressources numériques dans leur enseignement en général et dans l'enseignement du génétique en particulier. Deuxièmement, elle vise à étudier les relations entre l’usage de ressources numériques par les enseignants et leurs conceptions concernant le déterminisme génétique du phénotype, en particulier de l’héréditarisme de l'épigénétique. Aux fins de cette étude, une combinaison entre deux cadres théoriques a été utilisée, à savoir, "l'approche documentaire" et le modèle de "KVP". Une méthodologie mixte a été conçue, combinant des études quantitatives et qualitatives: un questionnaire, des entretiens, des journaux de bords, des représentations schématiques de systèmes de ressources (RSSR) et des observations de classe. Le terrain de recherche a impliqué 116 enseignants de biologie du secondaire de diverses régions libanaises. Sur la base des réponses au questionnaire, quatre enseignants ont été sélectionnés pour des études plus approfondies et deux parmi eux ont été suivi pendant deux années consécutives. Les résultats ont mis en évidence que les enseignants intègrent des ressources numériques dans leur enseignement pour favoriser la compréhension, par les élèves, de concepts abstraits en génétique et pour enrichir et mettre à jour leurs connaissances scientifiques. En outre, les résultats ont indiqué que la disponibilité et l'accessibilité de la technologie, la disponibilité du temps, le travail collectif et collaboratif, la maîtrise technologique et les attitudes envers la technologie sont autant des facteurs qui affectent l'intégration, par les enseignants, de ressources numériques. Les résultats ont également montré que la relation entre les ressources et les conceptions est réversible : les conceptions des enseignants affectent leur choix des ressources et leur intégration d'une part (instrumentalisation) et le travail documentaire des enseignants affecte leurs conceptions d'autre part (instrumentation). Les implications pour la pratique et les futures recherches sont discutées.

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.

Thème 1A Génétique et évolution Chap6 Brassage génétique et évolution des génomes. A Stabilité du génome Motsclés : définitions à savoir Caryotype, haploïdie, diploïdie ; zygote ;cycle biologique différentes phases de la méiose (prophase…) ; divisions réductionnelle et équationnelle ; bivalents ; caryogamie ; réplication de l'ADN, Trisomie 21.

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.

Le "génie Biologique" mis en œuvre dans le développement de la vie et des hélices d'ADN reste un mystère, comme les processus de construction des murrs cyclopéens de Mycènes et de Cuzco, séparés par des milliers de KM et des centaines de siècles. Y aurait-il des notions que les rédacteurs des textes bibliques connaissaient et que nous aurions oubliées, que les traditions et les traductions auraient fourvoyées ? La vie éternelle ne serait-elle pas l'étincelle du comencement, et la source de nos idées de résurrection ?

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.

On articule la médecine génétique, la pédopsychiatrie et la psychopathologie psychanalytique pour proposer une caractérisation psychanalytique de l’impact psychique d’une pathologie développementale d’origine génétique à fort versant neurologique, la microdélétion 22q11.2. Après une caractérisation de la microdélétion, et du style relationnel des enfants qui en sont affectés, nous soulignons d’abord l’effraction du narcissisme familial que représente cette atteinte, et les voies par lesquelles la contenir en travaillant l’annonce. Nous proposons ensuite d’intégrer à la prise en charge polyfactorielle un suivi psychothérapique de la famille, et de l’enfant, centrés sur l’étayage du mouvement interactif vers autrui que l’enfant manifeste spontanément. Nous indiquons quelques pistes suivant lesquelles déployer cet étayage.

On articule la medecine genetique, la pedopsychiatrie et la psychopathologie psychanalytique pour proposer une caracterisation psychanalytique de l’impact psychique d’une pathologie developpementale d’origine genetique a fort versant neurologique, la microdeletion 22q11.2. Apres une caracterisation de la microdeletion, et du style relationnel des enfants qui en sont affectes, nous soulignons d’abord l’effraction du narcissisme familial que represente cette atteinte, et les voies par lesquelles la contenir en travaillant l’annonce. Nous proposons ensuite d’integrer a la prise en charge polyfactorielle un suivi psychotherapique de la famille, et de l’enfant, centres sur l’etayage du mouvement interactif vers autrui que l’enfant manifeste spontanement. Nous indiquons quelques pistes suivant lesquelles deployer cet etayage.

Cette séance du séminaire doctoral "Génétique des textes et des arts : théories et pratiques" entend explorer les archives et la genèse de l’œuvre de l'écrivain argentin Juan José Saer (1937-2005). Elle aura lieu à l'ENS, au 45 rue d'Ulm, en salle Celan.

Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.

Les interactions entre les gènes, les expériences, l’âge et les environnements, influencent chaque système biologique du corps, avec des effets particulièrement puissants dans les premières années de la vie ? Lorsque nous pensons au fondement du développement de la première enfance, nous nous centrons sur l’architecture cérébrale. Cependant ; les environnements que nous créons et les expériences que nous fournissons aux jeunes enfants et à leur famille n’affectent pas seulement le développement du cerveau, mais aussi de nombreux autres systèmes physiologiques. Les systèmes relatifs au développement cérébral, aux fonctions cardiaques et pulmonaires, à la digestion, à la production d'énergie, à la lutte contre les infections et à la croissance physique sont tous interconnectés et s'influencent mutuellement dans leur développement et leur fonctionnement. Découvrez ci-dessous cinq autres faits concernant la santé sur lesquels on se méprend souvent.

Résumé

Le but de cet article est de revenir sur les mutations à l’oeuvre dans le secteur de la généalogie. Ici, ce ne sont pas les nouvelles catégories de population touchées par l’envie de se découvrir de lointains ancêtres qui nous intéressent, mais l’apparition sur le marché de la généalogie de deux nouvelles techniques d’investigations que sont l’informatique et la génétique. Nous analyserons les usages qu’en font les généalogistes et questionnerons les formes les plus modernes d’interprétations qu’elles suscitent.

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Title : Internet and the Gene: Genealogy and New Technologies

The purpose of the present article is to take a second look at ongoing mutations in the field of genealogy. We are not so much interested here in the new strata of population that have discovered an interest in their long-gone ancestors, but rather in the arrival on the genealogical market of two new techniques of investigation or communication, as represented by computerization and genetics. We will analyze the use made of these technologies by genealogists and question the most recent forms of interpretation to which they give rise.

Samples from apparently healthy European pears (Pyrus communis) from Tunisian orchards and from trees showing symptoms recalling those of the " slow decline " form of pear decline, i.e. reduced growth, production of fewer and smaller leaves that turn reddish and drop early in autumn, were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the universal phytoplasma primers P1/P7. A band with the expected size (1.8 kbp) was obtained from samples collected from symptomatic trees only. PCR products were used for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis after digestion with the endonucleases AluI, RsaI and SspI. RFLP patterns obtained were consistent with those reported for Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri, thus providing evidence of the occurrence in Tunisia of this hitherto un-recorded pathogen.