Economic Recession

Many OECD countries have replied to economic recessions with an adaption in public spending on social benefits for families and young people in need. So far, no study has examined the impact of public social spending during the recent economic recession on health, and social inequalities in health among young people. This study investigates whether an increase in public spending relates to a lower prevalence in health complaints and buffers health inequalities among adolescents. Data were obtained from the 2009/2010 "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC)" study comprising 11 - 15-year-old adolescents from 27 European countries (N = 144,754). Socioeconomic position was measured by the Family Affluence Scale (FAS). Logistic multilevel models were conducted for the association between the absolute rate of public spending on family benefits per capita in 2010 and the relative change rate in family benefits (2006-2010) in relation to adolescent psychological health co...

This paper estimates the impact of economic insecurity on the mental health of Australian adults. Taking microdata from the 2001-2011 HILDA panel survey, we develop a conceptually diverse set of insecurity measures and explore their relationships with the SF-36 mental health index. By using fixed effects models that control for unobservable heterogeneity we produce estimates that correct for endogeneity more thoroughly than previous works. Our results show that exposure to economic risks has small but consistently detrimental mental health effects. The main contribution of the paper however comes from the breadth of risks that are found to be harmful. Job insecurity, financial dissatisfaction, reductions and volatility in income, an inability to meet standard expenditures and a lack of access to emergency funds all adversely affect health. This suggests that the common element of economic insecurity (rather than idiosyncratic phenomena associated with any specific risk) is likely to...

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To evaluate the effects of the economic downturn on adult reconstruction surgery in the United States, a survey of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS) membership was conducted. The survey evaluated surgical and patient volume, practice type, hospital relationship, total joint arthroplasty cost control, employee staffing, potential impact of Medicare reimbursement decreases, attitudes toward health care reform options and retirement planning. A surgical volume decrease was reported by 30.4%. An outpatient visit decrease was reported by 29.3%. A mean loss of 29.9% of retirement savings was reported. The planned retirement age increased to 65.3 years from 64.05 years. If Medicare surgeon reimbursement were to decrease up to 20%, 49% to 57% of AAHKS surgeons would be unable to provide care for Medicare patients, resulting in an unmet need of 92,650 to 160,818 total joint arthroplasty procedures among AAHKS surgeons alone. Decreases in funding for surgeons and inadequate support for subspecialty training will likely impact access and quality for Americans seeking adult reconstruction surgery.

This paper presents 5-yearly data on the height of young adult men in 15 Western European countries for birth cohorts from the middle of the 19th to the end of the 20th century. The results indicate that from the 1870s to the 1970s average height increased by around 11 cm, or more than 1 cm per decade. The main finding is that for the northern and middle European groups of countries the gains in height were most rapid in the period 1911-15 to 1951-55, a period that embraced two World Wars and the Great Depression but also witnessed advances in public health and hygiene. For the southern countries growth was fastest in the period 1951-55 to 1976-80. These findings suggest that advances in height were determined not only by income and living standards but also by a variety of other socioeconomic trends.

With the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) showing uneven progress, this review identifies possible limitations arising from the MDG framework itself rather than extrinsic issues. A multidisciplinary literature review was conducted with a focus on limitations in the formulation of the MDGs, their structure, content and implementation. Of 1837 MDG-related articles, 90 met criteria for analysis. Articles describe MDGs as being created by only a few stakeholders without adequate involvement by developing countries and overlooking development objectives previously agreed upon. Others claim MDGs are unachievable and simplistic, not adapted to national needs, do not specify accountable parties and reinforce vertical interventions. While MDGs have promoted increased health and well-being in many countries by recognising and deliberating on the possible constraints of the MDG framework, the post-2015 agenda may have even greater impact.

Public procurement is generally an important sector of the economy and, in most countries, is controlled by the introduction of regulatory and policy mechanisms. In the Greek healthcare sector, recent legislation redefined centralized procurement through the reestablishment of a state Health Procurement Committee (EPY), with an aim to formulate a plan to reduce procurement costs of medical devices and pharmaceuticals, improve payment time, make uniform medical requests, transfer redundant materials from one hospital to another and improve management of expired products. The efforts described in this paper began in early 2010, under the co-ordination of the Ministry of Health (MoH) and with the collaboration of senior staff from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the European Commission (EC) and the European Central Bank (ECB). The procurement practices and policies set forth by EPY and the first measurable outcomes, in terms of cost savings, resulting from these policies are presented. The importance of these measures is discussed in light of the worst economic crisis faced by Greece since the restoration of democracy in 1974, as a result of both the world financial crisis and uncontrolled government spending.

The first part of the paper is an attempt to demonstrate that what we are going through at the present time is not just an economic-financial crisis, but a crisis of humanity. It seems that for the first time in human history several crises converge to simultaneously reach their maximum level of tension. The dominant economic model is to a great degree responsible for the world's collision course. Hence a number of myths that sustain the model are listed and analyzed. It is argued that a new economy, coherent with the problematiques of the twenty first century, needs urgently to be devised. The second part proposes the foundations for a new economy based on five fundamental postulates that allow the construction of transdisciplinary, holistic, and systemic visions to adequately understand the interdependence of all the elements that sustain life. It is stressed that it is no longer acceptable that Universities still teach economic theories of the nineteenth century in order to tackle twenty first century problems that have no precedence.

The COVID 19 outbreak has been declared as a global pandemic by WHO and has arrested all most every economy as at present in the globe. As combatting measures, many economies are in lockdown condition where consumptions are decreased and productions are seized. The global networks and supply chains are disrupted and functions of organizations from micro to multinational scale are disturbed. Millions of employees are at the danger of losing their jobs
as companies will start to lay off staff as controlling measure to respond to the growing conditions. The panic purchasing and storage of FMCGs and food items has created shortage of consumables in many stores around the globe. Global financial hubs are closed down and stock exchanges have fallen drastically. Since, investments, employments, manufacturing and distribution are at a halt and global oil prices have recorded first-ever negative value the global economy is estimated to shrink minimum of 3 percent by 2020 as it seems at present. On one hand the supply shock lead to shortage of essential items where demand shocks the economy since funds are directed towards FMCGs massively. Travel and tourism is one of the severely hit industries since both generating as well as destination countries are lockdown. Thus, particularly service oriented economies are at a greater risk where manufacturing and production economies remain safe especially in case of food supplies.

The Nigerian economy facing serious challenges as a result of the high inflation rate putting a fall to Naira exchange rate and also the GDP has been considered to have a negative influence on the manpower development of Food and Beverage firms. Thus this study sought to ascertain the effect of on-the-job training as a correlate to high rate of inflation. The correlational survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study consisted of 36 Food and Beverage firms in Anambra State and the sampling techniques used was simple random sampling technique and multi-stage sampling technique to select 60 human resource managers from 20 firms. Data for the study was collected by means of questionnaires developed by the researcher. The instrument was titled "Questionnaire on Manpower Development and Recessed Economy" (QMDRE). The study was subjected to face and content validity and also to reliability index of 0.903 was obtained using cronbach alpha coefficient. However, the research question was answered using mean and standard deviation and linear regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between on-the-job training and high inflation rate. It was recommended that management should check cooperation between the employees, the government and labour unions that have been hampered by high cost caused by inflation.

The essays here, by trade unionists and academics from around the world, explore the state of labour in Brazil, China, Nepal, South Africa, Turkey, North America and Europe. The authors offer a rich range of short-term strategies and actions, medium- and long-term policies, and alternative visions that challenge the current development paradigm. This book makes a stimulating contribution to the continuing debate on labour’s role as an economic, political and social force in building a more democratic and just society. 'In a context of sustained economic crisis ... there are no clear roadmaps for the alternative, a sustainable society that can only be forged through innovative mobilization. We are fortunate, therefore, for the rich offerings in this book that examine the crisis and craft inspiring elements of a vision for a more economically and environmentally viable society. Based on well-informed research, this fine collection of writings also points toward the innovative stra...

Este artículo trata del impacto negativo de las políticas neoliberales en la agricultura tradicional chilena y las demandas de los agricultores sureños al Gobierno para cambiar esas políticas. Del malestar inicial, las organizaciones de agricultores pasaron a la acción, llegando a un conflicto frontal con el Gobierno, principalmente tras el inicio de la crisis económica en 1982. Se muestra cómo las exigencias de los agricultores
llevaron a corregir el dogma neoliberal imperante entre 1983 y 1985. Mediante la definición de bandas de precios y un poder comprador, entre otras medidas, la agricultura tradicional logró salir de la bancarrota. El artículo se basa en una exhaustiva revisión de fuentes gubernamentales y prensa regional.

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This article deals with neoliberal policies in traditional agriculture in Chile and the southern farmers’ demands that the government change these policies. From an initial state of discontent, the farmers’
organizations moved on to action, eventually coming into frontal conflict with the government, mainly with the start of the economic crisis in 1982. It shows how the farmers’ demands led to correction of the
predominant neoliberal dogmas between 1983 and 1985. By means of the definition of price bands and a purchasing power, among other measures, traditional agriculture managed to get out of bankruptcy. The
article is based on an exhaustive review of governmental sources and regional press.

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The Great Recession affected export and import patterns in our sample of new EU member countries, and these changes, coupled with a more volatile external environment, have a profound impact on our estimates of real exchange rate misalignments and projections of sustainable real exchange rates. We find that real misalignments in several countries with pegged exchange rates and excessive external liabilities widened relative to earlier estimates. While countries with balanced net trade positions may experience sustainable appreciation during 2010-2014, several currencies are likely to require real depreciation to maintain sustainable net external debt.

The aim of this study was to provide an overview of studies in which the impact of the 2008 economic crisis on child health was reported. Structured searches of PubMed, and ISI Web of Knowledge, were conducted. Quantitative and qualitative studies reporting health outcomes on children, published since 2007 and related to the 2008 economic crisis were included. Two reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion. Data were synthesised as a narrative review. Five hundred and six titles and abstracts were reviewed, from which 22 studies were included. The risk of bias for quantitative studies was mixed while qualitative studies showed low risk of bias. An excess of 28,000-50,000 infant deaths in 2009 was estimated in sub-Saharan African countries, and increased infant mortality in Greece was reported. Increased price of foods was related to worsening nutrition habits in disadvantaged families worldwide. An increase in violence against children was reported in the U.S., and inequalities in health-related quality of life appeared in some countries. Most studies suggest that the economic crisis has harmed children's health, and disproportionately affected the most vulnerable groups. There is an urgent need for further studies to monitor the child health effects of the global recession and to inform appropriate public policy responses.

Migration patterns in Latin America have changed significantly in recent decades, particularly since the onset of global recession in 2007. These recent economic changes have highlighted and exacerbated the weakness of evidence from Latin America regarding migration-a crucial determinant of health. Migration patterns are constantly evolving in Latin America, but research on migration has not developed at the same speed. This article focuses on the need for better understanding of the living conditions and health of migrant populations in Latin America within the context of the recent global recession. The authors explain how new data on migrant well-being could be obtained through improved evidence from censuses and ongoing research surveys to 1) better inform policy-makers about the needs of migrant populations in Latin America and 2) help determine better ways of reaching undocumented immigrants. Longitudinal studies on immigrants in Latin America are essential for generating a be...

The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. University conference, at which drafts of the contributions here were presented and discussed. Special thanks go to the contributors, as well as to Melisa Serrano, Edlira Xhafa and Michael Fichter for their superb editorial work. Thanks are also due to the anonymous peer reviewers for their invaluable feedback, and to Chris Edgar at the ILO for his professionalism in overseeing the production of this volume.

The Australian health care workforce has benefited from an increasing migration of nurses over the past decades. The nursing profession is the largest single health profession, making up over half of the Australian health care workforce. Migration of nurses into the Australian nursing workforce impacts significantly on the size of the workforce and the capacity to provide health care to the Australian multicultural community. Migration of nurses plays an important role in providing a solution to the ongoing challenges of workforce attraction and retention, hence an understanding of the factors contributing to nurse migration is important. This paper will critically analyse factors reported to impact on migration of nurses to Australia, in particular in relation to: (1) globalisation; (2) Australian society and nursing workforce; and (3) personal reasons. The current and potential implications of nurse migration are not limited to the Australian health care workforce, but also extend to political, socioeconomic and other aspects in Australia.

It is pertinent to say that the objective of the study is to ascertain “the geographical analysis of the impact of economic recession (a case study of Akungba Akoko) in Ondo State”, the objectives of the study includes the following, examining the causes of economic recession using Akungba as a case study, assessing the geographical effect of economic recession in Akungba, examining government efforts in ameliorating the effects of economic recession in Akungba. The first stage in the collection of primary data involves reconnaissance survey of the study area. One hundred and twenty-five questionnaires were administered first across five quarters in Akungba. In each of the quarters, twenty-five questionnaires were distributed randomly across the quarters but one hundred and twenty-two were returned. The effects of the recession identified includes high unemployment, increase in price of goods, high cost of living, high crime rate among others. The outcome of the study reveals that, the economic recession has affected several activities and socio-economic infrastructures in the town. Many individuals have lost their jobs during the advent of the recession also it was discovered that educational and healthcare activities have declined greatly as a result of the recession. However, the study recommends that the government should take mitigative measures to reduce the effect of the economic recession such as promoting small business and lower interest rates, focus on citizens and agriculture farm settlements must be revived by government in the rural areas.

Backgrounds This study examines social inequalities in life expectancy and mortality during the transition period of the Korean economic crisis (1993–2010) among Korean adults aged 40 and over. Methods Data from the census and the national death file from the Statistics Korea are employed to calculate life expectancy and age-specific-death-rates (ASDR) by age, gender, and educational attainment for five years: 1993, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. Absolute and relative differences in life expectancy and Age-Specific Death Rates by educational attainment were utilized as proxy measures of social inequality. Results Clear educational gradient of life expectancy was observed at age 40 by both sexes and across five time periods (1993, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010). The gradient became notably worse in females between 1993 and 2010 compared to the trend in males. The educational gradient was also found for ASDR in all five years, but it was more pronounced in working age groups (40s and 50s) t...

Greece's economic crisis has deepened since it was bailed out by the international community in 2010. The country underwent the sixth consecutive year of economic contraction in 2013, with its economy shrinking by 20% between 2008 and 2012, and anaemic or no growth projected for 2014. Unemployment has more than tripled, from 7·7% in 2008 to 24·3% in 2012, and long-term unemployment reached 14·4%. We review the background to the crisis, assess how austerity measures have aff ected the health of the Greek population and their access to public health services, and examine the political response to the mounting evidence of a Greek public health tragedy. Lancet 2014; 383: 748-53

Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) emphasizes the potential impact of contextual barriers on vocational self-efficacy, interests, and goals. However, most tests of SCCT to date have focused exclusively on person-level, perceptual barriers rather than objective, macroeconomic barriers that may influence large groups of people. In this study, we examine how the effects of personal experiences with financial strain among a sample of adults who are unemployed are qualified by regional unemployment rates. Results indicated that financial strain has a direct, negative relation with job search self-efficacy, and indirect, negative relations with job search outcome expectations and search goals. These direct and indirect relations are moderated by unemployment rates and are only significant for participants residing in U.S. counties with high unemployment. These findings highlight the importance of taking into account broader contextual influences when studying vocational outcomes and demonstrate the applicability of incorporating macroeconomic barriers and supports into SCCT in future research.

This study tested the pathways between personality, social worldviews, and ideology, predicted by the Dual Process Model (DPM) of ideology and prejudice. These paths were tested using a full cross-lagged panel design administered to a New Zealand community sample in early 2008 (before the effects of the global financial crisis reached New Zealand) and again in 2009 (when the crisis was near its peak; n = 247). As hypothesized, low openness to experience predicted residualized change in dangerous worldview, which in turn predicted right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). Low agreeableness predicted competitive worldview, which in turn predicted social dominance orientation (SDO). RWA and SDO also exerted unexpected reciprocal effects on worldviews. This study provides the most comprehensive longitudinal test of the DPM to date, and was conducted during a period of systemic instability when the causal effects predicted by the DPM should be, and were, readily apparent. et al., 2010).

Los cambios que se están produciendo en los países occidentales obligan a los sistemas sanitarios a adaptarse a las nuevas necesidades y expectativas de la población. En Cataluña se está produciendo una profunda transformación del modelo asistencial, con el fin de poder dar una respuesta adecuada a esta nueva situación y a la vez garantizar la sostenibilidad del sistema en un contexto de crisis económica. Esta transformación se basa en convertir el actual modelo asistencial centrado en la enfermedad y fraccionado por niveles en otro centrado en la persona, integrado y de base territorial, que promueva el trabajo compartido en red de los diferentes profesionales, dispositivos y niveles asistenciales, estableciendo objetivos comunes explicitados en acuerdos y pactos territoriales. Los cambios que ha llevado a cabo el Servei Català de la Salut (CatSalut) pasan principalmente por incrementar la capacidad de resolución de la atención primaria, reducir la variabilidad de la práctica clínica, evolucionar hacia hospitales más quirúrgicos, potenciar las alternativas a la hospitalización convencional, desarrollar modalidades de atención no presencial, concentrar y sectorizar territorialmente la atención de alta complejidad y diseñar códigos sanitarios específicos, como respuesta a situaciones de emergencia. La finalidad de estas actuaciones es mejorar la efectividad, la calidad, la seguridad y la eficiencia del sistema asegurando la equidad de acceso de la población y el equilibrio territorial. Entre los instrumentos que deben facilitar y promover estos cambios cabe destacar la historia clínica compartida, el nuevo modelo de contratación y pago por resultados, los pactos territoriales, las alianzas entre centros, el aprovechamiento de las potencialidades de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, y la evaluación de resultados.

To analyze the impacts of pharmaceutical sector policies implemented to contain country spending during the economic recession -a reference price system in Finland and a mix of policies including changes in reimbursement rates, a generic promotion campaign and

ObjectiveCalifornia Assembly Bill 1535 awarded $US 15 million to California public schools to promote, develop and sustain instructional school gardens through the California Instructional School Garden Program (CISGP). The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of the CISGP at assisting schools in implementing, maintaining and sustaining an academic school garden programme, determine how schools utilized the funding they received and assess the impact of the California state budget crisis on the CISGP.DesignA mid-term evaluation was used to assess the degree to which schools achieved their instructional garden-related goals.SettingCalifornia.SubjectsOnly schools that applied for the CIGSP grant as part of a school district and also provided a contact email and had a unique contact person were included in the study (n 3103, 80·6 %).ResultsIn general, many schools reported not achieving their predicted goals with regard to the CISGP grant. Only 39·4 % of schools repor...

The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. This paper draws on research conducted at the Industrial and Employment Relations Department (DIALOGUE) of the International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva under the supervision of Michael Henriques (Senior Adviser to the Director General of the ILO). It is based on several secondary sources provided by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound), the European Trade Union Institute and the European Commission. Furthermore, many primary sources, such as interviews with management and union representatives involved in the negotiation of agreements, as well as inputs from experts, have been used extensively to depict and analyse the role of transnational company agreements. A complete list of contributors is in the References.

By focusing on a medium-sized rural town in South Africa during the period of the Great Depression broadly resulted in showing the effects and reactions that were, in general, indicative of worldwide trends but with specific regional and local impact. The core focus of this article then being those effects on a further microcosm of urban life, the residents of the Graaff-Reinet municipal "location" (township); the efforts to assist these residents as occupying the lowest rungs of the economic ladder; and the efforts through welfare charities and unemployment/poor relief schemes to alleviate the situation in town. But many of these charitable organisations themselves felt the pinch of "hard times" and as a consequence had to further curtail their poor relief programmes, which lead to further hardships for the "poorest of the poor" in town. This article further examines the efforts by various official bodies, inter alia the Town and Divisional Councils, to provide unemployment relief work via a number of work schemes. Among the latter were the road building projects in town and district, and the brickmaking scheme (which provided all the bricks for the building of the new power station started in June 1934).

Although consumer spending typically declines in economic recessions, some observers have noted that recessions appear to increase women's spending on beauty products-the so-called lipstick effect. Using both historical spending data and rigorous experiments, the authors examine how and why economic recessions influence women's consumer behavior. Findings revealed that recessionary cues-whether naturally occurring or experimentally primed-decreased desire for most products (e.g., electronics, household items). However, these cues consistently increased women's desire for products that increase attractiveness to mates-the first experimental demonstration of the lipstick effect. Additional studies show that this effect is driven by women's desire to attract mates with resources and depends on the perceived mate attraction function served by these products. In addition to showing how and why economic recessions influence women's desire for beauty products, this research provides novel insights into women's mating psychology, consumer behavior, and the relationship between the two.

While the recession increased demands on the health care safety net as Americans lost jobs and health insurance, the impact on safety net providers has been mixed and less severe--at least initially--than expected in some cases, according to a new study of five metropolitan communities by the Center for Studying Health System Change (HSC). Even before the recession, many safety net providers reported treating more uninsured patients and facing tighter state and local funding. Federal expansion grants for community health centers during the past decade, however, have increased capacity at many health centers. And, programs to help direct people to primary care providers may have helped stem the expected surge in emergency department use by the uninsured during the downturn. Federal stimulus funding--the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act--has assisted hospitals and health centers in weathering the economic storm, helping to offset reductions in state, local and private fundi...

Using the American Time Use Survey (2003-2011), I examine gender differences in time spent performing housework, child care, and emotion work before, during, and after the 2007 U.S. economic recession. This study draws on three primary theoretical perspectives; time availability theory, gender socialization theories, and relative resources theory, to explain differences in unpaid household labor tasks. I examine these differences across three time periods to explain the recessionary impact on the division of household labor. With a sample of 22,507 respondents, I employ ordinary least squares regression models to predict the total number of minutes per day that respondents spend performing core housework, other housework, child care, and emotion work. Results indicate different time use patterns based on gender and employment status during the pre-recession, recession, and recovery time periods. Overall, women continue to perform more core housework, child care, and emotion work; however men increased their time in these tasks when unemployed. Men and women displayed the greatest difference in time spent performing housework, while time spent performing child care and emotion work indicated similar patterns. Time periods yielded important results for men and women, particularly for the unemployed. Unemployed men and women performed more child care and emotion work during the recession when compared to the pre-recession and recovery time periods. During the recession, a narrowing of the gender gap was found among unemployed men and women for core and other housework tasks. In sum, the recession was found to be influential in men’s and women’s time spent on core housework, other housework, child care, and emotion work. The findings of this study suggest economic forces, such as the recession and employment disruptions, impact unpaid household labor tasks.

In October 2008 all three major banks in Iceland went bankrupt with serious consequences for Icelandic society. The national currency lost more than half of its value and there was a sharp increase in household debts and prices for domestic goods. Very little is known about the potential effects of economic recessions on gambling participation and problem gambling. This study reports on the results of three national prevalence studies conducted before and after the economic collapse in Iceland. The same methodology and measures were used in all three studies to ensure their comparability and the studies included in total N = 8.249 participants. There was an increase in past year gambling participation which extended across most gambling types. Only participation on EGMs declined significantly after the economic collapse. Past year prevalence of problematic gambling increased but further examination revealed that this increase is most probably explained by an increase in card and internet gambling among young men. Moreover, those who experienced financial difficulties due to the economic recession were 52 % more likely to have bought a lottery ticket during the recession compared to those who were not affected financially. Overall, the results indicate that serious national economic recessions have differential effects on gambling behavior.