Exclusive Breastfeeding

Background: Timely initiation of breastfeeding is putting the newborn to the breast within 1 h of birth. Its practice
can prevent neonatal and under-5 mortality. This study aims to assess the prevalence and factors associated with
timely initiation of breastfeeding among mothers in Ghana.
Methods: We used data from the 2017–2018 Ghana multiple indicator cluster survey and our analysis was
restricted to 15,305 mothers who had a live birth within 2 years. Multivariable logistic regression was used to
estimate the factors associated with timely initiation of breastfeeding whilst adjusting for potential confounders,
and accounted for clustering, stratification, and sample weights.
Results: The prevalence of timely initiation of breastfeeding was 51.3% (95% CI 48.1, 54.6%). Mothers who received
antenatal care were twice as likely to timely initiate breastfeeding compared to mothers who did not receive
antenatal care (Adjusted prevalence odds ratios [aPOR] 2.01, 95% CI 1.03, 3.95). Mothers who were assisted by a
skilled attendant at birth had 90% higher odds of timely initiation of breastfeeding compared to mothers who were
not assisted by a skilled attendant (aPOR 1.90, 95% CI 1.41, 2.55). Mothers who delivered by caesarean section had
76% lower odds of timely initiation of breastfeeding compared to mothers who had a vaginal delivery (aPOR 0.24,
95, 95% CI 0.16, 0.36). Mothers who had planned their pregnancy had 45% higher odds of timely initiation of
breastfeeding compared to mothers who had an unplanned pregnancy (aPOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.09, 1.92). There were
also 84% and 55% higher odds of timely initiation of breastfeeding among mothers who perceived their baby was
large (aPOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.32, 2.58), and of average size (aPOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.11, 2.17) at birth respectively, compared to
mothers who perceived their baby was small.
Conclusions: Interventions to increase timely initiation of breastfeeding should provide breastfeeding support to
mothers who have had a caesarean section or small sized babies, prevent unplanned pregnancies, and promote
antenatal care attendance among pregnant women.

This study aimed to document whether food insecurity was associated with beliefs and attitudes towards exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among urban Kenyan women. We conducted structured interviews with 75 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-affected and 75 HIV-status unknown, low-income women who were either pregnant or with a child Յ24 months and residing in Nakuru, Kenya to generate categorical and openended responses on knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards EBF and food insecurity. We facilitated six focus group discussions (FGD) with HIV-affected and HIV-status unknown mothers (n = 50 women) to assess barriers and facilitators to EBF. Of 148 women with complete interview data, 77% were moderately or severely food insecure (FIS). Women in FIS households had significantly greater odds of believing that breast milk would be insufficient for 6 months [odds ratio (OR), 2.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.0, 6.8], that women who EBF for 6 months would experience health or social problems (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.0, 7.3), that women need adequate food to support EBF for 6 months (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.0, 6.7) and that they themselves would be unable to follow a counsellor's advice to EBF for 6 months (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.3, 8.3). Qualitative analysis of interview and FGD transcripts indicated that the maternal experience of hunger contributes to perceived milk insufficiency, anxiety about infant hunger and a perception that access to adequate food is necessary for successful breastfeeding. The lived experience of food insecurity among a sample of low-income, commonly FIS, urban Kenyan women reduces their capacity to implement at least one key recommended infant feeding practices, that of EBF for 6 months.

Despite its many advantages, the benefits of breast milk have been widely unknown to mothers. In many of the world’s developing countries, water, and other liquids are added to the baby’s diet in the first months of life-risking infection from harmful bacteria and other pathogens. National surveys in Somalia show that less than 10% of infants under six months of age are exclusively breastfed. The near-universal Somali practice of discarding 'colostrum' (the first milk, full of essential nutrients and immunity), delaying the initiation of breastfeeding, and using unhygienically- prepared formula and powdered milk are contributing factors towards Somalia's global acute malnutrition levels of 18.6% significantly above the emergency threshold of 15%. A cross‐sectional study was conducted to examine factors towards nonexclusive breastfeeding among children under five years in Hantiwadaag, Garowe Puntland. The study population was selected using simple random sampling. The sample size was 44 mothers of children aged 0-6 months. Data were collected through the administration of questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences.
Therefore, the researcher found a positive result about These factors towards non-exclusive breastfeeding among children less than six months. Sociodemographic factors like employment and Work have an influence on the breastfeeding of a mother for the first six months. Health factors such as the use of medication of mother also directly influence the breastfeeding of children less than six months, also cultural beliefs are influenced to the breastfeeding such as mother’s belief that breastfeeding loses the breast shape as a consequence of lowering the physical appearance of the women.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.

Women and children are the main victims of malnutrition in Pakistan where two out of three households cannot afford nutritious diet with their current expenditure.  Chronic malnutrition in children under five is categorized as very high with 44% of the children stunted, 15% are wasted and half of them anemic and almost one-third children have iron deficiency.  The main reasons for this bleak situation include people’s lack of ability to afford nutritious food, accessibility to food as well as diet preferences.  This paper gives an overview of IYCF and malnutrition in Sindh, using three national reports as its main source – Sindh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014, National Nutrition Survey 2011 and Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13.

Dapatkan informasi menarik terkait pentingnya asi ekslusif, cara menyusui bayi yang benar, perlekatan yang benar, makanan pelancar asi, tips cara melancarkan asi, dan manajemen asi perah.

Download sekarang!

Tag : asi booster terbaik, asi banyak, asi lancar, banyak asi, lancar asi, buah sayur pelancar asi, cara cepat mudah melancarkan asi mampet setelah melahirkan

ALMA MATER STUDIORUM – UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA
SCUOLA DI MEDICINA E CHIRURGIA
Corso di Laurea in Ostetricia

CONOSCERE IL D-MER:
un’esperienza di gruppi di riflessione con studentesse e ostetriche
Relatore: Claudia Mereu                                                         
Presentata da: Oriana Territo
Anno Accademico 2013-2014

INTRODUZIONE: l’indagine affronta la tematica relativa al disturbo disforico da emissione del latte (D-MER), che si presenta nelle donne che allattano al seno quale brusco calo dell’umore in senso negativo accompagnato da sensazioni spiacevoli di vario genere che incombono poco prima della fuoriuscita del latte. In letteratura è stato descritto come fenomeno della durata di pochi minuti, riconducibile ad un repentino e/o eccessivo calo della dopamina in corrispondenza del riflesso di emissione del latte.

OBIETTIVO: l’obiettivo dell’elaborato consiste nel presentare il D-MER, argomento ancora scarsamente conosciuto, per comprendere come la diagnosi di questo disturbo possa inserirsi all’interno della pratica clinica odierna e modificare la condotta assistenziale ostetrica. La tematica in oggetto è stata proposta a due gruppi distinti di studentesse e ostetriche attraverso il focus-group, con lo scopo di presentare l’argomento e successivamente raccogliere le considerazioni rispetto ai risvolti che il D-MER potrebbe avere nella famiglia, nella formazione e nella pratica assistenziale. Nel corso del confronto si è cercato di comprendere le opinioni delle partecipanti sulle metodologie partecipative come strumento formativo universitario e professionale.

CONTENUTI: nel lavoro viene affrontato il tema di un apprendimento che promuova il problem solving e la riflessività che guidi professionisti e studenti nella capacità di risolvere problemi in contesti professionali e di tirocinio, con particolare attenzione alle situazioni assistenziali mai esperite. Vengono esposte, in base agli studi attuali, le caratteristiche del D-MER, i gradi di severità, le cause che lo determinano e le terapie, l’importanza dei risvolti negativi di una mancata diagnosi o di un’errata diagnosi differenziale tra D-MER e depressione post partum. Una parte del testo è dedicata alle testimonianze delle donne che hanno vissuto un’esperienza di D-MER.

CONCLUSIONI: la professionalità ostetrica rappresenta una risorsa irrinunciabile per le famiglie e per la comunità; in particolare la gravidanza e il puerperio rappresentano dei momenti in cui si esplica l’assistenza ostetrica attraverso l’esperienza e le abilità di counseling che consentono alla professionista di esercitare un sostegno competente per la donna e la famiglia. Si affianca a ciò la necessità che altre figure professionali conoscano il D-MER, onde assicurare un approccio assistenziale multidisciplinare, ove necessario, e indirizzare verso ostetriche esperte di allattamenti difficili le donne con D-MER lieve o moderato. Le partecipanti ai focus hanno considerato estremamente utile ai fini della propria formazione la possibilità di aderire ad attività formative che implichino una partecipazione attiva e la possibilità di elaborazione pratica del sapere acquisito. Dai focus group emerge come la formazione riflessiva e aperta al confronto tra professionisti offra maggiori stimoli verso la ricerca di nuove soluzioni assistenziali e supporti una professionalità  in divenire che tenda alla condivisione e al continuo aggiornamento.

Pemberian ASI eksklusif di Indonesia saat ini masih kurang menggembirakan, terlihat
ada penurunan dari 42,4 % menjadi 39,5% (SDKI 1997 dan SDKI 2002). Cakupan
pemberian ASI eksklusif dari data rutin DKK Brebes tahun 2008-2010 sebesar 36%,
46,52% dan 52,17 %, dimana masih dibawah standar (<80%). Tujuan penelitian ini ingin
mengetahui cakupan asi ekslusif menggunakan metode survei cepat dengan menggunakan
two stage random sampling, dan tingkat pertama adalah teknik klaster (cluster sampling).
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan cakupan asi eksklusif hampir sama dengan cakupan dari
data rutin (50,5%) dan masih di bawah standar, dalam memberikan makanan atau
minuman kepada bayi paling besar adalah dari inisiatif sendiri (24.8%), memberikan
makanan atau minuman kepada bayi selama 1 jam persentase paling besar adalah
diberikan susu formula (24.8%), memberikan makanan atau minuman kepada bayi
selama 1 hari persentase pemberian susu formula menduduki prosentase terbesar kedua
(13,8), terdapat 8,6% responden yang telah memberikan pisang kepada bayinya yang
masih berusia 1 bulan, ASI tidak eksklusif terbanyak pada kelompok usia >35 tahun
(63.2%), responden tidak memberikan ASI lebih banyak memiliki pengetahuan kurang
dengan persentase (100.0%) dibandingkan dengan pengetahuan yang lain, responden
pada kelompok ASI eksklusif paling tinggi pada ibu yang tidak bekerja dengan
persentase (53.1%), responden yang memberikan ASI eksklusif lebih banyak
mendapatkan dukungan dari suami dengan persentase (71.7%). Disarankan agar
dilakukan peningkatan pengetahuan tentang ASI Eksklusif kepada semua ibu hamil
beserta suami.

ABSTRAK Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk menghuraikan isu berkaitan penyusuan anak angkat melalui proses cetusan laktasi (induced lactation) dalam kalangan wanita yang tidak pernah melahirkan atau menyusukan bayi. Kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini hanya melibatkan perbincangan literatur berdasarkan kajian kepustakaan. Oleh yang demikian, kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan konsep penyusuan susu ibu bagi anak angkat dan bagaimana ianya boleh dijayakan melalui prosedur cetusan laktasi yang bertepatan dengan sains perubatan dan berlandaskan Islam agar ianya dapat dikongsi dengan wanita-wanita muslim yang ingin menyusukan anak angkat mereka biarpun tanpa melalui proses kehamilan dan melahirkan bayi. Di samping itu, kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan secara ringkas apakah langkah-langkah dalam prosedur penyusuan cetusan untuk mengeluarkan susu ibu daripada payudara ibu angkat bagi memahramkan hubungan anak angkat dengan keluarga angkatnya. Kata kunci: penyusuan anak angkat, cetusan laktasi, penghasilan susu, wanita /ibu angkat. PERSATUAN

Background: Breast feeding is having great importance for children, their mental and physical growth, if mothers are not aware about WHO standard, so definitely they will not practice these standards. It is very important that mother should know about IYCF (infant and young child feeding) practice. Knowledge and practice (KP) of mothers / caregivers on infant and young child feeding (IYCF) are main factors for optimal nutritional status, health and growth of the children. Hence, this study aims to assess the knowledge and practice (KP) of the mothers/caregivers on infant and young child feeding.
Objective:
General Objectives: The main objective of this study is to determine knowledge and practice of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices of mothers at Village Ibrahimzai district Hangu of KP province.
Specific Objectives: To obtain quantitative data, on infant and young child feeding IYCF practices using the WHO IYCF indicators at village Ibrahimzai Hangu.
To assess the consumption of the different types of food for children aged from 6 to 24 months and mother hygiene practice.
To assess the factors related to IYCF (infant and young child feeding) practices.
To make recommendations based on findings.
Methods: A community based cross-sectional study, was conducted to identify Knowledge and Practice of 205 mothers regarding infant and young-child (0-24 months) feeding practices (IYCF) at Village Ibrahimzai, District Hangu: September 2017 to December 2017.

Abstrak Penyusuan cetusan adalah satu inovasi dalam sains teknologi yang merupakan kaedah yang ditemui bagi merangsang penghasilan susu ibu. Kaedah ini telah menghasilkan beberapa penemuan baru dalam bidang penyusuan susu ibu. Kaedah penyusuan cetusan ini telah mendapat sambutan di kalangan wanita atau pasangan suami isteri muslim yang tidak mempunyai zuriat hasil dari perkahwinan mereka yang ingin memahramkan anak angkat yang dipelihara. Artikel ini akan memfokuskan perbincangan tentang kaedah penyusuan cetusan yang menggunakan simulasi hormon, ubat-ubatan, perangsang penghasilan susu dan hukum-hukum pensabitan pemahraman penyusuan anak angkat. Kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini hanya melibatkan perbincangan literatur berdasarkan kajian kepustakaan. Oleh yang demikian, kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kaedah penyusuan cetusan yang bertepatan dengan sains perubatan dan berlandaskan Islam agar ianya dapat dikongsi dengan wanita atau pasangan suami isteri muslim ingin memahramkan anak angkat mereka biarpun tanpa melalui proses kehamilan atau melahirkan bayi.

Background: Despite the demonstrated benefits of breast milk, the prevalence of breastfeeding, in-particular exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), in many developing countries including Ethiopia is lower than the international recommendation of EBF for the first six months of life Objective: To assess the practice of EBF and explore its determinants in Ethiopia and provide policy makers and NGOs with relevant information for future planning and interventions. Methods: Raw data collected from nine regions and two city administrations using stratified cluster sampling method by the Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) 2005 were used to study the practice and determinants of EBF countrywide. Analysis was based on children whose age was less than six months and alive at the time of interview that was extracted from the women's database. Results: The overall rates of exclusive and full breastfeeding were 49.0% and 68.2% respectively. Maternal education, marital status, wealth index and age of the child were closely associated with EBF practices, nonetheless, in the hierarchical analysis; being not married, middle/ richer/ richest wealth index, and child age 0-1and 2-3 month were retained as the predictors of EBF (P<0.05). Conclusion: A range of maternal and child health attributes such as marital status, economical status and child age were found to influence the practice of EBF in Ethiopia. Actions to empower women and promotion of EBF campaign are recommended to achieve the fourth millennium development goal. [Ethiop.

Background-Exclusive breastfeeding is the optimal feeding practice to achieve infants' growth and development. Most mothers breastfeed their children but malnutrition is still prevalent in Ethiopia. Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding practice are less known in the study area. Therefore the study aimed to assess its determinants among mother of children age less than 6 months in Bahir Dar city administration, Ethiopia. Method: Community based cross sectional survey was conducted from Jan to Feb 2013. In Bahir Dar city administration there were a total 20 (12 Urban & 8 Rural) Kebles, of which 6 (4 Urban & 2 Rural) were selected randomly using lottery method. The registration of mothers who had a child age less than 6 months by the local HEW was used as a sampling frame. Data was collected using interviewer administered questionnaire and was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Logistic regression was used to identify determinants. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 159 mothers were interviewed (93.5% response rate). Respondent's mean age was 27.2±4.6 years, 2/3 rd of respondents were housewives by occupation, and more than 90% of participants were urban residents and were married. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 49.1%. Mother education level (AOR=2.99), child sex (AOR=2.22), Parity (AOR=2.46), family size (AOR=2.92), and time of postnatal care (AOR=3.44) were independent predictors of exclusive breastfeeding practice in the study area. Conclusion & recommendation: Practice of exclusive breastfeeding was below the WHO recommendation and the target of the fifth Ethiopian Health Sector Development program. Mother education, child sex, parity, family size, and time of postnatal care were the independent predictors of exclusive breast feeding practice. The city administration should work on promoting exclusive breastfeeding practice giving special emphasis to educated mothers. The government should also consider revising the legislation of the two month postpartum maternity leave.

Moderate alcohol use by breastfeeding women appears to be relatively common. Alcohol concentrates in breast milk at levels slightly higher than in maternal blood, peaking at 30-60 minutes after consumption. Most studies find no link with the duration of breastfeeding unless drinking is fairly heavy (>2 standard drinks/day). However, seven studies have found that moderate maternal alcohol consumption was associated with a shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding; one found no difference and one found an increase. Alcohol affects oxytocin release, leading to reductions in breast milk consumption in the following hours. Infant alcohol exposure may increase fussiness and reduce sleep, both temporary if the mother does not continue to drink. These effects on the infant and on the breastfeeding process could be interpreted by mothers as signs of infant dissatisfaction with their breast milk, "insufficient milk," or other commonly expressed causes for suboptimal breastfeeding patterns. Chronic alcohol consumption, even if moderate, may have a number of more serious effects, including on infant development. In the early weeks or months of life, infant toleration of alcohol is lower than it is at later stages of infancy, and the early breastfeeding process is more susceptible to disruption. Therefore, it may be wise to advise mothers to continue their abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy into the first few months of breastfeeding. Little research has been done on how often women time their drinking so as to avoid infant exposure to alcohol. Health workers and others sometimes propagate myths that alcohol, especially alcoholic beer, is beneficial to breastfeeding. Research is needed in different cultures into whether various forms of cautionary messages are likely to discourage moderate drinkers from initiating breastfeeding or to shorten its duration, and which type of messages if any actually lead to a reduction in drinking during breastfeeding.

Background: In Ghana, periodic national surveys report the practice of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the general population to be over 50 %. However, little is known about EBF among professional working mothers, particularly its duration after maternity leave. Female workers are entitled to 12 weeks (84 days) of maternity leave with full pay in Ghana, and this can be extended by two additional weeks in case of a caesarean or abnormal delivery. This study assessed the prevalence of EBF, as well as factors associated with the practice among professional working mothers in one of the ten regional capitals of Ghana. Methods: The study was descriptive cross-sectional in design and employed a multi-stage sampling technique to sample 369 professional working mothers. The study was planned and implemented between January to July 2015. Study-specific structured questionnaires were used in the data collection over a period of one month. Some factors including demographic characteristics, types of facilities available at workplace to support breastfeeding, challenges to exclusive breastfeeding at the workplace and mother's knowledge base on EBF, were assessed. Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as feeding infants with only breast milk, without supplemental liquids or solids except for liquid medicine and vitamin or mineral supplements.

"A Breastfeeding practice among lactating mothers’ is an attractive and important area of research among the students of medical science as well as social sciences. Breastfeeding practices not only depend on the lactating productivity of the woman but also on their geographical and environmental conditions. Present research focused on two dimensions of breastfeeding, (1) is prevailing level of awareness among lactating women about significance of breastfeeding and (2) is the actual practices
adopted by these women of Noor Pur Shahan, Islamabad. To conduct this research a sample of 138  lactating mothers was systematically drawn. To collect the required data, a structured questionnaire was implemented after pre-testing. Results show maximum participation was from the women of age group 23-
26 years. Findings of the study demonstrated that 93.4% respondents confirmed that breastfeeding is healthy for newborn and out of total, 94.2% of the respondents have breastfed their newborns too, whereas only 33% of these mothers fed their newborns up to 06 months and discontinue afterwards and 52% had breastfed their newborns from 06 months to 30 months maximum. Responses against knowledge questions about the use of liquids other than milk showed that, 58.7% women opined that water and other supported liquids are not safe for newborn, and 33% responded otherwise. The low/shortage of milk was cited as
major reason 44.9% factor behind not completing at least 06 months of breastfeeding. Whereas 48% of the respondents mentioned, doctor as the main source of information regarding breastfeeding importance. This research shows that current practices of breastfeeding in Noor Pur Shahan are quite similar to the existing findings studies conducted previously in Asia.
"

Background: In India, though breastfeeding is universally practiced, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates in urban informal settlements are low; and health programs face several challenges in promoting EBF. In this study, ensconced in one program area of a non-government organization, we focused on “positive deviant”- mothers who were able to practice EBF for six months and attempted to delineate factors that shaped their EBF practices. Typically, qualitative research from Lower and Middle Income countries on EBF has focused on understanding why women do not practice EBF; the converse perspective taken in this study has been less explored.
Methods: We employed the positive deviance approach which contends that important programmatic learnings can be attained from persons who adopt positive behaviours. We conducted twenty-five diverse, purposively sampled case-studies of “positive deviant” mothers from two urban informal settlements in Mumbai; and analysed these using a framework approach. The results were summarised using a socioecological framework (consisting of individual, interpersonal, organizational and environment levels).
Results: We found that mothers typically construed EBF as not giving breastmilk substitutes. Giving the infant minor supplements (water, honey) was not considered a violation of the EBF practice. The main themes that emerged as influencers of EBF included: at individual level, perceptions of having adequate milk; at interpersonal level, having role models who practiced EBF and having family support; at organizational level, advice from health workers (which was purported to play a secondary role); and at environmental level, financial constraints that limited access to supplements. One important finding was that women who practiced EBF could not always do it optimally; we encountered several instances of “poor EBF” practices, where mothers had breastfed infants inconsistently, allowing for long gaps between feeds, and had continued EBF even after six months.
Conclusions: There is an urgent need for health programs to clarify the meaning of EBF and counsel against “poor EBF” practices. Messages received by women from immediate family on EBF were powerful and families play an important role in the actualization of optimal EBF practices. Hence, it is imperative to counsel entire families on EBF rather than women alone.

This is a letter to the editor in response to an excellent article by Michael Golden entitled Proposed recommended nutrient densities for moderately malnourished children. It presents and explains two theories of mine:

1. The costochondral joint swelling common in stunted children is not due to calcium or phosphorus deficiency, but to vitamin D deficiency.

2. A major cause of early stunting is failure to exclusively breastfeed.

Is infant feeding with formula much worse than breastfeeding? It's complicated, so this essay explores the evidence and ways to think about it. There is a clear global consensus that in any population, feeding with infant formula is not as good as breastfeeding for infants' health and also for their mothers' health. Infant formula manufacturers agree. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing debate about when feeding with infant formula might be acceptable. Undoubtedly, compliance with the global recommendations for optimum breastfeeding is low partly because many new parents and policymakers believe there is little difference between the health impacts of breastfeeding and feeding with formula. It is important to consider not only the ranking of alternative methods of infant feeding but also the degree of difference between them. Is the difference small and unimportant or substantial and important to consider when choosing among the options? There should be an orderly way to take account of not only the relevant scientific knowledge, but also parents' views and circumstances related to infant feeding.

PREVALENCE OF RESPIRATORY INFECTION AND FEEDING CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN UNTIL THE SIXTH MONTH OF LIFE IN RIO GRANDE/RS

In developing countries, the respiratory infections are responsible for a third of the deaths and for the half of hospitalizations in under five children, being constituted in a serious problem of public health. A premature introduction of other feed that not the maternal milk, besides predisposing the babies to a higher contact with pathogenic agents, it can expose the organism to foods that it is still not capable to metabolize. The propose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of respiratory infection and the main characteristics of feeding pattern until the sixth month of life, in under 5 children, analyzed in 1995 and 2004, in Rio Grande/RS, Southern Brazil. There were analyzed two cross sectional studies that evaluated 395 children, in 1995 and 385 children, in 2004. The percentile of losses was 2.1% and 4.4%, in 1995 and 2004, respectively. The prevalences of respiratory infection were 34.9% (1995) and 28.3% (2004). There was a significant increase in the proportion of children with respiratory infection between 0 and 6 months of life (1995: 6.5%; 2004:11.0%), from families with low income (1995: 26.1%; 2004: 47.7%), deficit hight/age (1995: 6.5%; 2004: 26.6%). The prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding untill sixth month of life, in children who had respiratory infection, was 1.5% and 4.6%, in 1995 and 2004, respectively. The proportions of children breastfeeded predominantly (1995: 5.8%; 2004: 14.7%) and partially (1995: 8.9%; 2004: 22.0%) until the six months, increased significantly (p <0.05). However, the type of milk feeding most prevalent n the sixth month of life was the mixed predominant (1995: 63.8%; 2004: 54.1%). Therefore, in despite of having had an increase in breastfeeded children's proportions, these values are very on this side of the objectives proposed by the World Organization of Health. Besides, the introduction of other liquids and solid foods before the sixth month of life, is still very high in children from this city. However, they are other necessary studies focused in the alimentary risk factors related to the occurrence of  respiratory diseases in under five, so that it will be albe to discover what factors are acting in order to predispose these children to develop these pathologies.   

Keywords: respiratory infection, breastfeeding, complementary feeding, children

Breastfeeding has benefits for mother and important determinant for infant normal growth and development. This study identified and recommends evidence-based practice intervention aimed at overcoming BF constrain to increase continuation among mothers and to identify the factors that help to develop successful breastfeeding promotion strategies. Aims: This review of article aims is to review existing literature to identify the main obstacles for breastfeeding among mothers to their infants. Method: A search of Pro Quest, MEDLINE, CINAHL, MEDLINEINDEX, Clinically KEY, EBSCO, and Google Scholar was conducted to retrieve studies from January 2010 to December 2017. Using inclusion criteria, we selected both qualitative and quantitative studies that described barriers to breastfeeding. Key words used were Breastfeeding mothers; exclusive breastfeeding; infant breastfeeding; maternal barriers of breastfeeding; challenges, obstacles or problems of breastfeeding. Results: Fifteen articles were included in this review six studies addressing maternal barriers for BF, five studies addressing obstacles for appropriate EBF duration and four studies addressing factors associated with early breastfeeding cessation. Result from the studies reviewed identified 30 constraints or barriers, which may lead to discontinue breastfeeding for infant. The literature is rich in documentation stating that continuation of BF is associated with many obstacles.

Resumen
“Mamar: mythos y lógos sobre lactancia humana” constituye un número especial o monográfico interdisciplinar sobre amamantamiento humano, convocado desde las ciencias humanas y sociales. Cuenta con diecisiete artículos producidos desde los siguientes ámbitos generales: ética y filosofía, prehistoria e historia, antropología (en sus múltiples variantes: social y cultural, enfermera, médica, histórica), psicología, pedagogía, bellas artes y ciencias de salud (enfermería y medicina). Esta interdisciplinariedad obedece al mismo objeto de estudio: la lactancia, como hecho biocultural, requiere de plurales epistemologías y ópticas para ser asumido en su riqueza y complejidad, sin las reducciones y presupuestos que, por lo general, han acompañado a su comprensión histórica.
El objetivo de esta compilación es mostrar la viveza y la pluralidad de investigaciones contemporáneas realizadas desde ciencias humanas y sociales sobre lactancia materna humana, que se pretende reivindicar en los estudios de historia social y de las mujeres, de feminismo y de acción social, a través especialmente del movimiento contemporáneo del lactivismo.

Palabras clave : lactancia humana, amamantamiento, historia / historiografía de la lactancia, nodrizas, lactancia mercenaria / asalariada, “La Vanguardia”, etnografía de la lactancia, pueblo ye’kuana, crianza con apego, bancos de leche, parentesco de leche, soberanía alimentaria, perspectiva de género, maternidad (es), renuncia a la lactancia, políticas de promoción de lactancia materna, culpa, grupos de apoyo, promoción de salud, unidades de neonatología, tráfico de leche materna, campaña “Leche materna” (Unicef-Venezuela 2010), lactivismo, ayuda mutua, movimientos de resistencia, Amazonia, Venezuela, México, Chile, España, Reino Unido, Europa.


Abstract
“Breastfeed: mythos and lógos on human lactation” is an interdisciplinary special issue (or monographic) on human lactation, from social and human sciences.
It presents seventeen articles produced from several general disciplines: philosophy of culture, prehistory, history, anthropology (within its multiple varieties: social and cultural, nurse, medical, historical), psychology, pedagogy, fine arts, nursing, and medicine.
The very study object justifies such interdisciplinarity: breastfeeding, as a biocultural fact, requires plural epistemologies and views to be assumed within its richness and complexity, without the reductions and prejudices that, in general, have accompanied its historical comprehension.
The objective or this compilation is to show the life and plurality of current research from social and human sciences on breastfeeding, which is vindicated in the social and women history studies, feminism and social action, and specifically from the current movement of lactivism.

Key words : human lactation, breastfeeding, history / historiography of lactation, wet nurses, mercenary / waged lactation, “La Vanguardia”, ethnography of lactation, Ye’kuana people, attachment parenting, milk banks, milk kinship, food sovereignty, gender perspective, guilt, support groups, health promotion, neonatology units, human milk traffic, “Leche materna” Campaign (Unicef-Venezuela 2010), lactivism, mutual aid, resistance movements, Amazonia, Venezuela, Mexico, Chile, España, United Kingdom, Europa.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.

Breast milk is rich in nutrients and anti-bodies and contains the right quantities of sugar, water, fat and protein that promotes not only growth and development of infants but also important for theirsurvive. Exclusive breastfeeding is enough to the needs of infants less than six months without any addition. Several studies mentioned that the mothers who breastfeed were less risks for certain poor health outcomes. Aim is identifying, prevalence and maternal concerns of exclusive breastfeeding in KAS and ARE. Tools: an interview questionnaire sheet that assessed socio-demographic data of infants and their mothers, maternal satisfaction and concerns and infants' feeding types. Results, 65% from Egyptian mothers feed their infants exclusively while in Saudi mothers was 14%. Regarding maternal concerns, 86% from Saudi mothers unsatisfied with EBF while in the Egyptian mothers was 35% and the main concerns in Saudi mothers returned to, EBF not enough to satisfying the baby , not applicable outdoor, need effort and not suitable for working mothers .

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.

This article explores the relationship between discourse and experiences of ill health. Drawing on narratives, it shows how a mother who is experiencing difficulties with breastfeeding embodies sentiments of shame over what she perceives as a failure to perform motherhood. The notions of interdiscursivity and the historical body are employed to ground the individual's experience in discursive practices, and to propose that shame is a sentiment that arises in deviations from the biopolitical ideologies that are produced and reproduced through those practices. Expressing shame becomes a resource for assuming responsibility for failed motherhood; and, at the same time, it appears to obstruct recovery to smoothly functioning breastfeeding.

La lactancia humana fue declarada derecho humano por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos de la ONU en 2016, por su condición universal, y es definida como una de las inversiones sociales con índice de costo-beneficio más alto, según la Agenda de Desarrollo Sostenible 2030. Pese a todo ello, sigue brillando por su ausencia su abordaje holístico como fenómeno hipercomplejo en el marco del desarrollo humano, desde una perspectiva pluridisciplinar que vindique y argumente su multidimensionalidad, extremada su urgencia por la crisis sindémica en el contexto cosmológico del Antropoceno.

Human lactation was declared a human right by the UN Human Rights Council in 2016, due to its universal condition, and it is defined as one of the social investments with highest cost-benefit ratio, according to the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. Despite all this, its holistic approach as a hyper complex phenomenon within the framework of human development remains dramatically absent, urgency that has been increased by the syndemic crisis in the cosmological context of the Anthropocene.

Introduction: Optimum infant feeding practices, during the first 1000 days of life, are essential for children's health and development. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends putting the infant to the breast within the first hour of life, and exclusively breastfeeding for six months. If every infant was exclusively breastfed 823,000 infant deaths could be avoided annually. Despite this fact only 41% of infants worldwide are exclusively breastfed. The Global Nutrition Target 5 seeks to increase this figure to 50% by 2025. In the UK, although there is widespread knowledge on the benefits of breastfeeding, with 81% mothers initiating breastfeeding, only 24% are exclusively breastfeeding at 6 weeks. By six months only 1% of mothers are still exclusively breastfeeding. This is the lowest rate in Europe. This research aimed to explore the infant feeding practices and perceptions of a small group of working mothers, with children under the age of five, in the London Borough of Ealing.

Methodology: This study applied a qualitative methodology to gain a deeper understanding of factors influencing infant and young child feeding practices in a small group of working women. Two gatekeepers were used to recruit 14 participants through a mixture of convenience and snowball sampling. All mothers included were working and living in the Ealing Borough of London with children under five. Methods utilised for data collection included online interviews and open-ended surveys. Data were analysed using an inductive thematic approach, identifying four themes and eleven sub themes from the participants.

Results: The study identified that mothers sought information on infant feeding from online sources, printed books, family and friends, and educational classes. However, most mothers expressed the need to have more information on different feeding methods and childbirth in general. Mothers highlighted that the main factors influencing their decision on how to feed their baby included the need to develop a strong connection with their baby, nutritional benefits for the infant and general knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding. Most participants reported that they started breastfeeding at birth. Six mothers exclusively breastfed their baby until six months, followed by the introduction of complementary foods. Three of these mothers continued to breastfeed until nine months.  Five mothers started formula feeding within two months due to personal challenges such as lack of support, perceived lack of milk supply and anatomical challenges such as tongue-tied infants. Mothers did not find work as a major barrier to breastfeeding.

Conclusions: Increased information and support on all aspects of infant feeding could help the UK achieve their 2025 target. The timing of complementary feeding and clear advice on where to seek nutrition support could be included in an English Infant Feeding Strategy, like the strategy implemented in Scotland. More discussion on the small size of an infant’s stomach could reduce early breastfeeding cessation due to perceptions around lack of milk.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is a simple and cost-effective intervention to improve child health and survival. Effective EBF has been estimated to avert 13% -15% of under-five mortality and contribute to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV. The prevalence of EBF for infant less than six months is low in most developing countries, including Tanzania (50%). While the Tanzania Demographic Health Survey collects information on overall EBF prevalence, it does not evaluate factors influencing EBF. The aim of this paper was to determine the prevalence and predictors of exclusive breastfeeding in urban and rural areas in Kilimanjaro region.

The Breastfeeding and Feminism International Conference (BFIC) is the only global conference that focuses on the sociocultural, economic, health, and political impacts on and of women's infant feeding decisions. We seek to engage a diverse audience in timely conversations to stimulate critical actions and research. To that end, BFIC annually brings together top researchers and policy makers with on-the-ground practitioners in policy, programs, mother-to-mother support, advocacy, communications, and the arts. At the 13th BFIC, we focused on how our everyday infant and child feeding and nurturing activities are shaped by gender, customs, the sociopolitical environment, and how the body and culture relate; breastfeeding, chestfeeding, human milk expression, and sharing are all activities that expand the diversity of infant feeding practices seen around the world. These practices carry multiple meanings across context, entailing different negotiations and compromises. Some are challenged by breastfeeding in a context shaped by systems of gender inequality that ignore the complexity of embodied, gendered nurture. Some experience challenges related to negotiating feeding and nurturing in a context of systemic racism, homophobia, classism, ableism, and other forms of oppression, prejudice , and discrimination. Penny Van Esterik, a truly groundbreaking mother in our field, opened the conference with her address on how "dance" serves as a metaphor for how we nurture, interact, relate, and connect with each other. Members of the National Association of Professional and Peer Lactation Supporters of Color and SisterSong led us in an exploration of how racism and oppression continue to shape infant feeding and parenting practices in the African American community. Trevor MacDonald, whose experiences birthing and chestfeeding two children as a transgender man, helped us learn more about nursing in a context that is both biologically and socially challenging. Dixie Weber, administrator for Women's and Urology, St. Luke's Medical Center in Boise, Idaho, shared a strategy for developing health services that are welcoming for diverse families. Jennifer Yourkavitch, with IFC International, and Aunchalee Palmquist, with the Carolina Global Breastfeeding Institute (CGBI), described the challenges and pleasures of pumping and human milk sharing. CGBI also shared current projects to move the needle in breastfeeding-friendly health care and in improving equity in the lactation profession. We were joined by artists, who helped us see with a different side of our brain: Swedish 6646J HLXXX10.1177/0890334418776646Journal of Human Lactation2018 BFIC Abstracts Additionally, we engaged in conversations on topics that over 60 others brought to the table. These allowed us to further explore how biology, gender, and social context shape the myriad of ways we nurture and nourish infants and young children and how we might improve our work to be inclusive of this rich diversity. We were fortunate to have contributors from Australia, Abstract Background: Changes in patients' demographics around the globe underscore the importance of conducting research that addresses the health care needs of these diverse populations. While valid and reliable measurements in the English language exist, there are challenges to use of these measurements in non-English speaking samples, due not only to language comprehension but also cross-cultural adaptation of some measurement components. Purpose: To create an Arabic translation of the Breastfeeding Attrition Prediction Tool (BAPT). Narrative: This presentation presented the systematic translation and linguistic validation processes of the revised BAPT from English into Arabic. The tool uses a Likert-scale format and is based on the theory of planned behavior, which addresses attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control and predicts an individual's intention to engage in a behavior. We discuss the content validity index (CVI) results, which measure the semantic equivalency and cultural adaptability of the translated tool. The cross-cultural validation processes we used were adapted from the Mapi Research Institute's (2002) methodology. The process included (a) forward translation by two bilingual translators, (b) a back translation of the Arabic BAPT into English conducted by an independent translator, (c) expert evaluation using CVI with 10 experts to examine the semantic equiva-lency and cultural relevancy of the translated tool, (d) cogni-tive interviews with 5 Omani women to assess the clarity of the translation, and (e) pilot testing of the translated tool in a convenient sample of 30 Omani postpartum mothers to produce the final version. Conclusions: The cross-cultural adaptation process resulted in item-CVI scores ranging from .8 to 1.00 and a scale-CVI of .95. The cognitive interviews helped identify items that required modifications before the pilot test. The pilot test resulted in Cronbach's alphas for the subscales ranging from .31 to .93. The semantic equivalency results provided additional confirmation of the appropriateness of the translated tool by experts and the use of the items in everyday Omani language. The cross-cultural adaptation process helped to verify the accuracy of the translated tool and the adaptability of the tool itself to Arabic culture. Background: Researchers have consistently demonstrated that black infants are less likely to initiate and continue breastfeeding than white or Hispanic infants in the United States. However, it is unclear how these racial/ethnic disparities are associated with other sociodemographic factors such as income

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.

Tanktop Menyusui Murah, Tanktop Menyusui, Tanktop Menyusui Surabaya, Tanktop Menyusui Facebook, Jual Tanktop Menyusui, Grosir Tanktop Menyusui, Tanktop Ibu Menyusui, Tanktop Untuk Menyusui, Tank Top Tali Menyusui, Jual Tanktop Menyusui Murah

In rural Bangladesh, most births take place at home. There is little evidence regarding the influence of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) or community volunteers (CVs) on early infant feeding practices. We conducted a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial in Panchagarh District to examine the effects of training and post-training supervision of TBAs/CVs on early breastfeeding practices. Nine unions were randomized into three groups of three unions. We compared outcomes between mothers in a control group (CG), those living in unions where TBAs/CVs had received a 5-day training in early feeding practices (TG) and those living in unions where TBAs/CVs were both trained and supervised (SG). A total of 1182 mothers of infants aged 0-6 months were interviewed at baseline. After 6 months of intervention, an endline survey was conducted on a different sample of 1148 mothers of infants aged 0-6 months in the same areas. In both intervention areas, TBAs/CVs made regular home visits and attended births whenever possible. Rates of early initiation of breastfeeding, avoidance of prelacteal feeds and exclusive breastfeeding were compared between groups using cluster-controlled mixed model logistic regression. At endline, both intervention groups had significantly higher proportions of mothers who reported early initiation of breastfeeding (CG: 88%, TG: 96%, SG: 96%) and avoidance of prelacteal feeds (CG: 48%, TG: 80%, SG: 88%) compared with the control group; there were no significant differences between the two intervention groups. The endline rates of reported exclusive breastfeeding were not significantly different among groups (CG: 67%, TG: 76%, SG: 83%).

This video talks about how women with IBD cope with young children within the early years of motherhood. If you want to find out more about planning for a baby with IBD click here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iwLh6XCnq8&t=4s

For more information on pregnancy and IBD click here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=br0kciD8xJk&t=5s

Background music "Where I am From" by Topher Mohr and Alex Elena (taken from YouTube audio Library, free to use)

If you wish to know more about the study "IBD and Mums-to-Be" you can follow us on Facebook or Twitter @IBDandMumstoBe

This study was designed to investigate the relation of breast-feeding and weaning practices with the duration of lactational amenorrhea among breast-feeding mothers in the United Arab Emirates. A total of 593 mothers were interviewed in the Maternal and Child Health Centers in three areas: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Al Ain. The total mean duration of lactational amenorrhea in this study was 6.1 months, and there was a direct relation with the length of exclusive breast-feeding. The duration of postpartum amenorrhea was the longest in Al Ain (7.2 months), as compared with Dubai (6.9 months) and Abu Dhabi (4.3 months). The age of the infant when formula milk and solid supplements were introduced was significantly related to the duration of lactational amenorrhea. This study confirms the results of other studies concerning the effectiveness of the lactational amenorrhea method as a natural method of contraception for the first 6 months postpartum, especially for mothers who breast-feed exclusively and more frequently and who delay the introduction of food supplements.