Electrical Power Distribution and Renewable Energy

The conception and implementation of microgrids are contributing to the transition from centralized generation, to mitigate carbon emissions and to rely on overall society to meet global energy needs. The aim of this paper is to provide the first steps in the investigation of the current state of international research and deployment of microgrids, and propose an adequate structured methodology for further development. The research on international microgrid state-of-the-art and the selection of a site, are respectively the first and second stages in the proposed methodology to be performed as part of the research areas of the Electric Power Engineering Group in Skellefteå, Sweden. It is compound by 12 different stages organized in a cycle for replication. The aspiration of the author is that this solution will be developed further to be proficiently applicable both at the local and international level.

Acea Distribuzione è una delle utility più importanti a livello nazionale nella distribuzione di elettricità (seconda per numero di utenze connesse); gestisce il servizio di distribuzione dell'energia elettrica ad alta, media e bassa tensione nei Comuni di Roma e Formello, servendo 2,7 milioni di abitanti, con un totale di 70 Cabine Primarie e 13.000 cabine MT/BT. L'introduzione del concetto di Smart Grid solleva l'assunzione che la produzione di energia sia una prerogativa esclusiva delle centrali in alta tensione e che i flussi energetici sulle reti di distribuzione possano essere considerati unidirezionali (dal nodo di scambio in alta tensione verso i nodi passivi delle utenze in media e bassa tensione). Ciò impone una nuova forma di gestione del sistema elettrico, in cui "l'intelligenza" (ossia funzioni di controllo e dispacciamento dei flussi energetici) non sia più confinata esclusivamente alla rete di trasmissione, deputata a interconnettere i nodi attivi di produzione ai nodi di scambio con le reti di distribuzione sottese (fino a ieri completamente passivi), ma che coinvolga anche i numerosi ed eterogenei nodi delle reti di distribuzione. ACEA Distribuzione ha implementato la Smart Grid sulla rete di distribuzione della città di Roma seguendo quattro fattori di innovazione:

Importance of Electrical Energy—
Generation of Electrical Energy—
Sources of Energy—Comparison of
Energy Sources—Units of Energy—
Relationship among Energy Units—
Efficiency—Calorific value of Fuels—
Advantages of Liquid Fuels Over Solid
Fuels—Advantages of Solid Fuels Over
Liquid Fuels.

Electrical energy is the most convenient form of energy since it can be converted to almost all other forms of energy in the cheapest and most efficient way. Electrical power must be delivered to consumers in a safe, efficient, economical and reliable way. This makes it necessary to have power systems which will guarantee all these requirements. Currently the Tanzania electric supply company (TANESCO) lacks a proper method of fault location in the distribution level and more so in the underground lines. The company has a limited length of underground and marine power lines but plans to employ underground power lines in distribution level especially in urban areas and a major product is on-going at Ilala area in Dar-Es-Salaam. Fault detection and location is most difficult in underground lines. This project was aimed at designing an accurate, cost effective and on-line fault detection and location system for underground distribution power cable. This was achieved through reviewing the available literature on fault location techniques to reveal drawbacks, gathering useful information from TANESCO and application of Electrical Engineering skills grasped during the four years of study. Numerical and descriptive data obtained from TANESCO were analyzed and used in designing a system that meets the specified technical requirements. Programming and simulation software known as Atmel studio 7 and proteus were used during design and simulation. Finally physical prototype was assembled and tested.

Electricity is a vital input for social and economic development. As a result of this fact, the demand for stable electrical energy has increased remarkably, especially in emergent countries of the world. One of the key components in a prosperous economy is low-cost, reliable and sustainable electrical power.
Energy sector reform is critical to sustainable energy development and includes reviewing and reforming subsidies, establishing credible regulatory frameworks, developing policy environments through regulatory interventions, and creating market based approaches.
Energy security has recently become an important policy driver and privatization of the power sector has secured energy supply and provided cheaper energy services in some countries in the short term, but has led to contrary effects elsewhere due to increasing competition, resulting in deferred investments in plant and infrastructure due to longer-term uncertainties.
On the other hand global dependence on fossil fuels has led to the release of over 1100 GtCO2 into the atmosphere since the mid-19th century. Currently, energy-related GHG emissions, mainly from fossil fuel combustion for heat supply, electricity generation and transport, account for around 70% of total emissions including carbon dioxide, methane and some traces of nitrous oxide. The increasing impact of human activities on the environment has led to the societal debate in comparing electricity generating and supply options, such as cost, GHG emissions, radiological and toxicological exposure, occupational health and safety, energy efficiency, energy security, employment as well as social impressions.
This study will look into the various renewable energy sources, their production, and contribution to the world’s energy supply as well as its impact on the global economy. The role of optimization modeling techniques in power generation and supply, as an important tool in minimizing the operating cost of electricity generation as well as maximizing profit while delivering optimal capacity to the geometric growth of energy demand will be further reviewed and analyzed.

Centralized communication-based control is one of the main methods that can be implemented to achieve autonomous advanced energy management capabilities in DC microgrids. However, its major limitation is the fact that communication bandwidth and computation resources are limited in practical applications. This can be often improved by avoiding redundant communications and complex computations. In this paper, an autonomous communication-based hybrid state/event driven control scheme is proposed. This control scheme is hierarchical and heuristic, such that on the primary control level, it encompasses state-driven local controllers, and on the secondary control level, an event-driven MG centralized controller (MGCC) is used. This heuristic hybrid control system aims at reducing the communication load and complexity, processor computations, and consequently system cost while maintaining reliable autonomous operation during all possible scenarios. A mathematical model for the proposed control scheme using Finite State Machines (FSM) has been developed and used to cover all the possible modes/sub-modes of operation, and assure seamless transitions among them during various events. Results of some case studies involving severe operational scenarios were presented and discussed. Results verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed communication-based control scheme. Index Terms—Communication-based control, DC microgrids, finite state machine, hybrid state/event driven control.

Electric power is the bedrock of our modern way of life. In Nigeria, power supply availability, sufficiency and reliability are major operational challenges. At the generation and transmission level, effort is made to ensure status monitoring and fault detection on the power network, but at the distribution level, particularly within domestic consumer communities there are no fault monitoring and detection devices except for HRC fuses at the feeder pillar. Unfortunately, these fuses are sometimes replaced by a copper wire bridge at some locations rendering the system unprotected and creating a great potential for transformer destruction on overload. This study is focused on designing an on-site power system monitoring device to be deployed on selected household entry power cables for detecting and indicating when phase off, low voltage, high voltage, over current, and blown fuse occurs on the building's incomer line. The fault indication will help in reducing troubleshooting time and also ensure quick service restoration. After design implementation, the test result confirms design accuracy, device functionality and suitability as a low-cost solution to power supply system fault monitoring within local communities.

Today energy needs are increasing multifold with the progress rate observed and the sources of energy as most being non-renewable are depleting fast and the renewable sources are yet in the making for better efficiency and cost economics. The technology discussed here which the designers name as Vector Technology is considerably easy on economy, can provide high efficiency and flexibility of design and have very limited constraints to its design and working. The system requires little maintenance and provides fast recovery time on capital cost. The design is based on a modification of low temperature differential gamma Stirling engine with liquid ammonia cooling system.

El análisis del consumo de energía eléctrica residencial y su relación con otras variables socioeconómicas es un elemento clave en el estudio de la industria eléctrica.
Los resultados de la investigación muestran que los hogares que consumen menos de 300 Kw pagan tarifas subsidiadas que se convierten en pérdidas financieras de las empresas de distribución eléctrica. Adicionalmente, 40.36% de los hogares no tiene contador. Es decir, consumen electricidad pero pagan tarifas no relacionadas con el precio del servicio. Esto incrementa las pérdidas de las distribuidoras.
Por el lado de la oferta, para reducir las pérdidas, las empresas distribuidoras disminuyen la cantidad de horas de energía servida en función de la capacidad de pago y las características territoriales de los hogares. Los hogares ubicados en sectores con mayor vulnerabilidad social enfrentan largas horas de apagones afectando el bienestar de sus moradores. Este es el resultado del círculo vicioso de la industria eléctrica en los hogares de República Dominicana: falta de contadores, apagones, pérdidas y distintos tipos de subsidio que drenan el erario promoviendo el uso ineficiente de energía.
Es tiempo de revertir esta situación, abordando la solución al problema eléctrico con una mirada estratégica estableciendo compromisos verificables por parte de todos los actores de la industria con cronogramas explícitos para su cumplimiento.
El pacto eléctrico es el escenario ideal para romper con este círculo vicioso que durante décadas ha afectado a la industria eléctrica dominicana.

The importance of distribution transformer noload
loss on the operation of modern electrical grids is often
underestimated. Internationally, distribution transformer no load loss constitutes nearly 25% of the transmission and
distribution losses of electrical grids. The losses in European
Union distribution transformers are estimated at about 33
TWh/year whereas, reactive power and harmonic losses add a
further 5 TWh/year. In the Greek electrical grid the no-load
losses of 140,000 distribution transformers are estimated at
about 490 GWh/year. This paper has two goals: The first one is
to illustrate the significance of distribution transformer noload
loss in periods of high electric energy cost. The second
goal is the presentation of a novel numerical methodology for
wound core transformers no load loss analysis, enabling to
determine the economically and technically optimum transformer for every use, which has been developed in the
frame of the respective research project.

Este trabalho descreve a metodologia
definida pela ANEEL, o orgão regulador do
sistema elétrico brasileiro, para o cálculo dos
custos marginais de fornecimento de potência e
das tarifas de uso dos sistemas de distribuição.
São também apresentados alguns resultados
obtidos com a aplicação do sistema
computacional TARDIST, desenvolvido pelo
CEPEL, em um estudo de caso.

This paper provides a review of the research conducted on complex network analysis (CNA) in electric power systems. Moreover, a new approach is presented to find optimal locations for microgrids (MGs) in electric distribution systems (EDS) utilizing complex network analysis. The optimal placement in this paper points to the location that will result in enhanced grid resilience, reduced power losses and line loading, better voltage stability, and a supply to critical loads during a blackout. The criteria used to point out the optimal placement of the MGs were predicated on the centrality analysis selected from the complex network theory, the center of mass (COM) concept from physics, and the recently developed controlled delivery grid (CDG) model. An IEEE 30 bus network was utilized as a case study. Results using MATLAB (MathWorks, Inc., Nattick, MA, USA) and PowerWorld (PowerWorld Corporation, Champaign, IL, USA) demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach for MGs placement.

Las fuentes no convencionales de energía renovable (FNCER) son fuentes de energía consideradas como una alternativa limpia para el suministro de electricidad frente a generación eléctrica a base de combustible fósiles. Además, son un medio por el cual se reduce el nivel de concentración en el mercado y la participación de la demanda se pueden dar. En este artículo se presenta diferentes mecanismos de integración de estas fuentes en el mercado, y se analiza su efecto sobre el precio de la electricidad en Colombia. Bajo las condiciones de simulación definidas, los resultados indican que una participación del 20% de las FNCER en el cubrimiento de la demanda de forma distribuida genera una reducción del 22% en el precio de la electricidad en el largo plazo.

This document, updated annually, tracks global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. The current dataset covers the years 1751 through 2015. The specific anthropogenic activities captured include carbon emissions from gas, liquid and solid fuel consumption, cement production, and gas flaring. The data do not include emissions from land use changes (e.g., deforestation and logging, forest and peat fires, post-burn decay of remaining above-ground biomass, or decomposition of organic carbon in drained peat soils). All data is sourced from the Global Carbon Project (GCP) and Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC).

Last updated 25 May 2017.

Nowadays renewable energy is important and environmentally friendly, as it does not pollute and costs little. Solar energy is one of the main photovoltaic system types of energy. For those with no access to the main network due to geographical location, this kind of energy is beneficial and valuable in providing the needed electrical energy. This paper presents photovoltaic system modeling, temperature, its variation and irradiation, and how the system connects to the DC bus via a DC/DC converter. It has the ability to follow maximum power point tracking (MPPT) by a special control circuit, something useful in hybrid systems. Finally, an inverter is used to transfer power to the AC network and decrease the harmonic in the connection point.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6190558

iii AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiro gostaria de agradecer a DEUS por estar onde estou, aos meus pais pela dedicação e apoio que me motivaram a seguir sempre em frente, a minha esposa Cida pela paciência e compreensão, a todos os professores do CPGEI os quais gentilmente compartilharam seus conhecimentos e ao Heitor Silvério Lopes cuja orientação foi fundamental para minha jornada durante o mestrado e na condução deste trabalho, havendo sempre um clima de sinergia envolvendo ambas as partes.

This study looks into the resource assessment, technology economics and modeling of different energy alternatives and proposes a rechargeable battery storage-based large-scale wind/photovoltaic hybrid power system to meet an average electrical load demand of 2.4 MW and peak load of 2.9 MW for a remote rural district in Ethiopia called Geladin. The district is 682 km away from nearby grid. The site enjoys high solar and wind resources that can be harnessed for electric power generation to electrify the community. HOMER simulation software is used for optimal sizing and techno-economic analysis. The diesel generator is used as back up to fill the gaps in case both resources are out. Average monthly solar irradiation data of 6.2 kWh/m 2 is determined from measured sunshine duration data by implementing a suitable specific model for the site. NASA satellite based estimated wind speed data of 10 years average at hub height of 50 m for the site in question is extracted from the SWERA (Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment) database (with annual average of 6.1 m/s) and its weigh-bull distribution parameter, k of 1.98 is estimated which indicates a fair wind speed distribution of the site to generate electric power using wind turbine. The proposed optimal system results electricity generation indicates that 92% from wind turbine, 3% from photovoltaic, 5% from diesel generator and managed to obtain a much lower cost of energy (COE = 0.11USD/kWh) than other alternatives investigated in this study such as grid extension and diesel generator.

The European energy policy has a significant influence on the way in which environmental and energy policies are framed and implemented, not only in member states but globally. One of the important challenges of the European energy policy is climate change. Presently, the European Commission (EC) seeks to create an Energy Union, aimed at ensuring that Europe has secure, affordable and climate-friendly energy. In order to achieve this, some propose a compromise involving efficiency in use of fossil fuel and inclusion of different types of energy in the energy mix, while others are in favour of more transformative measures engendered by the Circular Economy (CE) and Cradle to Cradle (C2C) approaches to energy. Conventional and C2C/CE approaches to sustainability in general and energy in particular are not always compatible, as C2C/CE requires radical transformation rather than promoting compromise. This chapter will focus on various types of renewable energy in the context of the European sustainability challenges and explore the EU’s energy policy, providing recommendations for the long term sustainability.

La mayoría de las empresas se ven obligadas a mantener una dualidad de fuentes de suministro eléctrico, dualidad compuesta por la energía proveniente de las distribuidoras y por la de las plantas de autogeneración que funcionan en sus negocios.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo medir el impacto que tiene sobre los hogares y las empresas la situación actual del sector eléctrico. De manera directa se enfoca en cómo afecta esta crisis en el bienestar de los hogares y en el buen desempeño de las empresas, sobretodo, debido a la falta de acceso a energía estable y a un costo razonable.

Para evaluar el impacto de la crisis en las empresas, se realizó una encuesta por muestreo dirigida a empresas micro, pequeñas, medianas y grandes, ubicadas en las diez regiones de la geografía nacional, con el objetivo de analizar el suministro eléctrico y su impacto en el proceso productivo.

Esta investigación pretende servir de base para el análisis en la discusión del Pacto Eléctrico, de modo que quienes se sientan a la mesa puedan tener acceso a información actualizada y desagregada sobre cómo afecta actualmente a la industria eléctrica la demanda de energía de las empresas, dado el tamaño de estas, la estructura tarifaria y dado el costo de las interrupciones en el servicio.

Fuel cells generate electricity and heat during electrochemical reaction which happens between the oxygen and hydrogen to form the water. Fuel cell technology is a promising way to provide energy for rural areas where there is no access to the public grid or where there is a huge cost of wiring and transferring electricity. In addition, applications with essential secure electrical energy requirement such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), power generation stations and distributed systems can employ fuel cells as their source of energy. The current paper includes a comparative study of basic design, working principle, applications, advantages and disadvantages of various technologies available for fuel cells. In addition, techno-economic features of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) are compared. The results indicate that fuel cell systems have simple design, high reliability, noiseless operation, high efficiency and less environmental impact. The aim of this paper is to serve as a convenient reference for fuel cell power generation reviews.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111004709

Remarkable penetration of renewable energy in electric networks, despite its valuable opportunities, such as power loss reduction and loadability improvements, has raised concerns for system operators. Such huge penetration can lead to a violation of the grid requirements, such as voltage and current limits and reverse power flow. Optimal placement and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) are one of the best ways to strengthen the efficiency of the power systems. This paper builds a simulation model for the local distribution network based on obtained load profiles, GIS information, solar insolation, feeder and voltage settings, and define the optimization problem of solar PVDG installation to determine the optimal siting and sizing for different penetration levels with different objective functions. The objective functions include voltage profile improvement and energy loss minimization and the considered constraints include the physical distribution network constraints (AC power flow), the PV capacity constraint, and the voltage and reverse power flow constraints.

The article employs qualitative methods in contextualizing and conceptualizing the hybrid renewable energy support policy. It claims that hybrid policies may combine distinct mechanisms to drive desirable objectives better than traditional policies. A policy cycle helps to frame the United Kingdom's Contracts for Difference and Capacity Market (CFD & CM) scheme as a case study. The CFD & CM policy emerged to address environmental and energy challenges through the deployment of renewable energy (RE) in a low-carbon economy, employing liberalization: Environmental protection is foremost in this scheme. The policy combines and improves on the elements of feed-in tariff (FIT) and quota obligation (QO), and strives to solve the problems of these traditional policies. It addresses regulatory uncertainty under FIT by employing private law mechanics to guarantee above-loss reward for low carbon generation, and addresses market uncertainty under QO by incentivizing the capacity to supply future low carbon energy based on projected demand, hence creating a predictable and stable market. It also accommodates other important commitments. Overall, the CFD & CM scheme is a hybrid policy that engages the energy market mainly for advancing the end goal of environmental protection. To thrive however, it needs to meet private sector interests substantially.

This paper investigates the adaptive chaos control and synchronization of Liu's four-wing chaotic system with cubic nonlinearity (Liu, 2009) and unknown parameters. First, we design adaptive control laws to stabilize the Liu's four-wing chaotic system with cubic nonlinearity to its unstable equilibrium at the origin based on the adaptive control theory and Lyapunov stability theory. Next, we derive adaptive control laws to achieve global chaos synchronization of identical Liu's four-wing chaotic systems with cubic nonlinearity and unknown parameters. Numerical simulations are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive chaos control and synchronization schemes.

Optimization is very important in all the fields of the economy . It is also very critical in manufacturing for using the resources effectively . There are many factors that must be taken into consideration by the producer , and the only way of giving the correct decision is taken by using optimization techniques . Sometimes it seems very easy to take a decision but if you have to take the right decision for complex systems, it is not as easy as it seems . That is why the industrial engineers who are in need of taking the right decisions widely use optimization techniques. The energy problem is challenging and one of the most important political and economical issues in the world. Governments and the electrical energy producers always face the problem of generating the electrical energy more reliably and cheaply . Furthermore they try to make investment plans for the future electricity generation . For making an energy investment plan it is necessary to think from different perspectives. The resources which are domestic must be utilized first. The relations among the countries are also important for resources that we use. That is why it’s also a political issue. This study focuses on finding the optimal solution by minimizing the cost of generating electrical energy from several energy resources in Turkey. After an explicit survey on the past year’s data we forecasted the demand for the forthcoming years by using forecasting methods. With reference to these forecasted values an LP model is developed. The Lingo software is used to solve the model, and also the Minitab software is used for demand forecasting.

The article employs qualitative methods in contextualizing and conceptualizing the hybrid renewable energy support policy. It claims that hybrid policies may combine distinct mechanisms to drive desirable objectives better than traditional policies. A policy cycle helps to frame the United Kingdom’s Contracts for Difference and Capacity Market (CFD & CM) scheme as a case study. The CFD & CM policy emerged to address environmental and energy challenges through the deployment of renewable energy (RE) in a low-carbon economy, employing liberalization: Environmental protection is foremost in this scheme. The policy combines and improves on the elements of feed-in tariff (FIT) and quota obligation (QO), and strives to solve the problems of these traditional policies. It addresses regulatory uncertainty under FIT by employing private law mechanics to guarantee above-loss reward for low carbon generation, and addresses market uncertainty under QO by incentivizing the capacity to supply future low carbon energy based on projected demand, hence creating a predictable and stable market. It also accommodates other important commitments. Overall, the CFD & CM scheme is a hybrid policy that engages the energy market mainly for advancing the end goal of environmental protection. To thrive however, it needs to meet private sector interests substantially.

Recent trends in the management of water supply have increased the need for modelling techniques that can provide reliable, efficient, and accurate representation of the complex, non-linear dynamics of water quality within water distribution systems. Statistical models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been found to be highly suited to this application, and offer distinct advantages over more conventional modelling techniques. However, many practitioners utilise somewhat heuristic or ad hoc methods for input variable selection (IVS) during ANN development. This paper describes the application of a newly proposed non-linear IVS algorithm to the development of ANN models to forecast water quality within two water distribution systems. The intention is to reduce the need for arbitrary judgement and extensive trial-and-error during model development. The algorithm utilises the concept of partial mutual information (PMI) to select inputs based on the analysis of relationship strength between inputs and outputs, and between redundant inputs. In comparison with an existing approach, the ANN models developed using the IVS algorithm are found to provide optimal prediction with significantly greater parsimony. Furthermore, the results obtained from the IVS procedure are useful for developing additional insight into the important relationships that exist between water distribution system variables.

This paper deals with the optimal operation method for the mal-function of protective devices at primary feeder in distribution systems when new energy sources like photovoltaic (PV) systems are interconnected, based on the symmetrical components of short circuit studies and the EMTDC/PSCAD S/W. When new energy sources are considered to be interconnected to distribution systems, bi-directional power flow and interconnection transformer connection of new power sources may cause the operation problems of protective devices (mainly re-closer), since new power sources can change typical characteristics of distribution systems. Therefore, this paper shows an analysis skill of the malfunctional mechanism of protective relay and proposes the optimal solution for the mal-function problem using the symmetrical components of fault analysis and the EMTDC/PSCAD simulation. And, this paper also shows the effectiveness of proposed method by the simulation at the field distribution systems

This paper wishes to discuss about the possibilities of implementing PV based micro-generation in Bangladesh. Power crisis is a major problem for the countries like Bangladesh to develop her industrial, economic and social condition, as Bangladesh is trying to trying to shift from agriculture based economy to industry based economy. Presently, Bangladesh has a more or less stable power system, but the demand of electrical power is raising day by day. The power system has various unavoidable losses and smart grid aims to decrease the power system losses, thus increasing efficiency, detect and solve problems automatically and efficiently using real time system information. This paper will also try to identify the problems for implementing smart grid in Bangladesh and will try to provide probable solutions.

Scope International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJEEE) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Electrical and Electronics Engineering The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Electrical and Electronics Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following • Electric energy and automation • Electronics and communication engineering • Evolutionary algorithms • Fault detection and isolation • Filtering • Flight control and surveillance systems • Fuzzy logic and control • Pattern recognition • Power Electronics • Power Systems • Process control and instrumentation • Robotics and applications • Robust control • Sampled-data control systems and digital control • Scientific and engineering modeling • Secure communication • Signal processing • Soft computing techniques in control

Rajasthan and Karnataka for wind power and Gujarat, Jharkhand and peninsular in India for Biomass power. The process of data collection over Renewable energy production in India, to assess the data collected and to interpret and compare it to the partner states or districts. And also listed the data on the basis of state and district with the comparison of minimum and maximum to distribute the energy from maximum to minimum. This paper is aimed at to study the amount of Renewable energy power generation in various places of India and how the resources are shared by the Indian government.

In order to develop a valued decision-support system for climate alteration policy and planning, recognizing the regionally-specific features of the climate change, energy-water nexus, and the history of the current and possible future climate, water and energy supply systems is necessary. This paper presents an integrated climate change, water/energy modeling platform which allows tailored climate alteration and water-energy assessments. This modelling platform is established and described in details based on particular regional circumstances. The modeling platform involves linking three different models, including the climate change model from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 under the most severe scenario (Representative Concentration Pathways, Water Evaluation and Planning system and the Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning system). This is to understand the impacts of climate variability (changes in temperature and precipitation) on water and electricity consumption in Zayandeh Rud River Basin (Central Iran) for current (1971-2005) and future time period (2006-2040). Climate models have projected that the temperature will increase by 7 °C and precipitation will decrease by 44%, it is also proposed that electricity imports will rise during severe dry scenario in the basin, while power generation will decrease around 8%.

The paper dwells on the issues of energy and power on the continent of Africa, it examines the critical process of how the continent can be connected with electricity, provide financial banking from financiers for the improvement of energy security and competitiveness. Using the secondary descriptive methodology, findings show that the sub-sahara Africa is still backward and far from continental connectivity. The paper concludes that Africa has enough resources to liquidate into connecting Africa with power and enough energy to convert into electricity. One obstacle that affects power accessibility, connectivity and distribution is absolute corruption, where leaders siphon money meant for national development through self-contracting and embezzlement of public fund. The paper recommends that African governments must declare power a continental emergency, which must be dealt with, financed and supported in all ramifications, to ensure boost in health sector, trade, investment, industry and other many ways that need power support. African governments must also attract huge investments in energy and power sector, with consideration in easing tariff and taxes on power related firms and investments, in order to make energy and power cheaper for the continent.

— Remarkable penetration of renewable energy in electric networks, despite its valuable opportunities, such as power loss reduction and loadability improvements, has raised concerns for system operators. Such huge penetration can lead to a violation of the grid requirements, such as voltage and current limits and reverse power flow. Optimal placement and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) are one of the best ways to strengthen the efficiency of the power systems. This paper builds a simulation model for the local distribution network based on obtained load profiles, GIS information, solar insolation, feeder and voltage settings, and define the optimization problem of solar PVDG installation to determine the optimal siting and sizing for different penetration levels with different objective functions. The objective functions include voltage profile improvement and energy loss minimization and the considered constraints include the physical distribution network constraints (AC power flow), the PV capacity constraint, and the voltage and reverse power flow constraints.

The most common solution for remote monitoring and control of the protection relays used in modern electrical energy distribution systems is based on GSM/GPRS communication. In practice, however, the emergency situations in energy distribution systems usually occur in special weather conditions (storms, massive snowfalls, etc.), or in crisis situations (natural disasters, armed conflicts, etc.), when the GSM communication system is also disrupted. Thus, the fault localization and repair is delayed, which results in significant losses, and major discomfort for thousands of subscribers. This paper explores the technical feasibility of creating an alternative communication system, based on the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology, able to substitute the GSM communication for monitoring the reclosers deployed along the energy distribution lines. This preliminary study suggests that the existing WSN devices and protocols allow the implementation of an emergency communication system capable to route relatively small amounts of data over wide geographic areas. Such a system is, in principle, capable to ensure backup communication for emergency fault diagnosis in electrical energy distribution systems.