Critical Illness

Phase angle as measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis reflects fat-free mass. Fat-free mass loss relates to worse prognosis in chronic diseases. Primary aim of this study was: to determine the association between fat-free mass at intensive care unit admission and 28-day mortality. Ten centres in nine countries participated in this multicentre prospective observational study. The inclusion criteria were age >18 years; expected length of stay >48 h; absence of pacemaker, heart defibrillator implant, pregnancy and lactation. Fat-free mass was assessed by measurement of the 50-kHz phase angle at admission. The primary endpoint was 28-day mortality. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to assess prediction of 28-day mortality by fat-free mass at ICU admission. The variables associated with 28-day mortality were analysed by means of multivariable logistic regression. Of the 3605 patients screened, 931 were analysed: age 61 ± 16 years, male ...

Background. Risk stratification and prediction of outcome in acute renal failure patients in the intensive care unit are important determinants for improvement of patient care and design of clinical trials. Methods. In order to identify mortality risks factors and validate general and specific predictive models for acute renal failure (ARF) patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), 324 patients were prospectively evaluated. Multivariate analysis by logistic regression was utilized for identification of mortality risk factors. Discrimination and calibration were used to evaluate the performance of the following models at referral to nephrologist and at initiation of renal replacement therapy: APACHE II, SAPS II, LODS, and ATN-ISI. Organ failure was assessed by SOFA and OSF. Results. The hospital mortality rate was 85%. The identified mortality risk factors were: age ! 65 yr, BUN ! 70 mg/dL, ARF of septic origin, and previous hypertension. Serum creatinine ! 3.5 mg/dL, systolic blood pressure ! 100 mm Hg, and normal consciousness were associated with mortality risk reduction. Performance of all prognostic models was disappointing with unsatisfactory calibration and underestimation of mortality on the day of referral to the nephrologist and at initiation of renal replacement therapy. Conclusions. Cross-validation of prognostic models for ARF resulted in poor performance of all studied scores. Therefore, a specific model is still warranted for the design of clinical trials, comparison of studies, and for prediction of outcome in ARF patients, especially in the ICU.

We evaluated the relationship between the intestinal microbiota composition and clinical outcome in a group of 15 high-risk patients admitted for acute infection and/or surgical/accidental trauma who were treated with systemic antibiotics according to standard intensive care unit (ICU) protocols. There was a high mortality rate amongst these patients, each of whom had a considerable organ failure score at admission, respiratory assistance during the most of their ICU stay and a long length of stay. All of these individuals received sedation and enteral nutrition, and the majority also received insulin, vasoactive drugs and some stress-ulcer prophylaxis agents. The intestinal microbiota composition was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), a molecular biology tool used to characterize bacterial ecosystems. As all of the patient subjects were in good health prior to their acute illness and admission to the ICU, the first faecal samples obtained from this group showed a DGGE banding pattern that was similar to that of healthy subjects. After 1 week of critical illness, coupled with intensive care treatment, including antibiotics, a very definite alteration in the overall microbiota composition was evident, as revealed by a reduction in the number of DGGE bands. Further pronounced changes to the DGGE banding profiles could be observed in patients remaining in the ICU for 2 weeks. Moreover, a dominant band, identified by sequencing as highly related to Enterococcus, was detected in the DGGE profile of some of our patient subjects. We also performed real-time PCR and obtained results that were in agreement with our qualitative evaluations using DGGE. The degree of organ failure and ICU mortality was significantly higher in patients for whom a high reduction in microbiota biodiversity was coupled with a massive presence of enterococci. A statistically significant link between these two ecological traits and the use of clindamycin was also found.

Background and aims: Probiotics exert a beneficial effect on the host through modulation of gastrointestinal microflora. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on gut barrier function and the systemic inflammatory response in critically ill patients.

Background: To evaluate the immediate and midterm results of hybrid (combined open surgical and endovascular) lower extremity revascularization procedures in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Material and Methods: Thirty-seven consecutive patients (44 limbs) were treated for CLI using hybrid techniques during a single procedure. The CFA was involved in all limbs and was uniformly treated with endarterectomy and patch angioplasty. Hemodynamically significant atherosclerotic lesions proximal to the CFA were present in 13 limbs, distal to the CFA in 23 limbs, and both above and below the CFA in 8 limbs, and all were treated with endovascular techniques. All patients underwent a detailed clinical assessment and color duplex ultrasonography at 1, 6, and 12 months after the procedure and annually thereafter. Results: The technical success rate was 96.6%, and the limb salvage rate was 95.5%. All patients except three remained free of symptoms without the need for any secondary interventions at the time of the last follow-up. Three patients presented with SFA thrombosis during the first 6 months after the procedure, and two of them had to be amputated. The median follow-up period was 17 months (range: 3-32), and the primary and secondary patency rates at 24 months were 93.2% and 95.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Hybrid lower extremity revascularization procedures can be used to treat CLI with low perioperative morbidity and mortality and good immediate and midterm patency and limb salvage, thus providing an attractive alternative to larger open surgical interventions.

Recommendations for making and implementing decisions to forgo life-sustaining therapy in intensive care units have been developed in the United States, but the extent that they are realized in practice has yet to be measured. Prospective, multicenter, 4-wk study. For each patient with an implemented decision to forgo life-sustaining therapy, the deliberation and decision implementation procedures were recorded. French intensive care units. All consecutive patients admitted to 26 French intensive care units. None. Of 1,009 patients admitted, 208 died in the intensive care unit. A decision to forgo life-sustaining therapy was implemented in 105 patients. The number of supportive treatments forgone was 2.3 +/- 1.7 per patient. Decisions to forgo sustaining therapy were preceded by 3.5 +/- 2.5 deliberation sessions. Proxies were informed of the deliberations in 62 (59.1%) cases but participated in only 18 (17.1%) decisions. The patient's perception of his or her quality of life was rarely evaluated (11.5%), and only rarely did the decision involve evaluating the patient's wishes (7.6%), the patient's religious values (7.6%), or the cost of treatment (7.6%). Factors most frequently evaluated were medical team advice (95.3%), predicted reversibility of acute disease (90.5%), underlying disease severity (83.9%), and the patient's quality of life as evaluated by caregivers (80.1%). A decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining therapy was implemented for half the patients who died in the French intensive care units studied. In many cases, the decision was taken without regard for one or more factors identified as relevant in U.S. guidelines.

An abundant amino acid in the human body, glutamine (Gln) has many important metabolic roles that may protect or promote tissue integrity and enhance the immune system. Low plasma and tissue levels of Gin in the critically ill suggest that demand may exceed endogenous supply. A relative deficiency of Gln in such patients could compromise recovery and result in prolonged illness and an increase in late mortality. This study examines this hypothesis. Using a prospective, block-randomized, double-blind treatment study design, we tested whether a Gin-containing parenteral nutrition (PN) compared with an isonitrogenous, isoenergetic control feed would influence outcome, with the endpoints of morbidity, mortality, and cost at 6 mo postintervention. In one general intensive care unit (ICU), to ensure consistency of management policies, 84 critically ill adult patients, with Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II score > 10, requiring nutritional support received PN only if enteral nutrition was contraindicated or unsuccessful. Survival at 6 mo was significantly improved in those receiving Gin PN (24/42 versus 14/42; P = 0.049). Significantly more deaths occurred in patients requiring control PN for > 10 d (P = 0.03). The excess control deaths occurred later and those patients had had a significantly longer postintervention stay (P = 0.012) and use of ICU. In the Gln recipients, the total ICU and hospital cost per survivor was reduced by 50%. In critically ill ICU patients unable to receive enteral nutrition, a Gin-containing PN solution improves survival at 6 mo and reduces the hospital costs per survivor.

Introduction: The treatment and outcome of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has evolved greatly over the past few decades. We compared the mortality and complication rates of patients with AMI admitted to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) in 2002 to previously reported data. Materials and Methods: All data for AMI patients admitted to National Heart Centre CCU in 2002 were collected through the Singapore Cardiac Data Bank, including demographics, inhospital complications and mortality. These were compared to previous reports from the same institution in 1988, 1975 and 1967. Results: A total of 516 cases with AMI were identified. A higher proportion of patients were aged ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥70 years in 2002 (31.8%) compared to 1988 (25%), 1975 (11%) and 1967 (5.6%). Acute percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed in 250 of 516 (48%) patients in 2002. The overall in-patient and age-standardised mortality was 14.7% and 10% respectively, compared to 20.6% and 17% respectively in 1988 (P = 0.06). For the 250 patients who underwent acute PTCA, overall mortality was 5.2% compared to 24% in those who did not (P <0.001). Common in-hospital complications included heart failure (38%), non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (8%), atrial fibrillation (8%) and complete heart block (6%). Age, heart failure, bundle branch block and sustained ventricular tachycardia were associated with higher mortality by univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, older age, heart failure and the absence of percutaneous intervention were independently associated with higher mortality. Conclusion: In-hospital mortality for AMI patients admitted to the CCU declined from 1988 to 2002 despite a higher proportion of elderly patients.

Background: Gastric emptying is frequently delayed in critical illness which compromises the success of nasogastric nutrition. The underlying motor dysfunctions are poorly defined. Aims: To characterise antro-pyloro-duodenal motility during fasting, and in response to gastric and duodenal nutrient, as well as to evaluate the relationship between gastric emptying and motility, in the critically ill. Subjects: Fifteen mechanically ventilated patients from a mixed intensive care unit; 10 healthy volunteers. Methods: Antro-pyloro-duodenal pressures were recorded during fasting, after intragastric administration (100 ml; 100 kcal), and during small intestinal infusion of liquid nutrient (6 hours; 1 kcal/min). Gastric emptying was measured using a 13 C octanoate breath test. Results: In healthy subjects, neither gastric nor small intestinal nutrient affected antro-pyloro-duodenal pressures. In patients, duodenal nutrient infusion reduced antral activity compared with both fasting and healthy subjects (0.03 (0-2.47) waves/min v 0.14 (0-2.2) fasting (p = 0.016); and v 0.33 (0-2.57)/min in healthy subjects (p = 0.005)). Basal pyloric pressure and the frequency of phasic pyloric pressure waves were increased in patients during duodenal nutrient infusion (3.12 (1.06) mm Hg; 0.98 (0.13)/min) compared with healthy subjects (20.44 (1.25) mm Hg; p,0.02 after 120 minutes; 0.29 (0.15)/min; p = 0.0002) and with fasting (20.06 (1.05) mm Hg; p,0.03 after 160 minutes; 0.49 (0.13)/min; (p = 0.0001). Gastric emptying was delayed in patients (gastric emptying coefficient 2.99 (0.2) v 3.47 (0.1); p = 0.015) and inversely related to the number of pyloric pressure waves (r = 20.563, p = 0.029). Conclusions: Stimulation of pyloric and suppression of antral pressures by duodenal nutrient are enhanced in the critically ill and related to decreased gastric emptying.

Background & aims: Nutrition and dietary patterns have been shown to have direct impact on health of the population and of selected patient groups. The beneficial effects have been attributed to the reduction of oxidative damage caused by the normal or excessive free radical production. The papers aims at collecting evidence of successful supplementation strategies Methods: Review of the literature reporting on antioxidant supplementation trials in the general population and critically ill patients. Results: Antioxidant vitamin and trace element intakes have been shown to be particularly important in the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, age related ocular diseases and in aging. In animal models, targeted interventions have been associated with reduction of tissue destruction is brain and myocardium ischemia-reperfusion models. In the critically ill antioxidant supplements have resulted in reduction of organ failure and of infectious complications. Conclusions: Antioxidant micronutrients have beneficial effects in defined models and pathologies, in the general population and in critical illness: ongoing research encourages this supportive therapeutic approach. Further research is required to determined the optimal micronutrient combinations and the doses required according to timing of intervention.

We studied symptom burden and associated factors in a cohort of 1582 seriously ill patients admitted at five tertiary care academic centers in the U.S. between June 1989 and June 1991 in the SUPPORT Study. Logistic regression was used to test the independent association of symptoms with demographic, psychological, chronic, and acute illness measures. Pain, dyspnea, anxiety, and depression caused the greatest symptom burden. The following symptoms accounted for 67.3% of all symptoms that were at least moderately severe at least half of the time: dyspnea (19.2%), pain (17.6%), pain/dyspnea (7.6%), anxiety (5.9%), depression (5.0%), anxiety/depression (4.4%), anxiety/depression/pain/dyspnea (3.9%), and nausea (3.7%). Hospital, male gender, disease category, more comorbidities, more dependencies in activities of daily living prior to illness, and poorer quality of life were associated with greater symptom burden. Seriously ill patients have a high symptom burden. Better strategies will be needed to control symptoms in these patients.

This study assessed the effect of vitamin B6 status on immune responses in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients and compared the results with those of healthy controls. Methods: This was designed as a cross-sectional observational study. Forty patients in the intensive care unit successfully completed this study. Vitamin B6 intake was recorded for 8 d. Severity of illness (Second Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score) was recorded. Thirty-eighty healthy controls were recruited from the physical check unit of Taichung Veterans General Hospital (Taichung, Taiwan). All control subjects were given instruction on how to complete a 24-d diet recall. Vitamin B6 status was assessed by direct measures (plasma pyridoxal 5=-phosphate [PLP] and 4-pyridoxic acid) and indirect measures (erythrocyte alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity coefficients). Levels of serum albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and immune responses (white blood cell, neutrophil, total lymphocytes, T lymphocytes [CD3], B lymphocytes [CD19], T-helper cells [CD4], and suppressor cells [CD8]) were determined. Results: Critically ill patients had sufficient vitamin B6 intake but showed marginal PLP deficiency (20.9 Ϯ 1.5 nmol/L). In addition, critically ill patients had significantly lower and abnormal immune responses than did healthy controls. There was no significant correlation of vitamin B6 intake and erythrocyte alanine and aspartate aminotransaminase activity coefficients with immune indices. Plasma PLP concentration was strongly negatively correlated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level. However, plasma PLP was significantly associated with immune responses after adjustment for age, sex, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and the other four vitamin B6 indicators. Conclusions: Plasma PLP is a significant indicator of immune responses in human subjects. Further research is warranted to study whether vitamin B6 supplementation in critically ill patients improves their immune responses.

Objective To test a theoretical model examining processes through which a parent-focused educationalbehavioral intervention [Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment (COPE)] relates to children's posthospital adjustment problems. Methods Mothers (n ¼ 143) and their 2-7-year-old children, unexpectedly hospitalized in two pediatric intensive care units, were randomized to COPE or control conditions. Maternal measures included parental beliefs, anxiety, negative mood, and child adjustment 3 months post discharge. Observers rated maternal support of their children during hospitalization. Results Structural equation modeling suggested that the model tested provided a reasonable fit to the data [w 2 (97 df) ¼ 129.43; p ¼ .016; root mean square error of approximatio n ¼ .048; comparative fit index ¼ .95]. COPE effects on children's post-hospital externalizing behaviors were indirect, via associations with parental beliefs and maternal negative mood state. Furthermore, COPE participation was associated with more maternal support of their children, which was also associated with less internalizing and externalizing behaviors 3 months post discharge. Conclusion Implementing COPE may help avert future mental health problems in this high risk population. Understanding the processes by which an already empirically validated program relates to child outcomes is likely to aid clinicians and administrators in the widespread uptake of the COPE program.

Although there has been an improved management of Invasive Candidiasis in the last decade, still controversial issues remain, especially in different therapeutic critical care scenarios. We sought to identify the core clinical knowledge and to achieve high agreement recommendations required to care for critically ill adult patients with Invasive Candidiasis for antifungal treatment in special situations and different scenarios. Second Prospective Spanish survey reaching consensus by the Delphi technique, conducted anonymously by electronic e-mail in the first phase to 23 national multidisciplinary experts in invasive fungal infections from five national scientific societies including Intensivists, Anesthesiologists, Microbiologists, Pharmacologists and Infectious disease specialists, answering 30 questions prepared by a coordination group after a strict review of literature in the last five years. The educational objectives spanned four categories, including peritoneal candidiasis, ...

The fundamental objective of staged laparotomy is to accomplish definitive operative management in a calculated, stepwise fashion based on the patient’s physiologic tolerance. This important concept has emerged from collective experience with massive acute abdominal injuries but clearly extends to elective operative procedures and surgical challenges in other torso compartments. Whereas the inability to achieve hemostasis is due most frequently to a recalcitrant coagulopathy following trauma, other scenarios include inaccessible venous injuries, coexisting extraperitoneal life-threatening injuries, uncertain viability of abdominal contents, and the inability to reapproximate abdominal fascia due to reperfusion-induced visceral edema. There are five critical decision-making phases of staged laparotomy: I, patient selection; II, intraoperative reassessment; III, physiologic restoration in the surgical intensive care unit; IV, return to the operating room for definitive procedures; and V, abdominal wall reconstruction. The abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a common, often insidious complication of staged laparotomy. In fact, during phases II and III there is often a delicate balance between effective pressure tamponade of capillary bleeding and the untoward effects of the ACS. During phases IV and V a frequent dilemma is how to enclose the abdominal contents to reduce protein loss and facilitate patient mobilization.

Natural disasters, industrial accidents , terrorism attacks, and pandemics all have the capacity to result in large numbers of critically ill or injured patients. This supplement provides suggestions for all of those involved in a disaster or pandemic with multiple critically ill patients, including front-line clinicians, hospital administrators, professional societies, and public health or government offi cials. The current Task Force included a total of 100 participants from nine countries, comprised of clinicians and experts from a wide variety of disciplines. Comprehensive literature searches were conducted to identify studies upon which evidence-based recommendations could be made. No studies of suffi cient quality were identifi ed. Therefore, the panel developed expert-opinion-based suggestions that are presented in this supplement using a modifi ed Delphi process. The ultimate aim of the supplement is to expand the focus beyond the walls of ICUs to provide recommendations for the management of all critically ill or injured adults and children resulting from a pandemic or disaster wherever that care may be provided. Considerations for the management of critically ill patients include clinical priorities and logistics (supplies, evacuation, and triage) as well as the key enablers (systems planning, business continuity, legal framework, and ethical considerations) that facilitate the provision of this care. The supplement also aims to illustrate how the concepts of mass critical care are integrated across the spectrum of surge events from conventional through contingency to crisis standards of care.

Objective The evaluation of oxygen consumption (VO2) and oxygen delivery (DO2) has gained increasing importance in the monitoring of critically ill patients. They can be obtained from either direct measurements or by indirect calculations based on the Fick principle. However the choice between these two approaches remains controversial. The aim of the study was to investigate whether these 2 methods provide similar results, and if not, to define the best one in terms of reproducibility. Design Oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption were prospectively analyzed in 171 consecutive critically ill patients. Metabolic data were obtained simultaneously. Setting The study was completed in the intensive care unit as part of the management of the patients studied. Patients A first “group” of 279 evaluations was carried out in 73 consecutive critically ill patients. The results were subsequently validated by 423 observations performed in the 98 following patients. Interventions Before and during each evaluation, the patients were kept in stable hemodynamic and metabolic conditions. All were mechanically ventilated. Measurements and results VO2 was evaluated by calculation (Fick principle) and direct measurement using indirect calorimetry. Cardiac output was both measured by the thermodilution technique and calculated (Fick principle) and the data were used for the evaluation of the directly measured and indirectly calculated DO2. For both VO2 and DO2 the agreement between direct and indirect evaluations was not satisfactory. Differences as great as 55 ml/min·m2 and 267 ml/min·m2 between simultaneously measured and calculated VO2 and DO2 respectively may be expected. Finally, the indirect calculated methods were less reproducible than the measured ones. These observations resulted mainly from the cumulative effects of the random errors in the metabolic data entering into the calculation of VO2 and DO2. Conclusions Our data suggested that the indirect calculation (Fick equation) and the direct measurement (indirect calorimetry, thermodilution) of both VO2 and DO2 did not provide similar results. Direct measurements are more reproducible methods and must be preferred.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the discrimination and calibration of mortality prediction of Simplified Acute Physiology Score 2, Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3, Mortality Probability Model II, and Mortality Probability Model III in peripartum women. Design: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: We wanted to know the effect of comorbidity, age, and gender on the outcome after surgical below-knee revascularization for critical chronic limb ischemia. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 624 consecutive patients who underwent below-knee bypass surgery between January 1996 and December 2005 because of chronic peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Patients' characteristics were: diabetes mellitus (DM) n ¼ 445 (71%), coronary artery disease (CAD) n ¼ 310 (49%), dialysis-dependent renal insufficiency (dRI) n ¼ 88 (14%), age >70 years n ¼ 279 (44%), male n ¼ 423 (68%), PAD Fontaine's stage III n ¼ 105 (17%), and PAD stage 4 n ¼519 (83%). All patients had Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) C and D lesions, all were treated with a vein bypass to a crural artery n ¼ 354 (57%) and to a pedal artery n ¼ 270 (43%). KaplaneMeier analysis and multivariate analysis were performed. Results: The early results were as follows. The 30-day major amputation rate was n ¼ 43 (7%). CAD, dRI, age, and gender did not influence major amputation rate, whereas patients with diabetes had a lower risk of early amputation than those without diabetes. (hazard ratio: 0.49, 95% confidence interval: 0.25-0.95, p < 0.05). The 30-day mortality rate was n ¼ 31 (5%) and was uninfluenced by DM, CAD, and gender. Patients with dRI and octogenarians had a high risk of early death (dRI: 13.6%, octogenarians 9.4%). The late results were as follows. Follow-up rates were: limb salvage n ¼ 596 (95.5%) and survival n ¼ 622 (99.7%). The limb salvage rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 79.1%, 72.1%, and 66.4%, respectively, and were uninfluenced by DM, CAD, dRI, age, and gender. The mortality rates at 1-, 3-, and 5-years were 79%, 63.4%, and 47.3%, respectively. Comorbidities such as CAD, dRI, and age of >70 years reduced life expectancy significantly. DM did not influence 1, 3 and 5 years of survival. The 5-year survival rates as estimated by KaplaneMeier analysis after revascularization were: DM, 46%; CAD, 38%; dRI, 19%; and age >70 years, 37%. Conclusion: Advanced age and comorbidities reduce life span but not the chance of avoiding major amputation after below-knee bypass surgery for critical limb ischemia.

Different modes of death are described in selected populations, but few data report the characteristics of death in a general intensive care unit population. This study analyzed the causes and characteristics of death of critically ill patients and compared anticipated death patients to unexpected death counterparts. An observational multicenter cohort study was performed in 96 intensive care units. During 1 yr, each intensive care unit was randomized to participate during a 1-month period. Demographic data, characteristics of organ failures (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment subscore greater than or equal to 3), and organ supports were collected on all patients who died in the intensive care unit. Modes of death were defined as anticipated (after withdrawal or withholding of treatment or brain death) or unexpected (despite engagement of full-level care or sudden refractory cardiac arrest). A total of 698 patients were included during the study period. At the time of death, 84% ha...

To describe the admission factors associated with prolonged (&gt;14 days) intensive care unit (ICU) stay (PIS). Retrospective analysis of 3257 admissions during a 1.5-year period in a tertiary hospital. We tested the association between clinically relevant variables and PIS (&gt;14 days) through binary logistic regression using the backward method. A Kaplan-Meier curve and the log-rank test were used to compare hospital outcomes for ICU survivors between patients with and without PIS. In total, 6.6% of all admissions had a prolonged stay, consuming over 40% of all ICU bed-days. Illness severity; respiratory support at admission; performance status; readmission; admission from a ward, emergency room or other hospital; admission due to intracranial mass effect; severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and the temperature at admission were all associated with PIS in a multivariate analysis. The created model had a good area under the curve (0.82) and was calibrated (Hosmer-Lemesho...

As most critically ill or injured patients will require some degree of sedation, the goal of this paper was to comprehensively review the literature associated with use of sedative agents in the intensive care unit (ICU). The first and selected latter portions of this article present a narrative overview of the shifting paradigm in ICU sedation practices, indications for uninterrupted or prolonged ICU sedation, and the pharmacology of sedative agents. In the second portion, we conducted a structured, although not entirely systematic, review of the available evidence associated with use of alternative sedative agents in critically ill or injured adults. Data sources for this review were derived by searching OVID MEDLINE and PubMed from their first available date until May 2012 for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses and economic evaluations.

A review of the literature was undertaken to determine the existence of any evidence to support cooling strategies used in the ICU • The focus of the review was to examine previous findings on the specific problems of cooling patients with severe cerebral insult • Cooling methods that use external physical cooling strategies as well as the effects of antipyretics and vasoactive drugs were examined • Overall, it would appear that conclusions for practice remain unclear • The findings led to the implementation of a pilot study, the findings of which will be discussed in Part 2

Background: This study aimed to test the preliminary psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Assessment Pain Scale (MAPS), a clinical instrument developed for assessing postoperative pain in critically ill preverbal children. Methods: The MAPS was developed using pain indicators observed in postoperative critically ill infants. Content validity was established by a panel of experts. The scale was tested for validity and reliability in 43 postoperative children aged 0-31 months admitted to the pediatric intensive care units of two tertiary referral hospitals. Pain was measured concurrently by three independent assessors using the MAPS, the Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, and Consolability scale (FLACC) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to assess concurrent and convergent validity. Results: Internal consistency was moderate (r ¼ 0.68). Interrater reliability of the MAPS was good (j: 0.68-0.84) for all categories and moderate for breathing pattern (j ¼ 0.54). Excellent interrater reliability was shown for total MAPS (intraclass correlation 0.91). Agreement measurements between MAPS and FLACC, and MAPS and VAS showed that the risk of measurement error was small. Conclusion: Although initial psychometric testing of the MAPS shows promising results, the tool requires further psychometric testing, including responsiveness to analgesic effect (currently in progress).

F Fe ec ca al l I In nc co on nt ti in ne en nc ce e i in n A Ac cu ut te el ly y a an nd d C Cr ri it ti ic ca al ll ly y I Il ll l P Pa at ti ie en nt ts s: : O Op pt ti io on ns s i in n M Ma an na ag ge em me en nt t C aring for acutely or critically ill patients with fecal incontinence is a daunting task that consumes substantial caregiver time and erodes patient comfort, self-image, and strength. Families and significant others often also are distressed by the evident patient discomfort, odor, and stigma associated with lack of bowel control. To avoid or minimize complications, fecal leakage, stool containment, and skin integrity must be addressed. This article reviews the etiologies of chronic and transient fecal incontinence, especially diarrhea; describes the pathophysiological and overall patient consequences of fecal incontinence; and discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and selection/rejection criteria for contemporary management options.

Background and objectives: Risk analysis for medical devices is a crucial process to grant adequate levels of safety. Identification of device exposure-related hazards is one of the main objectives. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: Hazard analysis for hemodialysis devices has been performed by a multidisciplinary team involving engineers and clinical experts. A potential harm list was identified from clinical and technical experience, postproduction information, and literature. Various hazardous situations (circumstances when the use of the dialysis device may lead to described harms) were described. Such hazardous situations were correlated to the extent of the deviation of a specific device parameter from expected ranges. The clinical severity that was relevant to any specific harm was categorized for each hazardous situation using a descriptive and numerical scale with five levels (from negligible [i.e., discomfort only] to catastrophic [i.e., potentially lethal]). Results: Harms in which the deviation of a parameter strictly coincides with the clinically measured effect on the patient are defined as "direct." Otherwise, when another clinical parameter must be involved to quantify severity, the related harm is considered "indirect." Two complete examples of multidisciplinary evaluation for severity of hazards (MESH) are given for a direct harm (air embolism) and for an indirect harm (hypothermia). For other harms, the maximum value of severity involved is provided. Conclusions: MESH represents a possible example of risk management for dialysis equipment in which, although the manufacturer is directly responsible, a multidisciplinary task force may contribute to a better link between engineering and clinical perspectives.

Critical illness polyneuromypathy has not previously been reported as a complication of diabetic coma. We describe a patient with hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma (HONK) complicating gram-negative sepsis in whom persistent coma and profound tetraplegia caused considerable concern. Although, initially, it was feared that the patient had suffered a central neurological complication such as stroke or cerebral oedema, a diagnosis of critical illness motor syndrome (CIMS) was subsequently confirmed neurophysiologically. Profound limb weakness associated with HONK is not necessarily due to a catastrophic cerebral event, rather it may be a result of CIMS, which has an excellent prognosis for full neurological recovery.

A 31-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital for investigation of left lower limb thrombophlebitis. History, physical examination, and laboratory investigations led to the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), complicated by secondary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Treatment included steroids, azathioprine, aspirin, and low molecular weight heparin. Sixty-three days later, she was admitted to the hospital again because of high fever, macroscopic hematuria, and dyspnea. Laboratory testing showed anemia and impaired renal function. High-resolution chest computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral multiple peribronchial infiltrates with hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) angiography of the kidneys revealed left renal vein thrombosis combined with ischemia of the left kidney. Cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone pulse treatment as well as intravenous immunoglobulins were started immediately. Despite intensive immunosuppressive and supportive treatment, she suffered three relapses of alveolar hemorrhage and died on day 40, due to severe intracerebral bleeding. The final diagnosis was catastrophic APS with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and kidney involvement. The unusual combination of recurrent alveolar hemorrhage and death from intracerebral hemorrhage rather than thrombosis in a CAPS patient is discussed.

Objectives: Critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients who are unsuitable for intervention face the dire prospect of primary amputation. Sequential compression biomechanical device (SCBD) therapy provides a limb salvage option for these patients. This study assessed the outcome of SCBD in severe CLI patients who otherwise would face an amputation. Primary end points were limb salvage and 30-day mortality. Secondary end points were hemodynamic outcomes (increase in popliteal artery flow and toe pressure), ulcer healing, quality-adjusted time without symptoms of disease or toxicity of treatment (Q-TwiST), and cost-effectiveness. Methods: From 2004 to 2009, we assessed 4538 patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Of these, 707 had CLI, 518 underwent intervention, and 189 were not suitable for any intervention. A total of 171 patients joined the SCBD program for 3 months. Results: All patients were Rutherford category >4. Median follow-up was 13 months. Mean toe pressure increased from 39.9 to 55.42 mm Hg, with a mean difference in toe pressure of 15.49 mm Hg (P ‫؍‬ .0001). Mean popliteal flow increased from 35.44 to 55.91 cm/s, with mean difference in popliteal flow of 20.47 cm/s (P < .0001). Mortality at 30 days was 0.6%. Median amputation-free survival was 18 months. Limb salvage at 3.5 years was 94%. Freedom from major adverse clinical events (MACE) at 4.5 years was 62.5%. We treated 171 patients with SCBD at a cost of €681,948, with an estimated median per-patient cost of treatment with SCBD of €3988. Conclusion: SCBD therapy is a cost-effective and clinically efficacious solution in CLI patients with no option of revascularization. It provides adequate limb salvage and ameliorated amputation-free survival while providing relief of rest pain without any intervention.

Adaptive support ventilation (ASV) is a closed loop mode of mechanical ventilation (MV) that provides a target minute ventilation by automatically adapting inspiratory pressure and respiratory rate with the minimum work of breathing for the patient. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ASV on total MV duration when compared to Pressure Assist/Control Ventilation (P-ACV). Adult medical patients intubated and mechanically ventilated for more than 24 hours in a medical ICU were randomized either to ASV or P-ACV. Sedation and medical treatment were standardized for each group. Primary outcome was the total MV duration. Secondary outcomes were the weaning duration, number of manual settings of the ventilator and weaning success rates. Two hundred and twenty nine patients were included. Median MV duration until weaning, weaning and total MV duration were significantly shorter in the ASV group [67 (43-94) vs. 92 (61-165) hours, p= 0.003; 2 (2-2) vs. 2 (2-80) hours, p=0.001 ...