Electrical Sciences

Fatty acid methyl esters derived from renewable sources such as vegetable oils has gained importance nowadays as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The present study is aimed to produce biodiesel from non-edible oil (Karanja oil of Indian origin) both in batch and continuous reactors. The purpose of the study is the comparison of Karanja biodiesel production with different reactor types under variable reaction characteristics. Therefore, two types of continuous reactors were used: helical tube reactor and reactive distillation (RD) column. Experiments were carried out to obtain suitable operating parameters in batch- and continuous-flow reactors. For batch reactor, suitable operating conditions obtained are: 7:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 0.8% (by weight of oil) catalyst (KOH), 65°C reaction temperature, and 1-h reaction time, at which the maximum yield obtained is 96%. In continuous helical tube reactor, maximum yield of 92.6% was obtained at 6.6 mL/min of flow rate at the same operating conditions of batch reactor. In continuous RD column, maximum yield of biodiesel 96.6% was obtained at the same operating conditions except methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5:1) because of recycling of methanol into the column. The residence times in the helical tube reactor and RD column were 4 and 8 min, respectively, as compared to 1 h in the batch reactor for almost the same yield.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

Years ago, Heinsenberg founded the uncertainty principle for an electron! Similarly, Einstein described the Photoelectric Equation. In a similar way, I am using using the concept of Heisenberg and Einstein derived new formulas. The following book contains the description of all these sixteen formulas.Eight of these are defined using the phase and the position, while other eight formulas are used to find the motion of electron in an orbit and also to find the orbit number.The main Objective of this Formula is to satisfy the condition of Heisenberg Principle. Using this formula we can also determine the orbit number of the moving electron. If Given Formula holds the Property then Heisenberg Principle also holds the Property also we can say that vice versa. Thus with the help of this condition, an electron emitted by a photon can be thought to move in an orbit. Also, we can find the number of that orbit. In addition, this could be used in the real life as well.


The key points of Book:
1. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and time in Electric Field

2. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Velocity in Magnetic Field

3. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Position Electric Field

4. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and Time in Magnetic Field

5. New relationship between Photon and Electric Field using Einstein' principle

6. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and Wavelength

7. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and Velocity

8. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and Position

9. Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle derived new relationship between Phase and Energy

10. New relationship between Photon and Electron using Einstein' principle


11. UTILIZATION OF ELECTRON EMISSION OF PHOTON

12. Electric and Magnetic Force in Quantum Physic