Electrical Sciences

Fatty acid methyl esters derived from renewable sources such as vegetable oils has gained importance nowadays as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The present study is aimed to produce biodiesel from non-edible oil (Karanja oil of Indian origin) both in batch and continuous reactors. The purpose of the study is the comparison of Karanja biodiesel production with different reactor types under variable reaction characteristics. Therefore, two types of continuous reactors were used: helical tube reactor and reactive distillation (RD) column. Experiments were carried out to obtain suitable operating parameters in batch- and continuous-flow reactors. For batch reactor, suitable operating conditions obtained are: 7:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.8% (by weight of oil) catalyst (KOH), 65°C reaction temperature, and 1-h reaction time, at which the maximum yield obtained is 96%. In continuous helical tube reactor, maximum yield of 92.6% was obtained at 6.6 mL/min of flow rate at the s...

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

The batch process of biodiesel production deals with problems related to the labor and separation cost since it is slow, entailing several separation steps, labor intensive, and not suitable for a very large-scale production. Therefore, a second generation process technology for biodiesel should be developed. In this work, a continuous transesterification using reactive distillation was proposed. The goal was to bring in a more efficient reactor system by combining chemical reactions and separation simultaneously in one unit. In this work, a laboratory-scale Reactive Distillation was applied for the biodiesel synthesis from the Indonesian refined jatropha oil in the presence of NaOH catalyst. The experimental investigation demonstrated the effects of the temperature, catalyst loading, and molar ratio of the reactants. The best result was achieved on the process conducted at the reaction temperature of 65 ºC with molar ratio of methanol to triglycerides of 10:1 and catalyst loading of 0.75% w/ w oil. The reaction conversion was 94.83% and methyl ester content of the product was 99.27%. The fuel characteristic of biodiesel agreed with the Indonesian national standard and ASTM specification.

Years ago, Heinsenberg founded the uncertainty principle for an electron! Similarly, Einstein described the Photoelectric Equation. In a similar way, I am using using the concept of Heisenberg and Einstein derived new formulas. The following book contains the description of all these sixteen formulas.Eight of these are defined using the phase and the position, while other eight formulas are used to find the motion of electron in an orbit and also to find the orbit number.The main Objective of this Formula is to satisfy the condition of Heisenberg Principle. Using this formula we can also determine the orbit number of the moving electron. If Given Formula holds the Property then Heisenberg Principle also holds the Property also we can say that vice versa. Thus with the help of this condition, an electron emitted by a photon can be thought to move in an orbit. Also, we can find the number of that orbit. In addition, this could be used in the real life as well.


The key points of Book:
1. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and time in Electric Field

2. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Velocity in Magnetic Field

3. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Position Electric Field

4. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and Time in Magnetic Field

5. New relationship between Photon and Electric Field using Einstein' principle

6. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and Wavelength

7. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and Velocity

8. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and Position

9. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and Energy

10. New relationship between Photon and Electron using Einstein' principle


11. UTILIZATION OF ELECTRON EMISSION OF PHOTON

12. Electric and Magnetic Force in Quantum Physic

The present work deals with the critical analysis and optimization of process parameters for the enzymatic preparation of biodiesel from Karanja (Pongamia pinnata L.) oil and methanol through transesterification reaction. This oil is one of the suitable and cost effective sources for this purpose. Reaction controllers like molar ratio of oil and alcohol, temperature, stirring speed, reaction time, concentration of catalyst have been analysed and experiments showed that using 5% non specific enzyme Novozyme 435 (Candida antarctica) as catalyst with 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to Karanja oil, 600 rpm of mixing intensity, 65±20C temperature are the optimum condition for 6 hrs duration of reaction. The fuel properties of Karanja methyl ester or biodiesel like density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point, calorific value, cloud point etc. are compared with diesel fuel according to the ASTM standards which suggest the use of Karanja methyl ester or biodiesel in the engine without modification.

The world energy requirement is mainly provided by petroleum products. Its, extensively utilization has led to climate change, environmental pollution, and health problems. To reduce these adverse affects, it is necessary to enhance the use of renewable energy sources. Among many renewable energy sources biodiesel is one such alternate. Biodiesel is produced by trans-esterification where vegetable oils react with alcohol in present of catalyst such as (NaOH, KOH). In India, there are many trees bearing oil like mahua (madhuca indica), jatropha, and karanja (pongamia pinnata) etc. Among these species, which can yield oil as a source of energy in the biodiesel, Pongamia pinnata has been found to be one of the most suitable species. Conventionally, Biodiesel was produced in batch reactor by trans-esterification process and optimum condition were found to be 1:9 oil to methanol ratio, 0.75% w/w KOH base catalyst, and minimum 55-60 0 c temperature and minimum 1hr reaction time. A Novel reactor oscillatory baffled reactor has been designed and fabricated. The optimum conditions for trans-esterification reaction in OBR were as 1:9 oil to methanol ratio, 0.75% w/w KOH base catalyst, and maximum 10 min reaction time. The different properties of biodiesel were analysed as per ASTM standards.

Fatty acids methyl esters derived from vegetable oil (VO) can be introduced as a reactive diluent in alkyd coatings. Reactive diluents give a more environment coating. Vegetable oils are considered to be among the most promising renewable raw materials for polymers because they are readily available, they are biodegradable, non-toxic, low cost, and are capable of competing with fossil fuel derived petro based product. The outstanding feature of vegetable oils is their unique chemical structure with unsaturated sites, hydroxyls, esters and other functional groups along with inherent fluidity characteristics. These enable them to undergo various chemical transformations producing low molecular weight polymeric materials with versatile applications, particularly as chief ingredients in paints and coatings. They can be divided into non-drying, semi-drying and drying oils. Croton megalocarpus vegetable oil was obtained from BEED department which had been obtained by pressing from croton seed. Parameters of the crude vegetable oil were determined such as acid value 22.21mgKOH/g, free fatty acids 11.11mgKOH/g, viscosity value 11.56centipoises, specific gravity 0.919, pH 5.3, saponification value 127.35 and iodine value137.5.  The oil was then transesterified and left to stand overnight. A separation of two layers was obtained. The upper layer was the methyl ester and the lower layer being glycerol. The methyl ester was decanted from glycerol and methanol distilled off. It was then washed, dried and filtered. The methyl esters had an acid value of 0.2984mgKOH/g, percentage free fatty acids 0.1492mgKOH/g, viscosity 5.56 centipoises, specific gravity of 0.877, pH of 7.1, saponification value of 216.2 and iodine value of 136 . The results show that the physical tests carried out on the methyl ester met the American Standards for Testing Materials (ASTM). The methyl esters were used as reactive diluents in the formulation of varnish.  Viscosity and drying time were determined for the different formulations of varnish.

Fatty acid methyl esters derived from renewable sources such as vegetable oils has gained importance nowadays as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The present study is aimed to produce biodiesel from non-edible oil (Karanja oil of Indian origin) both in batch and continuous reactors. The purpose of the study is the comparison of Karanja biodiesel production with different reactor types under variable reaction characteristics. Therefore, two types of continuous reactors were used: helical tube reactor and reactive distillation (RD) column. Experiments were carried out to obtain suitable operating parameters in batch- and continuous-flow reactors. For batch reactor, suitable operating conditions obtained are: 7:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.8% (by weight of oil) catalyst (KOH), 65°C reaction temperature, and 1-h reaction time, at which the maximum yield obtained is 96%. In continuous helical tube reactor, maximum yield of 92.6% was obtained at 6.6 mL/min of flow rate at the same operating conditions of batch reactor. In continuous RD column, maximum yield of biodiesel 96.6% was obtained at the same operating conditions except methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5:1) because of recycling of methanol into the column. The residence times in the helical tube reactor and RD column were 4 and 8 min, respectively, as compared to 1 h in the batch reactor for almost the same yield.

Fatty acid methyl esters derived from renewable sources such as vegetable oils has gained importance nowadays as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The present study is aimed to produce biodiesel from non-edible oil (Karanja oil of Indian origin) both in batch and continuous reactors. The purpose of the study is the comparison of Karanja biodiesel production with different reactor types under variable reaction characteristics. Therefore, two types of continuous reactors were used: helical tube reactor and reactive distillation (RD) column. Experiments were carried out to obtain suitable operating parameters in batch- and continuous-flow reactors. For batch reactor, suitable operating conditions obtained are: 7:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.8% (by weight of oil) catalyst (KOH), 65°C reaction temperature, and 1-h reaction time, at which the maximum yield obtained is 96%. In continuous helical tube reactor, maximum yield of 92.6% was obtained at 6.6 mL/min of flow rate at the same operating conditions of batch reactor. In continuous RD column, maximum yield of biodiesel 96.6% was obtained at the same operating conditions except methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5:1) because of recycling of methanol into the column. The residence times in the helical tube reactor and RD column were 4 and 8 min, respectively, as compared to 1 h in the batch reactor for almost the same yield.

Fast depletion of world's petroleum reserves and increasing ecological concerns has created a great demand for environmentally benign renewable energy resources. Biodiesel has emerged as a sustainable alternative to petroleum origin diesel and its usage have been encouraged by many countries. Transesterification reaction is the most common process to produce biodiesel from variety of vegetable oils and animal fat. Transesterification process depends upon a number of process parameters which are required to be optimized in order to maximize the biodiesel yield. Thumba oil is an underutilized non-edible vegetable oil, available in large quantities in Rajasthan, India and its potential suitability as a biodiesel feedstock is still not evaluated comprehensively. In this research paper, the transesterification process for production of Thumba oil methyl ester has been analyzed and the various process variables like temperature, catalyst concentration, amount of methanol and reaction time have been optimized with the objective to maximize yield. The optimum conditions for transesterification of Thumba oil with methanol and KOH as catalyst were found to be 60°C reaction temperature, 6:1 molar ratio of Thumba oil to methanol, 0.75% catalyst (w/w ) and 1 hour reaction time.

Methyl esters a b s t r a c t Non-edible oil contains several unsaponifiable and toxic components, which make them unsuitable for human consumption. Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) is an underutilized plant which is grown in many parts of India. Sometimes the oil is contaminated with high free fatty acids (FFAs) depending upon the moisture content in the seed during collection as well as oil expression. The present study deals with production of biodiesel from high FFA Karanja oil because the conventional alkali-catalyzed route is not the feasible route. This paper discusses the mechanism of a dual process adopted for the production of biodiesel from Karanja oil containing FFA up to 20%. The first step is acid-catalyzed esterification by using 0.5% H 2 SO 4 , alcohol 6:1 molar ratio with respect to the high FFA Karanja oil to produce methyl ester by lowering the acid value, and the next step is alkali-catalyzed transesterification. The yield of biodiesel from high FFA Karanja oil by dual step process has been observed to be 96.6-97%.