Doctor of medicine

Abstract
Throughout history, Cyprus has hosted many civilizations and states due to its strategic location in the Mediterranean. One of them is the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans conquered the island in 1571 and maintained their rule until 1878. The scholarly attempt to grasp the Ottoman Empire with its all institutional, political, social, economic and cultural aspects has been one of the fields of interest for world historiography. It is obvious that local history studies in the countries experienced the Ottoman rule, would help and contribute to draw a general picture of the Ottoman Empire. In this context, the current work, mainly relying on the religious court records, aims to identify the diseases except the contagious ones such as cholera, plague and malaria.  The other aim is to investigate and analyse the doctor-patient relations within social, economic and juridical contexts in Ottoman Cyprus. The results reveal that the overwhelming majority of the doctors operating in Cyprus were in private practice until the second half of the 19th century when the Ottomans started the centralization and modernization of its institutions including the health services, and thus to view the healthcare services as a public service. Although the state did not take responsibility for public healthcare services for public, it had a certain control mechanism on the doctors and their operations.

Öz
Kıbrıs Akdeniz’de bulunduğu özel konumu nedeniyle tarih boyunca birçok uygarlığa ve devlete ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bunlardan biri de adayı 308 yıl yöneten Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’dur. Kıbrıs’ı 1571 senesinde fetheden Osmanlılar fiilî olarak burayı 1878’e kadar hâkimiyetlerinde tutmuşlardır. Osmanlı Devleti’ni siyasî, kurumsal, sosyal ve kültürel tüm boyutlarıyla anlama çabası dünya tarih yazıcılığının önemli bir meselesidir. Osmanlıların hâkimiyetini tecrübe etmiş coğrafyalarda yapılacak yerel tarih çalışmalarının Osmanlı devletinin genel resminin çizilmesine önemli katkılar koyacağı aşikârdır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada, Kıbrıs Şeriye sicillerindeki verilerden hareketle Osmanlı döneminde veba, sıtma, kolera vb. bulaşıcı hastalıkların haricinde Kıbrıs’ta görülen hastalıklar yanında sağlık hizmetlerinin temel aktörü olan doktorların tespiti ve doktor-hasta ilişkilerinin sosyo-ekonomik ve hukukî boyutları -büyük ölçüde Kıbrıs Şeriye sicillerine yansıdığı şekliyle- irdelenerek analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma nihayette, devletin sağlık hizmetlerini merkezileştirerek bir kamu hizmeti olarak telakki etmeye başladığı 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar, Kıbrıs’ta hizmet veren doktorların büyük çoğunluğunun özel olarak çalışan gayrimüslimler olduğunu, başta hekimlik olmak üzere sağlık hizmetlerinin yerine getirilmesinde doğrudan sorumluluk üstlenmese de devletin sağlık faaliyetlerine ilişkin belli bir denetim mekanizmasına sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Medicine intake, as prescribed by physicians and health care providers, is important not only for minimizing the risk of relapse but also to treating conditions and improving one's overall well-being. However, adherence to a medication routine seems to be a problem for some people which is usually affected by a variety of factors such as hectic day-today activity schedules, poor prescription instruction, concurrent intake of multiple medications, and forgetfulness. Medication adherence has been then considered as one of the major medical problems globally. In such cases, a medical device that could alert and remind patients in taking their medicines on time will come in handy. Consequently, this study aimed to design and develop a pocket-sized electronic pillbox device using TFT LCD display, Arduino microcontroller, Piezo Buzzer (for sound notification), Eccentric Rotating Mass (for vibration notification), Lithium Ion battery as power source, and plastic organizer as the main body. The said pillbox device will act as a countermeasure for medication non-adherence particularly by patients under the case of polypharmacy. Thus, this study focused on the design and development of the prototype, hardware testing and system qualification only. Furthermore, this paper is part of a future study where the assessment and measure of device behavior and adherence will be conducted to compare whether the utilization of pillbox device has an impact to the people who are using it.

Purpose: The objectives of the study are to analyze the factors which influence patients to go to private hospitals against public hospitals of Oman and to analyze the expectations of patients from the integrated public hospitals in Oman. Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out with a well-defined questionnaire through which 251 survey samples were collected on a random sampling basis. Findings: The results of the study reveal that there is an association between the selection of hospital and services and the cost of the services offered in the hospital and it is found that the cost of services incurred makes an impact in the selection of hospital for medical treatment. The study also revealed that in private hospitals patients could easily approach anyone including the reception staff and all are helpful, and the private hospitals are equipped with modern equipment, and doctors treat patients in a friendly manner. Research limitations/Implications: The majority of the population taken for the study are aged above 20 years, and the samples were collected from selected regions of Oman, and wide range collection of samples from all the regions will help to improve the solution. Social implications: The study suggests that sufficient medicines should be provided in all the public health centers and periodic inspection should be conducted at regular intervals to improve the standards of the public health Centers and Government Hospitals concerning cleanliness, treatments and the front line services. Originality/Value: No study has examined the causes for the hospital selection delay in the construction projects of Oman, and it is a first-hand study of its kind and the results will be useful to the stakeholders.

This study was planned to evaluate the protective role of curcumin (Cur) against maternal and fetal oxidative stress and cerebral damage induced by lead (Pb) during pregnancy. In this study, positively pregnant female rats were divided into seven groups: control group, Curgroup (300 mg/kg of Cur/b.wt.), DMSO group (50% DMSO), two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt./day of Pb acetate, respectively), and two groups treated with both Pb and Cur (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 300 mg/kg b.wt./day of Cur). Treatments started from gestation day 1 (GD1) till day 20 (GD20) through oral gavage once a day, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrificed to obtain the fetuses. Different chemical parameters were assessed. Brain specimens from the mother and fetal groups were processed with examination. The results displayed that Pb administration to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses. Also, there was a significant risein lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in the brains of the different Pb-treated groups. The histological examination of the brain of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations. Co-treatment of Cur along with Pb caused a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone, improving the oxidative condition with amelioration of the brain'shistopathological changes. In conclusion, co-administration of Cur could haveameliorative effect against Pb-induced neurotoxicity through the reduction of oxidative stress and reversal of histopathological changes.

This study is prepared for the determination of the attitudes of doctors’ towards medical secretaries that are working in health institutions in Ankara. In this context, a survey has been prepared as a means of data collection and applied to
208 doctors who served in Ankara in health establishments. The survey results, evaluated and interpreted by statistical methods, taking into consideration the relevant literature.
Communication and compliance is very important with doctors and other health care workers in health services. According to the survey, the answers given by the doctors’ attitudes towards medical secretaries are generally found to be positive.
It can be said to provide a positive solids of medical secretaries work life, work motivation of this situation.