Computer Aided Drawing

Scope & Topics Computer-aided technologies (CAx) mean the use of computer technology to aid in the design, analysis and manufacture various products. International Journal of Computer-Aided technologies (IJCAx) is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Aided technologies such as CAD, CAM, CAIM,CAR, CARD, CASE etc. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Aided technologies. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced CAx tools and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in all Computer Aided technologies

Despite the availability of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems, paper-based sketching is still widely used during conceptual design due to its efficiency in externalizing form solutions. The main reason attributed to this is that the user-interface of most CAD systems follows the WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing device) paradigm which does not support freehand form sketching as input on normal paper. Yet CAD systems still offer advantages for early form design such as threedimensional (3D) model visualization. Thus designers would greatly benefit if the advantages of manual sketching are combined with those of CAD. However, due to various factors, such as the idiosyncratic style of sketching, computer processing of handmade sketches becomes difficult. At the same time, although drawing standards are available for detail design, standards for early form sketching are unavailable. To address the above issues, this paper reports ongoing research aimed at providing a drawing standard to seamlessly link early form sketching on paper with 3D modelling technology. The paper provides an overall picture of the state-of-the-art approaches to early form sketching. A drawing standard has been developed to address the identified deficiencies of current approaches. The developed standard specifies what is required both for the process of drawing and the representation of form in the resulting drawing, i.e. the early form sketch. Besides from providing 3D models directly from paper sketches, such a standard has been found useful for collaborative design. Evaluation results indicate what aspects of the proposed drawing standard require improvements.

CBIR (Content-Based Image Retrieval) is an image retrieval method that exploits the feature vector of the image as the retrieval index, which is based upon the content, including colors, textures, shapes and distributions of objects in the image, etc. The implementation of the image feature vector and the searching process take a great influence upon the efficiency and result of the CBIR. In this paper, we are introducing a new CBIR system called ISE based on the optimum combination of color and texture descriptors, in order to improve the quality of image recovery using the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO). Our system operates also the Interactive Genetic Approach (GA) for a better research output. The performance analysis shows that the suggested 'DC' method upgrades the average precision metric from 66.6% to 89.50% for the Food category color histogram, from 77.7% to 100% concerning CCV for the Flower category, and from 44.4% to 67.65% regarding co-occurrence matrix for the Building category using the Corel data set. Besides, our ISE system showcases an average precision of% 95.43 which is significantly higher than other CBIR systems presented in related works.

The Ministry of Health Department had put in a lot of effort in promoting a better lifestyle among Malaysia society through public service announce campaign that include anti-dengue campaign throughout media, but the public doesn't care and less participated in efforts to eliminate and reduce the cases of dengue fever that gong increase yearly. The government has spent almost RM 1.7 million in 2010 for media promotion in providing information about aedes mosquito that involves various approaches, most of them are emotional appeal, and it clearly applies in educating people about prevention, treatment and awareness as a vector that carries dengue virus. All this approach is objectively to ask public in adopting positive attitude to prevent the issue. The purpose of the study is to analyze and determine the advertising• approach on existing anti dengue camping by Department of Health Promotion in Ministry of Health Malaysia. To conduct this study, a mixed method approach was emplo...

CBIR (Content-Based Image Retrieval) is an image retrieval method that exploits the feature vector of the image as the retrieval index, which is based upon the content, including colors, textures, shapes and distributions of objects in the image, etc. The implementation of the image feature vector and the searching process take a great influence upon the efficiency and result of the CBIR. In this paper, we are introducing a new CBIR system called ISE based on the optimum combination of color and texture descriptors, in order to improve the quality of image recovery using the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO). Our system operates also the Interactive Genetic Approach (GA) for a better research output. The performance analysis shows that the suggested 'DC' method upgrades the average precision metric from 66.6% to 89.50% for the Food category color histogram, from 77.7% to 100% concerning CCV for the Flower category, and from 44.4% to 67.65% regarding co-occurrence matrix for the Building category using the Corel data set. Besides, our ISE system showcases an average precision of% 95.43 which is significantly higher than other CBIR systems presented in related works.

Objective: This study includes a survey study on the effectiveness of the landscape design process of traditional and computer aided drawing tools by landscape architecture students. The research hypothesis, the traditional drawing tools in the process of landscape design, continue to be used in certain parts of the process. However, the computer aided drawing tools are currently used more effectively and more frequently. Materials and Methods: In order to test this hypothesis, a questionnaire was applied to the students of the department of landscape architecture. In order to reveal the effectiveness of drawing tools in the design process, a total of 111 landscape architecture students took part in a survey which included 68 questions. As a result of the survey, students' attitudes towards drawing tools were revealed. The questionnaire consists of 21 multiple-choice question, 5 open-ended questions, and 42 questions on the ranking positive sentences by degrees. The data was evaluated using SPSS program (version 15.0). Man-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests were applied in order to compare the two drawing tools according to the data of the 5th and 6th chapters and to reveal the differences in preference to gender discrimination. Results: The survey participants consisted of 72 females (64.9%) and 39 males (35.1%) students. The majority of the respondents with 53 people were from the third year, 5 th semester students. Determining in which stages of the design process, which of the drawing tools they prefer to use. As a result of the survey, it was found that 91% of the students were more positive about computer aided drawing tools. Conclusion: According to the results of the survey, it is certain that the computer aided drawing tools are considered more favourable. However, 92,8% think that traditional drawing tools and computer aided drawing tools can be used together during the student design process.

Despite the availability of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems, paper-based sketching is still widely used during conceptual design due to its efficiency in externalizing form solutions. The main reason attributed to this is that the user-interface of most CAD systems follows the WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing device) paradigm which does not support freehand form sketching as input on normal paper. Yet CAD systems still offer advantages for early form design such as threedimensional (3D) model visualization. Thus designers would greatly benefit if the advantages of manual sketching are combined with those of CAD. However, due to various factors, such as the idiosyncratic style of sketching, computer processing of handmade sketches becomes difficult. At the same time, although drawing standards are available for detail design, standards for early form sketching are unavailable. To address the above issues, this paper reports ongoing research aimed at providing a drawing standard to seamlessly link early form sketching on paper with 3D modelling technology. The paper provides an overall picture of the state-of-the-art approaches to early form sketching. A drawing standard has been developed to address the identified deficiencies of current approaches. The developed standard specifies what is required both for the process of drawing and the representation of form in the resulting drawing, i.e. the early form sketch. Besides from providing 3D models directly from paper sketches, such a standard has been found useful for collaborative design. Evaluation results indicate what aspects of the proposed drawing standard require improvements.

Basic design education retains its seminal role in most of the architectural curricula today. Having the primary goal of getting acquainted students with knowledge and skills of design basics, basic design education supports the development of creative ways of thinking combined with hands-on learning experiences. The assignments address the articulation of the basic design in 2D and 3D elements such as lines, planes, volumes, structures and forms, while students are encouraged to experiment the potentials of different materials and techniques. Course included 9 different 2D and 3D exercises that focus on design principles and elements together by adding different design problems in process. For instance, structural problems as self-standing or modular 3D units' penetrations and strengthens for complex design problems are added for further assignments in the schedule. In this process 'creativity development' is assessed and evaluated by considering the whole course schedule at the example of individual student assignments. The objective of this paper is to make an analysis of creativity development with regard to the assessment and evaluation procedures, taking the process and products of a basic design studio as a case study. The methodological framework of this paper is based on the examination of two sets of data; (1) 'quantitative data' that includes the grades of assignments that are designed as part of ARCH 101 Design course of architecture program at Özyeğin University Faculty of Architecture and Design in "ARCH 101 in Fall term of 2017-2018 academic program; (2) 'qualitative data' that includes the studio observations and reflective interpretations of instructors regarding the creativity development process for individually student assignments. Grades give the idea of which student exercise has been understood well and reached its learning objectives by considering the whole class. Majority tendency of the grades help assessment of the schedule from the aspect of creativity development. The evaluation of creativity includes manifold aspects of assessment. Teachers' style, schedule of the course, personal factors such as students' personal backgrounds, former education, and the styles of thinking and learning, being individual or collective are all effective on creativity.

Evident boost in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry now is possible using BIM concept-Building Information Modelling. A similar workflow under a term Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is known for quite a time. Successful introduction of these technologies require extensive application of 3D geometric models. Development of spatial imagination and 3D models by means of CAD systems should be tackled in the engineering courses. Universities have to participate more actively in the process of faster implementation of these technologies into life. A common background knowledge required to handle this problem is a development of spatial visualization skills since in the backbone of the both these concepts there is a three-dimensional (3D) geometric model or database. The former classic university courses like descriptive geometry and engineering graphics used in the last century have undergone considerable reduction in credit points, sometimes caused by administrative orders or experienced decent content changes dictated by IT achievements. However, development of the spatial comprehension and visualization skills should not be under estimated in the future syllabuses, because they are crucial for 3D modelling in a wide range of engineering applications. The paper will share an experience about recent research about teaching spatial comprehension, 3D visualization and CAD communication skills in technical universities. Results of the experience gained from a 2011 Fulbright Scholarship teaching and research project about the measuring the engineering graphics literacy skills and further application in practice are represented as well. The paper will focus on a review of adopted and tested teaching methods and approaches rather than detailed analysis of the situation in general.

According to UNESCO "Earthen architecture is one of the most original and powerful expressions of our ability to create a built environment with readily available resources. It includes a great variety of structures, ranging from mosques, palaces and granaries, to historic city centres, cultural landscapes and archaeological sites" (WHEAP, 2007). This contribution looks at developing effective methods for recording earthen historic structures for their rehabilitation and preservation using the Kuño Tambo church in Peru, which is a Peruvian national historic site that requires serious rehabilitation work, as a case study. This project describes the compilation of an effective metric record of the "state-of-conservation"-"as found" of wall paintings in this important and remote building using a toolbox of different 'off-the-shelf' heritage recording techniques. This approach was applied by Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), as part of the Earthen Architecture Initiative of the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI).

In recent years, a number of researchers have reported that there has been an increasing interest in incorporating three dinlensional computer graphics (3D CG) features in various applications from different areas. In the broadcasting industry, the growing demand to produce a TV content which integrates the 3D CG elements leads to a further improvement of the product. Designers need to identify creative approaches to present the content creatively and meaningfully. Narrative structured content that uses 3D CGas the visual signs are expected to be acceptable by the audience due to its characteristics that able to engage them emotionally and encourage their perceptive abilities. However, the narrative structure should be able to represent the designated content effectively in order to offer novel experience to the viewers. This study seeks to find the relations of visual signs that use 3D CG with the narrative structured designed for the adhan recitation on TV network. Qualitative interpretative approach is used to find the latent meaning of the visual signs. Since the adhan recitation in local TV networks has never been created using entirely 3D CG features, lnost likely it will acquire significant reaction by the viewers both emotionally and perceptively.

I present a novel drawing system for composing and rendering perspective scenes. The proposed approach uses a projective two-dimensional representation for primitives rather than a conventional three-dimensional description. This representation is based on points that lie on the surface of a unit sphere centered at the viewpoint. It allows drawings to be composed with the same ease as traditional illustrations, while providing many of the advantages of a three-dimensional model. I describe a range of user-interface tools and interaction techniques that give the drawing system its three-dimensional-like capabilities. The system provides vanishing point guides and perspective grids to aid in drawing freehand strokes and composing perspective scenes. The system also has tools for intuitive navigation of a virtual camera, as well as methods for manipulating drawn primitives so that they appear to undergo three-dimensional translations and rotations. The new representation also supports automatic shading of primitives using either realistic or non-photorealistic styles. My system supports drawing and shading of extrusion surfaces with automatic hidden surface removal and emphasized silhouettes. Casting shadows from an infinite light source is also possible with minimal user intervention. I describe a method for aligning a sketch drawn outside the system using its vanishing points, allowing the integration of computer sketching and freehand sketching on paper in an iterative manner. Photographs and scanned drawings are applied to drawing primitives using conventional texture-mapping techniques, thereby enriching drawings and providing another way of incorporating hand-drawn images. I demonstrate the system with a variety of drawings.

THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, through the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (formerly the National Bureau of Standards) has long been active in developing standards for information sciences. Recently, several government organizations, particularly the Department of Defense (DoD), have begun using their enormous buying power to enforce standards on automatic data processing (ADP) hardware and software vendors and the contractors that use them. The most forceful of these programs is the DoD Computer-Aided Acquisition and Logistic Support (CALS) program.

Despite the availability of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems, paper-based sketching is still widely used during conceptual design due to its efficiency in externalizing form solutions. The main reason attributed to this is that the user-interface of most CAD systems follows the WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing device) paradigm which does not support freehand form sketching as input on normal paper. Yet CAD systems still offer advantages for early form design such as threedimensional (3D) model visualization. Thus designers would greatly benefit if the advantages of manual sketching are combined with those of CAD. However, due to various factors, such as the idiosyncratic style of sketching, computer processing of handmade sketches becomes difficult. At the same time, although drawing standards are available for detail design, standards for early form sketching are unavailable. To address the above issues, this paper reports ongoing research aimed at providing a drawing standard to seamlessly link early form sketching on paper with 3D modelling technology. The paper provides an overall picture of the state-of-the-art approaches to early form sketching. A drawing standard has been developed to address the identified deficiencies of current approaches. The developed standard specifies what is required both for the process of drawing and the representation of form in the resulting drawing, i.e. the early form sketch. Besides from providing 3D models directly from paper sketches, such a standard has been found useful for collaborative design. Evaluation results indicate what aspects of the proposed drawing standard require improvements.

According to UNESCO "Earthen architecture is one of the most original and powerful expressions of our ability to create a built environment with readily available resources. It includes a great variety of structures, ranging from mosques, palaces and granaries, to historic city centres, cultural landscapes and archaeological sites" (WHEAP, 2007). This contribution looks at developing effective methods for recording earthen historic structures for their rehabilitation and preservation using the Kuño Tambo church in Peru, which is a Peruvian national historic site that requires serious rehabilitation work, as a case study. This project describes the compilation of an effective metric record of the "state-of-conservation"-"as found" of wall paintings in this important and remote building using a toolbox of different 'off-the-shelf' heritage recording techniques. This approach was applied by Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), as part of the Earthen Architecture Initiative of the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI).

La extraordinaria difusión del dibujo y modelado por ordenador en la última década, hasta llegar a hacerlos prácticamente universales, ofrece la oportunidad de una reforma profunda de los métodos y los programas docentes de las materias que giran alrededor de la representación de la arquitectura, y de la Geometría Descriptiva en. particular. A grandes rasgos, se están dando dos reacciones opuestas ante esta situación. Algunos profesores parecen entender que este estado de cosas no afecta a la docencia de la Geometría Descriptiva, puesto que los métodos de la disciplina son igualmente válidos si se materializan por medio del lápiz o del dibujo por ordenador en dos dimensiones.

Due to the advantages it offers, a sketch-based user-interface (UI) has been utilised in various domains, such as 3D modelling, 'graphical user-interface' design, 3D animation of cartoon characters, etc. However, its benefits have not yet been adequately exploited with those of a mobile phone, despite that the latter is nowadays a widely used wireless handheld device for mobile communication. Given this scenario, this paper discloses a novel approach of using a paper sketch-based UI, which combines the benefits of paper sketching and those of a cameraphone (a mobile phone with an integrated camera), in the domain of 'early form' design modelling. More specifically, the framework disclosed and evaluated in this paper, enables users to remotely obtain visual representations of 3D geometric models from freehand sketches by combining the portability of paper with that of cameraphones. Based on this framework, a prototype tool has been implemented and evaluated. Despite t...

Sketching interface tools are developed to allow designers to benefit from the powerful computational tools available in computer aided design systems. However, despite the number of sketching tools such as PDAs and Tablet PCs available on market, designers typically create a number of initial conceptual ideas using paper-based sketches and scribbles such that these tools remain inaccessible to designers in the early design stages. In this paper we describe a profile-driven, paper-based sketching interface which infers the 3D geometry of objects drawn by designers using the traditional pen and paper sketching. We show that by making full use of the shape information present in the scribbled drawing, it is possible to obtain a paper-based sketching interface that retains the simplicity of the earlystage design drawings while allowing for the modeling of a variety of object shapes.

The contemporary generation of students reluctantly uses traditional teaching tools such as textbooks, which makes it necessary to create interactive training materials using modern technologies. This article presents the experience of creation of interactive educational materials for graphical engineering disciplines, which is aimed for students of colleges and vocational schools. In the material developing, the didactic experience of technical universities teachers from five countries has been summarized. Elaborators of this course have got joint goals of improvement of quality of education and solving similar problems of fast and efficient presentation of educational material acceptable to the modern generation of students.

According to UNESCO "Earthen architecture is one of the most original and powerful expressions of our ability to create a built environment with readily available resources. It includes a great variety of structures, ranging from mosques, palaces and granaries, to historic city centres, cultural landscapes and archaeological sites" (WHEAP, 2007). This contribution looks at developing effective methods for recording earthen historic structures for their rehabilitation and preservation using the Kuño Tambo church in Peru, which is a Peruvian national historic site that requires serious rehabilitation work, as a case study. This project describes the compilation of an effective metric record of the "state-of-conservation"-"as found" of wall paintings in this important and remote building using a toolbox of different 'off-the-shelf' heritage recording techniques. This approach was applied by Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), as part of the Earthen Architecture Initiative of the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI).

Heritage recording serves as a basis for methodologies regarding diagnosis, treatment and preservation of historic places and contributes to make posterity records of our built cultural heritage. This work is not a stand-alone practice, but a part of the overall conservation of cultural heritage. Recording of heritage places should be directly related to the needs, skills and the technology that are available to the end users that are responsible for the management and care of these sites. They should be selected in a way that the future protectors of these sites can also access and use the data that is collected. This contribution explains an innovative heritage recording approach applied by Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS) in the documentation of an earthen complex, the Kasbah of Taourirt in Ouarzazate, Morocco as part of the Earthen Architecture Initiative of the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI). The selected recording techniques used were carried out according to the requirements of the Moroccan team (CERKAS) in charge of the study and protection of the chosen site documented.

In recent years, a number of researchers have reported that there has been an increasing interest in incorporating three dinlensional computer graphics (3D CG) features in various applications from different areas. In the broadcasting industry, the growing demand to produce a TV content which integrates the 3D CG elements leads to a further improvement of the product. Designers need to identify creative approaches to present the content creatively and meaningfully. Narrative structured content that uses 3D CGas the visual signs are expected to be acceptable by the audience due to its characteristics that able to engage them emotionally and encourage their perceptive abilities. However, the narrative structure should be able to represent the designated content effectively in order to offer novel experience to the viewers. This study seeks to find the relations of visual signs that use 3D CG with the narrative structured designed for the adhan recitation on TV network. Qualitative interpretative approach is used to find the latent meaning of the visual signs. Since the adhan recitation in local TV networks has never been created using entirely 3D CG features, lnost likely it will acquire significant reaction by the viewers both emotionally and perceptively.

The sketching activity has an important role in conceptual design and a variety of tools exist which help designers to facilitate the generation of 3D models form sketched drawings. This paper describes a new sketch-to-3D tool, which uses annotations to aid the interpretation of the drawing. Over-traced lines present in the designer's scribbles provide an interpretation challenge, which must be resolved in order to obtain 3D models from these sketches. Perceptual grouping techniques used to interpret such images require that the drawing is represented as vectors. These are generally obtained through thinning or edge detection. However, we show that processing scribbles using these techniques result in a large number of vectors which do not provide a faithful representation of the drawing. This paper investigates the use of the co-occurrence matrix to perceptually simplify these drawings, thus obtaining a smaller number of vectors which describe the drawing more faithfully.

Drawing tools used in the design process are continually changing as a result of developments in technology. Computer aided drawing tools offer new capabilities to users as an alternative to traditional drawing tools that have been used to this day. These new capabilities are of a nature significantly affecting the design process. This study examines the effective use of traditional and computer aided drawing tools in the landscape design process. In this respect the scope of the study includes design, design processes and drawing tools. Especially, under favour of rapid developments in information technology in the last 20 years, design process has become shorter, achieving a solution has become easier and there were presentations which have been produced in higher visual quality.

El objetivo de este trabajo es describir una nueva forma de enseñar dibujo a mano alzada con tableta-PC, aplicada al Dibujo Arquitectónico, después de documentar las deficiencias de los estudiantes en esta disciplina y su afinidad por los medios digitales. Para combinar esos conocimientos, mejorar el rendimiento académico en esta asignatura troncal, se ha probado, en un estudio de caso una nueva metodología. Basándose en esta experiencia, se han obtenido resultados con valores por encima de la habitual que demuestran la viabilidad y eficacia de nuestra propuesta. Palabras clave: Tecnología educativa. Multimedia aprendizaje. El diseño arquitectónico. The objective of this work is to outline a new way of teaching freehand drawing, using tablet-PC to be applied to architectural drawings, after documenting the deficiencies of students in this discipline and its affinity for digital media. To combine such skills, improve academic performance in this core subject, we have tested in a case study a new methodology. Based on this experience, have been obtained results with values above the usual that demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of our proposal.

The work introduces modeling in AutoCAD as one of the most adapted CAD for professional designers and architects, as well as for beginners. The creation of associative drawings of a building object in AutoCAD based on its 3D model is considered. When developing a building model, the technology of 2D block parametrization was applied, an associative array was used and both solid and surface modeling were implemented. The article introduces the possibility of creating a 3D dynamic block based on associative surfaces in an environment of flat parameterization of AutoCAD. The great importance of organization of work "on layers", with blocks, was noted. The photorealistic visualization of the building and its section with staging the scene was performed: by creation of light sources, assignment of materials, construction of shadows and insertion of a background. The article familiarizes construction students and design engineers with progressive methods of work in AutoCAD while developing the graphic part of the architectural and construction project, which allows one to speed up the implementation of all design processes.

Evident boost in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry now is possible using BIM concept-Building Information Modelling. A similar workflow under a term Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is known for quite a time. Successful introduction of these technologies require extensive application of 3D geometric models. Development of spatial imagination and 3D models by means of CAD systems should be tackled in the engineering courses. Universities have to participate more actively in the process of faster implementation of these technologies into life. A common background knowledge required to handle this problem is a development of spatial visualization skills since in the backbone of the both these concepts there is a three-dimensional (3D) geometric model or database. The former classic university courses like descriptive geometry and engineering graphics used in the last century have undergone considerable reduction in credit points, sometimes caused by administrative orders or experienced decent content changes dictated by IT achievements. However, development of the spatial comprehension and visualization skills should not be under estimated in the future syllabuses, because they are crucial for 3D modelling in a wide range of engineering applications. The paper will share an experience about recent research about teaching spatial comprehension, 3D visualization and CAD communication skills in technical universities. Results of the experience gained from a 2011 Fulbright Scholarship teaching and research project about the measuring the engineering graphics literacy skills and further application in practice are represented as well. The paper will focus on a review of adopted and tested teaching methods and approaches rather than detailed analysis of the situation in general.

Documenting the physical characteristics of historic structures is the first step for any preventive maintenance, monitoring, conservation, planning and promotion action. Metric documentation supports informative decision-making process for property owners, site managers, public officials, and conservators. This information serves also a broader purpose, over time, it becomes the primary means by which scholars, heritage professionals, and the general public understand a site that radically changed or disappeared. Further, documentation supports monitoring as well as the character-defining elements analysis, relevant to define the values of the building for the local and international community. The awareness of these concepts oriented the digital documentation and training activities, developed between 2016 and 2017, for the Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities (BACA) in Bahrain. The developed activities had two main aims: a) support the local staff in using specific recor...

Retrieving the image based on the content is one of the most significant research fields in the digital image processing area. The image retrieval is becoming an innovative and quickest way of retrieving the image. Many digital images and videos are uploaded and transitioned everyday, because of the social networking medium development. Google, Yahoo and many search engines are accessing the large collection of database based on the textual annotation. These images are annotated manually with keywords, descriptions and then the images are retrieved using text-based searching methods. Therefore, performances of these systems are not satisfactory. So, we need new techniques. These techniques will easy to handle the data and can easily access the data. The CBIR method is working on the basis of particular image feature such as color, texture and shape which are derived automatically. It uses digital processing and analysis to automatically generate descriptions directly from the media data. This paper represents how the implementation of image retrieval is done based on the content.

Evident boost in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry now is possible using BIM concept-Building Information Modelling. A similar workflow under a term Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is known for quite a time. Successful introduction of these technologies require extensive application of 3D geometric models. Development of spatial imagination and 3D models by means of CAD systems should be tackled in the engineering courses. Universities have to participate more actively in the process of faster implementation of these technologies into life. A common background knowledge required to handle this problem is a development of spatial visualization skills since in the backbone of the both these concepts there is a three-dimensional (3D) geometric model or database. The former classic university courses like descriptive geometry and engineering graphics used in the last century have undergone considerable reduction in credit points, sometimes caused by administrative orders or experienced decent content changes dictated by IT achievements. However, development of the spatial comprehension and visualization skills should not be under estimated in the future syllabuses, because they are crucial for 3D modelling in a wide range of engineering applications. The paper will share an experience about recent research about teaching spatial comprehension, 3D visualization and CAD communication skills in technical universities. Results of the experience gained from a 2011 Fulbright Scholarship teaching and research project about the measuring the engineering graphics literacy skills and further application in practice are represented as well. The paper will focus on a review of adopted and tested teaching methods and approaches rather than detailed analysis of the situation in general.

According to UNESCO "Earthen architecture is one of the most original and powerful expressions of our ability to create a built environment with readily available resources. It includes a great variety of structures, ranging from mosques, palaces and granaries, to historic city centres, cultural landscapes and archaeological sites" (WHEAP, 2007). This contribution looks at developing effective methods for recording earthen historic structures for their rehabilitation and preservation using the Kuño Tambo church in Peru, which is a Peruvian national historic site that requires serious rehabilitation work, as a case study. This project describes the compilation of an effective metric record of the "state-of-conservation"-"as found" of wall paintings in this important and remote building using a toolbox of different 'off-the-shelf' heritage recording techniques. This approach was applied by Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), as part of the Earthen Architecture Initiative of the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI).

According to UNESCO "Earthen architecture is one of the most original and powerful expressions of our ability to create a built environment with readily available resources. It includes a great variety of structures, ranging from mosques, palaces and granaries, to historic city centres, cultural landscapes and archaeological sites" (WHEAP, 2007). This contribution looks at developing effective methods for recording earthen historic structures for their rehabilitation and preservation using the Kuño Tambo church in Peru, which is a Peruvian national historic site that requires serious rehabilitation work, as a case study. This project describes the compilation of an effective metric record of the "state-of-conservation"-"as found" of wall paintings in this important and remote building using a toolbox of different 'off-the-shelf' heritage recording techniques. This approach was applied by Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), as part of the Earthen Architecture Initiative of the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI).

The search for material referring specifically to documentation issues in the world of heritage conservation is a difficult one. If, moreover, this research were restricted to the documentation of mural paintings, it would be truly impossible due to the lack of references. It is therefore necessary to refer to codes and norms relating to the architectural context and to identify methodological affinities. Indeed, principles and methods of documentation are never confined to a particular type of heritage. (...)

The widespread of smart devices along with the exponential growth of virtual societies yield big digital image databases. These databases can be counter-productive if they are not coupled with efficient Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) tools. The last decade has witnessed the introduction of promising CBIR systems and promoted applications in various fields. In this article, a survey on state of the art content based image retrieval including empirical and theoretical work is proposed. This work also includes publications that cover research aspects relevant to CBIR area. Namely, unsupervised and supervised learning and fusion techniques along with lowlevel image visual descriptors have been reported. Moreover, challenges and applications that emerged to support CBIR research have been discussed in this work.

SPACE International Conference 2021 on Computer Aided Design in Architecture and Urban Planning will be held in London (online) on 26-27 February 2021. SPACE Conferences always attract a substantial
number of participants from all over the world. Thus, the Conference establishes an ideal platform to recent advances and research results in the fields of computer aided design, architecture and urban planning. The scientific quality of the Conference provided by SPACE International Advisory Board and the variety of the topics are the most important reasons behind this success of the series.

SPACE Studies of Planning and Architecture invites researchers, planners, architects and social partners to share their knowledge and experiences from their fields of expertise according to the topics of the Conference, but not limited to.

In this report, I describe and demonstrate in detail my reasoning and approach to 3D-Modeling and designing the first prototype of the proposed Left-Handed Friendly Foldable Integrated Desk Chair, along with technical drawings attached in the end of the report. These are my personal design notes that I submitted at the end of the Integrated design course in the department of Mechanical Engineering at Korea University.

Computer-aided technologies (CAx) mean the use of computer technology to aid in the design, analysis and manufacture various products. International Journal of Computer-Aided technologies (IJCAx)  is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Aided technologies such as CAD, CAM, CAIM,CAR, CARD, CASE etc. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Aided technologies. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced CAx tools and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in all Computer Aided technologies

The AutoCAD 2018 for Architectural Design book helps users to learn AutoCAD in a project-based approach. It is written for students and engineers who are interested to learn AutoCAD 2018 for creating two dimensional architectural drawings and three dimensional models. The topics covered in this book are as follows:

Invention of digital technology has lead to increase in the number of images that can be stored in digital format. So searching and retrieving images in large image databases has become more challenging. From the last few years, Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) gained increasing attention from researcher. CBIR is a system which uses visual features of image to search user required image from large image database and user's requests in the form of a query image. Important features of images are colour, texture and shape which give detailed information about the image. CBIR techniques using different feature extraction techniques are discussed in this paper.

The Alliance Framework makes it easier and more accessible for local organizations to create and share documentation concerning locally significant historic and cultural resources with the general public. Traditional forms of documentation, such as historic texts, photographs and maps, are typically reserved in archives that are not easily accessible. This, in a way, restricts the public from connecting with the past. The Alliance Framework guides users through the creation of emerging forms of documentation, specifically three-dimensional photogrammetric models and computer aided line drawings, as a way of complementing traditional documentation sources. Both forms of documentation are then formatted and organized for dissemination through an online exhibit powered by Omeka, an online digital archiving platform. This interactive experience provides visitors with a more comprehensive understanding of the site they are researching in an easily accessible, engaging way. By taking advantage of technological advancements, local cultural resources can be highlighted in the same way larger, more well-known state, heritage sites are, allowing them to be experienced regardless of location or physical access.

Resumen: La tarea de definición de un modelo geométrico es habitual como paso inicial en el proceso de diseño de objetos (piezas de máquina, etc). La adecuación del modelo generado y la compatibilidad geométrica tridimensional del objeto que se construye interactivamente en un procesador geométrico informático, se consigue mantener habitualmente restringiendo y guiando las acciones del usuario durante el modelado.

This paper presents a simple idea; however, this simple idea will be crucial in the graphical instruction of architects along the next decades.The basic concepts of Descriptive Geometry remain in full strength in our times, since the computer uses orthographic projections, axonometry and linear perspective to interact with the user; however, it is essential to link these basic concepts to the new graphical methods made available by CAD  programs, updating the canon of Descriptive Geometry and setting aside a number of procedures that have become obsolete in the 21th century

Resulta sorprendente que los dos programas de dibujo por ordenador más extendidos no permitan obtener una perspectiva militar a partir de un modelo tridimensional. Ahora bien, podemos superar esta limitación sometiendo una axonometría ortogonal a una transformación geométrica tan sencilla como una afinidad ortogonal, es decir, un simple alargamiento, para obtener una perspectiva militar.

En algo más de diez años, el Dibujo Asistido por Ordenador (DAO) ha pasado de tener una presencia muy reducida en los estudios de arquitectura de nuestro país a ser el medio de expresión gráfica habitual en la profesión. Esta evolución rapidísima ha sido posible porque las órdenes, la interfaz de usuario, los manuales y los archivos de ayuda de los programas más extendidos han sido traducidos al castellano. El fenómeno lleva aparejados dos efectos de gran alcance. Por una parte, ya sea por la gran velocidad de desarrollo e implantación de estos programas, ya sea por las presiones comerciales que acompañan a los lanzamientos de cada versión, ya sea por
otras causas, algunos aspectos de las traducciones parecen haber sido resueltos de forma apresurada. Por otra, el efecto expansivo de estas traducciones es enorme. Los términos, acertados o espúreos, que emplean los programas, pasan a los autores de manuales independientes y a los profesores de DAO, y de ellos a los alumnos y profesionales. Por tanto, estos traductores anónimos desempeñan un papel central en la renovación del vocabulario geométrico de los arquitectos e ingenieros. Muchas de las opciones empleadas en estas traducciones son irreprochables; unas pocas son incluso brillantes. Pero junto a estos aciertos, aparecen también algunos errores que en ocasiones se han extendido entre las profesiones técnicas, y que llegan a convertir los manuales y archivos de ayuda en ininteligibles y pasan al vocabulario geométrico empleado por arquitectos e ingenieros, creando la confusión y dificultando la comunicación entre los técnicos.
El papel de los profesores de DAO en este proceso es secundario, pero de todas formas importante. No pueden evitar las malas traducciones, pero pueden intentar colaborar lo menos posible en su propagación. Con esta intención, nos proponemos analizar algunos aspectos de estas traducciones, señalando algunos de los errores de traducción más llamativos. No tendría sentido aquí dar un carácter exhaustivo a nuestro estudio; quede claro, por tanto, que los pasajes citados son meros ejemplos. También sería imposible referirnos a todos los programas y utilidades de DAO disponibles en el mercado y, menos aún, a las de dominio público, por lo que el estudio se centrará en los dos programas más extendidos.