East Timor

Localizada no Sudeste Asiático, a República Democrática do Timor-Leste se tornou um país independente no dia 20 de maio de 2002 com o apoio da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) que, através da promoção de missões de paz, realizou esforços na (re)estruturação desse país entre 1999 e 2012. Durante esse período, a República Federativa do Brasil ampliou as suas capacidades de projeção no âmbito externo e na coordenação das Forças Armadas brasileiras ao se engajar em diversas dessas operações relacionadas à questão timorense, considerada por Pepe e Mathias (2006) como um dos principais eventos das relações internacionais depois de findada a Guerra Fria. Nessa perspectiva, buscou-se depreender quais foram as motivações brasileiras e como o Brasil se engajou nas missões de paz da ONU em Timor-Leste. Para tanto, foi necessário aplicar um recorte histórico que demonstrasse a árdua trajetória timorense em busca de sua independência.

Exclusive breastfeeding is known to have nutritional and health benefits. This study investigated factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among infants aged five months or less in Timor-Leste. The latest data from the national Demographic and Health Survey 2009–2010 were analyzed by binary logistic regression. Of the 975 infants included in the study, overall 49% (95% confidence interval 45.4% to 52.7%) were exclusively breastfed. The exclusive breastfeeding prevalence declined with increasing infant age, from 68.0% at less than one month to 24.9% at five months. Increasing infant age, mothers with a paid occupation, who perceived their newborn as non-average size, and residence in the capital city Dili, were associated with a lower likelihood of exclusive breastfeeding. On the other hand, women who could decide health-related matters tended to breastfeed exclusively, which was not the case for others whose decisions were made by someone else. The results suggested the need ...

Anatomically Modern Humans (AMHs) dispersed rapidly through island southeast Asia (Sunda and Wallacea) and into Sahul (Australia, New Guinea and the Aru Islands), before 50,000 years ago. Multiple routes have been proposed for this dispersal and all involve at least one multi-day maritime voyage approaching 100 km. Here we use new regional-scale bathymetry data, palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, an assessment of vertical land movements and drift modeling to assess the potential for an initial entry into northwest Australia from southern Wallacea (Timor-Roti). From ∼70,000 until ∼10,000 years ago, a chain of habitable, resource-rich islands were emergent off the coast of northwest Australia (now mostly submerged). These were visible from high points close to the coast on Timor-Roti and as close as 87 km. Drift models suggest the probability of accidental arrival on these islands from Timor-Roti was low at any time. However, purposeful voyages in the summer monsoon season were very ...

The failure of the international community to act on the legal and moral imperative to stop, punish, and prevent genocide and other mass killings has led to the establishment of genocidal regimes that institutionalize genocide as a tactic of repression and power consolidation. One such repeat offender regime was the New Order government of Indonesia, which committed mass killings of known and alleged communists throughout Indonesia in 1965–1966 and later carried out a genocidal, colonial occupation of East Timor. I demonstrate parallels between the actors, tactics, and discourse of the communist killings and the Timorese Genocide. The failures of domestic resistance and international pressure to punish the New Order after 1966 allowed génocidaires to retain power and reinforced their belief in the acceptability and effectiveness of genocidal tactics. The Indonesian case illustrates the necessity of punishment for genocide to preclude a culture of impunity that encourages both previous and new offenders.

My primary purpose in initiating this exploration was to better understand the situation in Timor during World War II—and relevant sources produced over a period of more than sixty years. In addition to wartime materials preserved in Australian archives, I found memoirs and publications related to the war which could potentially explain much about east Timorese society during this period, as well as the relationships between Australians and Timorese. These descriptions were not always consistent, and thus raised problems related to the use of memory in historical research. This article thus aims to present a discussion of relationships between Timorese and Australians during 1941-1943, but at the same time to explore the memory work of Australians—the ways that they have remembered the events and relationships of that period—and the way that we can conduct research into such subjects.

This article examines the international community's response to Indonesia's 1975 invasion of East Timor in light of recently declassified documents from the US, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. It argues that anti-Communist and geopolitical concerns at the end of the Vietnam War were not the only, and perhaps not even the most important explanations of Western support for Indonesia's takeover of East Timor. Rather, this article suggests that beliefs that East Timor was too small and too primitive to merit selfgovernance reinforced the perceived imperative of maintaining friendly relations with the Suharto regime, whose growing importance in the regional political economy overshadowed its defiance of international law.

This paper relates research from various disciplines including history, urban planning, architecture and the social sciences in order to develop a framework for designer to interpret and respond to the built environment in Dili and greater Timor-Leste. As a structure designed to underpin design practice, the framework shall respond to the unique physical development requirements of the city through also encouraging the expression and reinterpretation of local cultural identity and traditions.

From the arrival of the Portuguese in 1515 to independence in 2002, urban development in Timor-Leste has reflected the cultural ideals of the occupying country in power. As a now independent republic, Timor-Leste is in a position to create and implement new culturally reflective frameworks for urban
development and design.

This project identifies an opportunity to initiate and promote discussion of the cultural values and physical needs of both local residents and nationally significant needs of Dili as a capital city. It is anticipated that discussion within professional groups and the broader community of Timor-Leste on issues such as those presented in this paper could provide the foundations for a “contemporary vernacular” of Timor-Leste to arise in the future.

It is through establishing design practices and frameworks for understanding and delivering urban development that take a holistic view and are aligned with the unique cultural identity of the place and its people that future could arise.

Keywords: Timor-Leste, Dili, urban development, vernacular architecture, cultural identity, urban identity

Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) aims at encouraging changes
required to promote sustainable development. Sustainable development includes
three dimensions, i.e. social and economic developments, along with environmental
protection, each one involving several interacting variables. Therefore,
adequate tools are required to help monitor and evaluate those changes with
regard to ESD at local, national and regional levels. Within this perspective,
monitoring and assessment instruments related to ESD indicators are relevant to
clarify which educational approaches are necessary (in particular, in formal education)
and to evaluate the quality of these approaches in terms of their relevance
to promote sustainable development. As the integration of ESD in formal education
and in each geopolitical context has been recognized as important, it is vital
to clarify the meaning of ESD indicators (ESDI), as well as the criteria underlying
their selection. By allowing evaluation the extent to which education, in each
particular subject, is aligned within ESD perspectives, the use of ESD indicators
is crucial to help implement the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). In this
chapter, the purposes and meanings attributed to ESDI are analyzed, the criteria
adopted by some countries and regions are outlined to help select a set of ESDI
for the European geopolitical context, specifically for the formal science education
sector. These ESDI selected are meant to be used by educational policy
makers, science curriculum developers, science teacher educators, science teachers,
school leaders and researchers, specially in countries where ESDI indicators
have not yet been developed. Therefore they are regarded as a starting point to
assess and monitor progress in ESD that would be adjusted and improved as they
are used and evaluated through research.

The relative merits of both presidentialism and parliamentarianism have been widely discussed for well over two centuries. In the last generation, a comparative newcomer, ‗semi-presidentialism', has joined the intellectual fray 1 . As the case of the two earlier notions, such captive place-holding at High of course a reflection of the real-world political importance of what is at issue at levels like that of representation of community or its leadership. But in the latter's case, there is more: discussions of ‗semipresidentialism', quite clearly, present us with what amounts to what amount to both simpler and rather more complicated issues. I want to contend that this should not come as a surprise. If we take a close political look at ‗semi-presidential systems of government' it readily becomes clear that these are strange entities, indeed. At one level, this in little more than an expression of the hybridism of the notion. But we may go further than thisand I believe Timor-Leste provides us with a good case in point of a composite ‗altered' form of ‗semi-presidentialism', which we gain in scrutinizing.

The Australia-based Lonely Planet series of travel guides allies its pragmatic agenda of informing mostly Western travellers with a didactic project in which the traveller is partly inscribed within a discourse of solidarity with the struggles and identities of the peoples whose spaces and products are being consumed. The guidebook to East Timor is arguably a special case within the Lonely Planet series, given the fledgling nation's interpellation of Australia's sense of itself as a people that both sponsors and represents freedom and justice, but which spectacularly failed in its moral and historical responsibilities to the East Timorese when they were invaded and oppressed within the Indonesian empire. What will be found is that the guide contains a troubled conjunction of moral support for East Timor, at times neocolonial in its implications, and political rejection of the former colonizer Portugal as a reference point for the East Timorese, while the country's attractions for the Australian visitor are ironically construed overwhelmingly in terms of visual markers of the Portuguese colonial presence."

Republished in Travel Writing: Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies. Vol. III: Modes of Travel, Types of Traveller. Eds Tim Youngs & Charles Forsdick. London: Routledge, 2012: ISBN 978-0415374989

Pouco se fala sobre o fato de que a viagem de Magalhães, importantíssima empresa, que contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da humanidade, passou pela ilha de Timor e que nos documentos desta viagem se encontram algumas das primeiras descrições européias desta ilha.

Written by Timorese activists Bella Galhos and Iram Saeed, with the assistance of Rede Feto (a network of women’s organisations in Timor-Leste through advocacy), this report is the culmination of a small research project undertaken in the districts of Dili and Bobonaro. The research sheds light on some of the concerns and challenges faced by lesbian and bisexual women and transgender men and is a pioneer study as there is little research done on these issues in Timor-Leste. Recommendations made were based on finding ways to help strengthen existing mechanisms and other efforts to respond to the challenges faced by lesbian and bisexual women and transgender men.

"A three-volume encyclopedia, the first of its kind, including more than 300 entries on methods, debates, processes and concepts of transitional justice and country studies.

This huge encyclopedia, with more than 300 entries by distinguished experts from around the world on all relevant topics, is a superb resource for scholars, students, and others interested in questions of historical memory, transitional justice, and archival openness in former dictatorships. The editors, Lavinia Stan and Nadya Nedelsky, who are among the world's foremost authorities on these topics, deserve immense credit for compiling such a wide-ranging, fascinating set of volumes. It is a truly remarkable accomplishment and will be of enduring value. Mark Kramer, Director, Cold War Studies Program, Harvard University

The phenomenon described as ”the third wave of democratization” has posed for scores of societies and states the problem of crime, punishment and conciliation in the wake of the downfall of dictatorial regimes from the Philippines to Poland and Chile. The pursuit and trials of World War Two criminals together with their collaborators as well as those who in recent decades carried out ethnic purges in the Balkans and Africa are being continued. The conception of an Encyclopaedia of Transitional Justice has arrived, therefore, at a suitable moment and its realisation, achieved thanks to the initiative, energy and ingenuity of Lavinia Stan and Nadya Nedelsky, is an unquestionable success. More than 165 authors from the whole world present in over 300 entries the theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of settling accounts in scores of countries on all continents. The publication predominantly recapitulates heretofore research while simultaneously assisting in the creation of a catalogue of still unresolved issues. An important, valuable and fascinating undertaking. Andrzej Paczkowski, Chairman of the Council, Institute of National Remembrance, Warsaw"

Martial arts groups in Timor-Leste have a nationwide reach and have offered a resource of physical and social engagement for youth and adults for several decades. Yet, their involvement in crime, politics, and violent clashes, and their notorious reputation as troublemakers posing a threat to security and peace, have caused the government to permanently ban three major groups. Based on intensive fieldwork and qualitative interviews with members and leaders of illegalized groups, this analysis explains why the young democracy’s decision is not contributing to building peace. The three main findings from the interviews are that root causes of violence are not addressed by the ban, criminalization draws more people into illegality, and the positive aspects of these groups, which could potentially contribute to peace, are neglected.

A presente análise centra-se no estudo da realidade geopolítica da parte ocidental da ilha de Timor, Timor-Leste.
Para tal iremos olhar para a sua composição geográfica, definir quais os seus atributos e características, analisar o clima, a fauna e flora, as suas riquezas minerais e o registo animal presente.
De seguida iremos focar-nos na população, nos seus costumes e hábitos, regimes alimentares, língua e religião.
Esta primeira abordagem de índole mais descritiva será contextualizada como uma resenha histórica onde, se nos primeiros quatro séculos de história importa dar um contexto mais genérico, a partir do último quartel do séc. XX urge dar uma descrição mais detalhada dos eventos políticos, diplomáticos e militares, pela gravidade que estes assumiram em ataques às populações e a forma como esta realidade ficou impregnada da memórias das populações e elites.
É com base nesta memória, e nas relações de intimidade que desenvolveu com Portugal, que Timor-Leste aborda tanto a sua posição ao nível regional como na larga escala do panorama internacional, pelo que abordaremos, após uma exposição das principais políticas internas e a manifestação destas nas particularidades demográficas, o seu contexto geopolítico ao abrigo da sua política externa.

Neste artigo objetivamos discutir a relação entre cultura, tradição e identidade a partir da consideração das uma lulik (casas sagradas) como símbolo de resistência e de preservação de elementos da cultura e da identidade leste-timorenses. Nossas análises realizam-se a partir de depoimentos apresentados no documentário Uma lulik: futuro de uma tradição, produzido pela ALGA (Associação Luso-Galega de Antropologia Aplicada) em colaboração com a secretaria de Estado da Cultura do Timor-Leste, em 2011, e fundamentam-se nos estudos acerca da identidade desenvolvidos por Bhabha (1998), Hall (2000), Mendes (2005), Moita Lopes (2006) e nos relativos à cultura realizados por Anderson (2009, 1993), Cinatti (1986), Giddens (1991) e Smith (1997). Observamos que, em Timor-Leste, as casas sagradas constituem um referencial para a preservação da memória coletiva e, portanto, consistem em um importante patrimônio relacional daquela nação, assegurando-lhe a preservação e a disseminação de uma (possibilidade de) identidade nacional.

... Setelah beberapa saat, Benny Foo kembali dapat menguasai dirinya dan mengatakan dengan senyum yang khas, ... Hill, Helen Mary, Gerakan Pembebasan Nasional Timor Loro Sae. Trans. Aderito de Jesus Soares et al.Dili: Sahe Institute for Liberation and Yayasan HAK, 2000. ...

This paper aims to discuss, through a qualitative-quantitative analysis, the constitutive elements of the Ideational Metafunction and its participation in the constitution of the East Timorese identity in the discourse pronounced by Xanana Gusmão on October 13, 1982. It is observed, It is noted that the speaker draws heavily on Material and Relational Processes, which contribute to the mobilization of the audience and directly influence their doxological system. In this way, the recurrent use of these procedures, which participate in the construction of a discourse dominated by the verbalization of experiences, fosters the need to fight against a common enemy of the invaded homeland, justifies the importance of maintaining armed resistance on East Timorese soil and participates Of the construction of the identity of the participants of the processes circumscribed to the Ideational Metafunction. As a theoretical and methodological contribution to the development of the corpus analysis, we have recourse mainly to the works, Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), Cunha and Souza (2011), Fuzer and Cabral (2010), Bhabha (2007), Hall (2006), Gunn ), Chomsky (2002).

The research initiative aims to contribute to a corpus of
knowledge both empirical and theoretical focused around the
manner in which gender and “non-traditional” security concerns
intersect in South Asia. It seeks to integrate gender analysis into
the evolving discourse on non-traditional security. The aim is also
to provide points of entry to engage with issues in a manner in
which gender concerns begin to be reflected in peace initiatives
and processes of post-conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The initiative is an intervention in the debate to expand the
scope of ‘security’ by moving it beyond a narrow military and
state-centric preoccupation. It is also envisaged as crucial to the
articulation of the concerns of that half of the population whose
voices are marginalized in the mega-narratives of conflict analysis
and peace-building. The idea is to explore the theoretical spaces
where non-traditional security concerns intersect with that of
gender.

In this paper, I explore these relational dimensions focusing on three areas of discussion. First, I describe the relationship between the people (the ‘real’ world) and the world of the spirits and divine entities. Second, the relationship between people and nature and the importance of natural resources such as land, water, forests, rivers, lakes and mountains for the survival of East Timorese communities. Finally, how relations between people are organized and managed within ‘traditional’ East Timorese society. For this purpose I will specifically unravel the significance of brother-sister alliance (feton-nan), brother-brother alliance (maun-alin and alin-maun) and sister-sister alliance (bin-alin)

O artigo que se segue foi escrito no âmbito de uma comunicação apresentada na 1ª Conferência Internacional, organizada pela Universidade Nacional de Timor-Leste e subordinada ao tema “A Produção do conhecimento científico em Timor-Leste”. O artigo pretende apresentar alguns dos desenvolvimentos de uma investigação em curso, a ser realizada no âmbito do mestrado de antropologia visual pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa e cujo foco são as histórias de vida de um grupo de deportados portugueses enviados para Timor entre 1927 e 1931.

Liu tiha besik tinan rua-nulu husi remata de okupasaun militar Indonesia nian, feto sobrevivente sira sei rai hela iha sira nia isin-lolon efeitu husi konflitu pasadu no mos dezafiu ne’ebé mak sira enfrenta nafatin iha tempu ukun rasik an. Iha artigu ida ne’e, ami fahe rezultadu no observasaun husi atividade “Mapa Isin-Lolon”, parte ida husi Peskiza Asaun Partisipatoria (PAP) ne’ebé mak ACbit hala’o ho sobrevivente sira iha Baucau, Covalima no Oecussi iha tinan 2018. Sobrevivente sira deskreve oinsá violénsia no terus ne’ebé uluk sira hetan fó impaktu ba sira-nia isin-lolon. Ami fahe ami nia reflesaun kona ba oinsá atividade ida ne’e lao, dezafio ne’ebé ami hasoru, no benefisiu ne’ebé mak metodu ida ne’e bele oferese. ACbit uza metodu Mapa Isin-Lolon atu identifika sobrevivente sira nia problema atu hamutuk buka solusaun. Mais prosesu ida ne’e mos ajuda ita atu komprende kle’an liu oinsá feto Timor sofre no espresa sai sira nia trauma no terus baibain.

Cada unidade está dividida em duas componentes: teórica e prática. A participação responsável na sociedade contemporânea exige um cidadão informado, que tenha ao seu dispor conhecimentos que fundamentem a sua ação quotidiana e promovam a compreensão básica de questões de cidadania. Esta informação encontra-se na componente teórica sob a forma de um roteiro de matérias. Mas a participação cívica exige igualmente competências e capacidades que devem ser desenvolvidas através do "aprender fazendo" e do "aprender de e com os outros". A componente prática proporciona oportunidades para realizares atividades, tarefas e exercícios e aprofundares as tuas competências de cidadania.