Climate Research

Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change and a basic knowledge of Earth's climate system is critical for making informed judgments in climate related issues. General Circulation Models are the primary climate research tool used today but only a few researchers of Bangladesh have access to them, which typically requires high-computing facilities and skilled programmers to run. This often breeds a distrust of important scientific findings and graduate geo-environmental sciences students, who are the primary users of such modeled outputs, end up academic life without having any practical knowledge about them. The current study aims at improving this scenario by introducing an academic purpose climate model called EdGCM (Educational Global Climate Model) that can be operated on existing desktop computers and laptops. A simulation has been programmed under IPCC A1Fl emission scenario which has been simulated on two different computers before it is analyzed by using two scientific visualization tool named EVA and Panoply. It has been found that, global scale, regional scale as well as time series analysis plots can be produced successfully by using EdGCM. Though the model has a very coarse resolution (8°×10°) to study local scale climatic variation, it is highly anticipated that with all these facilities packed in a single place to experience the details of climate model setup, model operation, post-processing, interpretation and scientific visualization, EdGCM will contribute significantly in improving climate research and education in Bangladesh.

We review the role of statistical analysis in the climate sciences. Special emphasis is given to attempts to construct dynamical knowledge from limited observational evidence, and to the ongoing task of drawing detailed and reliable information on the state, and change, of climate that is needed, for example, for short-term and seasonal forecasting. We conclude with recommendations of how to improve the practice of statistical analysis in the climate sciences by drawing more efficiently on relevant developments in statistical mathematics.

"Global climate change has evolved from a scientific problem into an economic and political problem of worldwide interest.
National perspectives play a crucial role in addressing climate change. Mutual understanding of perspectives is necessary
to result in rational policies and a consensus among stakeholders with divergent interests. Conceptual frameworks
for understanding the problem of climate change in China, the largest developing country and the largest greenhouse gas
emitter, are of great significance to national and international efforts to address the problems of climate change. Chinese
perceptions of climate change as a sustainable development problem have recently been in tension with an emerging
Western perspective that frames climate change as a security issue. This paper explores Chinese perceptions of climate
change as expressed in recent governmental policy statements, public opinion surveys, and academic scholarship with a
focus on publications in Chinese-language journals, often unfamiliar in the West. It looks at the relationship between
Chinese research and policy and finds that the Chinese policy frame of climate change as a sustainable development
problem draws from the body of domestic research and is reflective of the perspectives and multidisciplinary approach of
Chinese researchers in areas of climate change."

The synthesis project is an elemental part of the MSc Geomatics program. The students use their knowledge on positioning technologies, location-based services, 3D modeling and geoinformation systems in all different phases of the geo-information chain. A learning objective from an educational point of view is the valuable experience of project management and teamwork within the OTB institute of the TU Delft.

This paper reports experiences from an art-science project set up in an educational context as well as in the tradition of placing artists in labs. It documents artists' and scientists' imaginations of their encounter and analyses them drawing on the concepts of ''boundary object'' and ''boundary work''. Conceptually, the paper argues to broaden the idea of boundary objects to include inhibitory boundary objects that hinder rather than facilitate communication across boundaries. This focus on failures to link social worlds brings the boundary object concept closer to Gieryn's boundary work and allows for a co-application of the two concepts in the analysis of cross-boundary communication. Empirically, the paper provides an in-depth ethnographic description of an art-science project as a resource for future practice. In conclusion, the art-science encounter included meeting points as well as multiple levels of boundary work which engaged the artists in a different way than as illustrators of scientific representations of climate change. The closer they got to the research practice the more the public and policy construct of climate change disappeared. Rather than political activism, the approach triggered explorations of the scientific context, including affirmative as well as critical re-imaginations of research practices. Artists and scientists acted as publics for one another, as resources to draw on for reflection and self-identification. But instead of cutting back or renegotiating standards of one's own practice, especially the artists engaged in boundary work creating space to produce a piece of art according to their own criteria of quality and relevance.

The scorching heat wave of the year 2021 in Moscow has not occurred in 120 years, according to the news. The temperature often exceeded 36°C during the day. The heat wave was followed by huge electrical activity, thunder and lightning. Then came the apocalyptic winds and cloudbursts.

Analysis of these events yields the picture that Nature is showing us a particularly powerful reactor here. One without emissions of gases and radioactivity. What is needed is a heat wave, some trees and water, which together form a kind of heat wave reactor (HWR).

In this module we talk about a heat wave and its (often unwanted) energetic aspects that lead to climate problems such as forest fires, heavy rainfall and floods but also the melting of the polar ice...
To keep the mood up, the module will end with music, books and movies that are somehow related to the topic covered.

An essay exploring the ethical philosophy behind Guidelines for Considering Traditional Knowledges in Climate Change Initiatives. The essay can be found here, http://earthzine.org/2015/07/31/the-ethics-of-traditional-knowledge-exchange-in-climate-change-initiatives/. Climate scientists, policymakers and the growing community of citizens engaged in observing global change are increasingly turning to traditional knowledges of indigenous peoples to improve understanding of and strategies for adaptation and mitigation. Indigenous peoples are also recognizing the value of methods and information from western climate science, such as models, risk and vulnerability assessments and monitoring strategies. Unfortunately, policymakers who design and implement climate change initiatives frequently overlook indigenous peoples. While they call for access to traditional knowledge to help inform choices for preparation, adaptation or mitigation in response to climate change, they have little awareness of real risks of harm when indigenous peoples share their traditional knowledges. Currently, there are few protections to ensure that traditional knowledges will remain the property of the indigenous peoples or knowledge holders who choose to share traditional knowledges. These Guidelines are intended to promote the use of traditional knowledges in climate change initiatives in such a way as to protect the rights and interests of indigenous peoples, promote greater collaboration with scientists and government professionals and increase indigenous representation in climate change initiatives such as those of the U.S. federal government.

Recent surveys show that the communication about climate change between science and the public is severely disturbed. In this article we discuss this problem in focusing on both regional climate services and other, local forms of knowledge. The authors suggest that climate science and its public services have to critically revise their own practices and to acknowledge other forms of knowledge about climate as constitutive. Based on approaches from geography and anthropology, the article first discusses the short history and "normal practices" of regional climate services and how they approach the public. Outlining the potentials and constraints of this concept, the article focuses on the friction, on "its openness to change as it rubs up against society" (Hulme 2007). The focus then shifts to local knowledge systems and how they deal with the challenges of a changing climate. In addition to the "extended peer review" as a new option for climate research in a post-normal setup, the authors discuss the possibility of an "extended knowledge basis," that is, the integration of different forms of climate knowledge with a special focus on regional populations.

A B S T R A C T The most critical question for climate research is no longer about the problem, but about how to facilitate the transformative changes necessary to avoid catastrophic climate-induced change. Addressing this question, however, will require massive upscaling of research that can rapidly enhance learning about transformations. Ten essentials for guiding action-oriented transformation and energy research are therefore presented, framed in relation to second-order science. They include: (1) Focus on transformations to low-carbon, resilient living; (2) Focus on solution processes; (3) Focus on 'how to' practical knowledge; (4) Approach research as occurring from within the system being intervened; (5) Work with normative aspects; (6) Seek to transcend current thinking; (7) Take a multi-faceted approach to understand and shape change; (8) Acknowledge the value of alternative roles of researchers; (9) Encourage second-order experimentation; and (10) Be reflexive. Joi...

Climate change poses an assortment of risks for cultural environment andlandscapes, including cultural heritage close to or directly connected to roadsand railways. In this project, we looked at a number of these risks with an aimtowards helping the Swedish Transport Administration develop services forbetter predicting and managing them. The research was initiated through anoverview of existing government literature on climate change related threatsand risks and cultural heritage, followed by a survey of the level of understandingof these issues amongst a set of government employees involved in planning.Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were used to identify areas andheritage objects at risk for three regions, followed by field visits to assess thereliability of the GIS results. Evaluations indicated that simple GIS analysis canbe helpful in identifying sites at risk, but that fieldwork can help identify furtherrisks or issues of accuracy in the underlying data. The report provides providingbasic statistics on the degree to which different types of national monumentare threatened according to current climate change models. The project alsoran case studies, looking at 1) the risk posed by de-icing road salt to milestonesand other archaeological remains close to roads, and 2) the potential for usinghistorical maps in climate change risk prediction. Finally, the implications ofthese results for the prioritisation of climate adaptation activities are discussed,and suggestions presented for methods and models for identifying cultural heritagethreatened by climate change in the context of transport infrastructure.

The most critical question for climate research is no longer about the problem, but about how to facilitate the transformative changes necessary to avoid catastrophic climate-induced change. Addressing this question, however, will require massive upscaling of research that can rapidly enhance learning about transformations. Ten essentials for guiding action-oriented transformation and energy research are therefore presented, framed in relation to second-order science. They include: (1) Focus on transformations to low-carbon, resilient living; (2) Focus on solution processes; (3) Focus on 'how to' practical knowledge; (4) Approach research as occurring from within the system being intervened; (5) Work with normative aspects; (6) Seek to transcend current thinking; (7) Take a multi-faceted approach to understand and shape change; (8) Acknowledge the value of alternative roles of researchers; (9) Encourage second-order experimentation; and (10) Be reflexive. Joint application of the essentials would create highly adaptive, reflexive, collaborative and impact-oriented research able to enhance capacity to respond to the climate challenge. At present, however, the practice of such approaches is limited and constrained by dominance of other approaches. For wider transformations to low carbon living and energy systems to occur, transformations will therefore also be needed in the way in which knowledge is produced and used. Purpose To improve performance To understand and change the system and its parts To innovate and create previously unimagined possibilities Power and relationships Confirms existing rules Opens rules up to revision Opens issues to the creation of new ways of thinking and action Core dynamic Replication Reorganization Transcendence Archetypal actions Copying, duplicating, mimicking Changing policy, adjusting, adapting Visioning, experimenting, inventing I. Fazey et al.

Climate change litigation is expanding at fast speed throughout various jurisdictions around the world. Citizens are taking states’ lack of climate mitigation measures to courts, demanding that more has to be done on the climate crisis. More often now, litigants use human rights based argumentation which relies on international human rights law: human rights treaties, conventions, and precedent from human rights courts. According to litigants, states are therefore seen as both creating and prolonging this threat against the lives of their citizens, violating some of their most basic human rights, such as the right to life. Coupling these human rights obligations with climate treaties such as the Paris Agreement has proven effective when attempting to establish a causal connection between state emissions and climate change’s threat to citizen’s lives. This is sometimes characterized as a global ‘rights turn’ or a ‘greening’ of human rights. While a climate litigation case was denied ...

A B S T R A C T The most critical question for climate research is no longer about the problem, but about how to facilitate the transformative changes necessary to avoid catastrophic climate-induced change. Addressing this question, however, will require massive upscaling of research that can rapidly enhance learning about transformations. Ten essentials for guiding action-oriented transformation and energy research are therefore presented, framed in relation to second-order science. They include: (1) Focus on transformations to low-carbon, resilient living; (2) Focus on solution processes; (3) Focus on 'how to' practical knowledge; (4) Approach research as occurring from within the system being intervened; (5) Work with normative aspects; (6) Seek to transcend current thinking; (7) Take a multi-faceted approach to understand and shape change; (8) Acknowledge the value of alternative roles of researchers; (9) Encourage second-order experimentation; and (10) Be reflexive. Joi...

Scientists have long since become accustomed to explaining the future value of their work. Nowadays token statements are no longer sufficient. Societal impact must be embedded in the organisation of research. The call for societal impact is most explicitly expressed in and actively shaped by trans-disciplinary research programmes. We have examined two questions related to compliance in the principal-agent relation between a programme and its projects. The first question concerns the risk of moral hazard: is societal actor involvement a token activity or a substantial component of the research process? The second question relates to possible adverse selection: does societal actor involvement produce the expected benefits and, if so, under which conditions? We surveyed members and project leaders of 178 projects in two transdisciplinary climate research programmes in The Netherlands. There is no reason to suspect large-scale moral hazard. Projects formally labelled as transdisciplinary have characteristics typically associated with transdisciplinarity but academic projects share those characteristics. Neither is there reason to suspect adverse selection. The archetypical properties of transdisciplinary research are associated with the expected societal benefits. An important finding is that there are different types of benefit, each of which requires its own approach. Benefit is achieved through informal involvement and a diversity of outputs, and much less by giving societal actors a prominent role or influence in the research process. Based on our conclusions we recommend customizing the design of climate research programmes and projects towards the needs of the specific societal benefits they aim to generate and reconsidering the emphasis on formal involvement of societal actors in funding procedures.

Intensitas hembusan angin pasat timur laut yang tidak normal menyebabkan potensi arus ekman yang menuju tenggara menyebabkan perubahan gradient suhu permukaan laut terhadap posisi lintang berlangsung tiap musim. Arus ekuator utara Hindia (50˚BT-90˚BT, 10˚-20˚LU) bersifat tertutup menuju India melalui selat Andaman hingga menyusuri pantai timur Afrika dan sebagian menuju pantai barat Myanmar, arus selatan ekuator (50˚BT-120˚BT, 20˚LS-30˚LS) serta arus pusat ekuator. Akibatnya, perairan Indonesia memiliki karakteristik Meteorologi-Oseanografi yang berbeda antara wilayah Barat dan Timur di Samudera Hindia yaitu Indian Ocean Dipole.

A B S T R A C T The most critical question for climate research is no longer about the problem, but about how to facilitate the transformative changes necessary to avoid catastrophic climate-induced change. Addressing this question, however, will require massive upscaling of research that can rapidly enhance learning about transformations. Ten essentials for guiding action-oriented transformation and energy research are therefore presented, framed in relation to second-order science. They include: (1) Focus on transformations to low-carbon, resilient living; (2) Focus on solution processes; (3) Focus on 'how to' practical knowledge; (4) Approach research as occurring from within the system being intervened; (5) Work with normative aspects; (6) Seek to transcend current thinking; (7) Take a multi-faceted approach to understand and shape change; (8) Acknowledge the value of alternative roles of researchers; (9) Encourage second-order experimentation; and (10) Be reflexive. Joi...

A B S T R A C T The most critical question for climate research is no longer about the problem, but about how to facilitate the transformative changes necessary to avoid catastrophic climate-induced change. Addressing this question, however, will require massive upscaling of research that can rapidly enhance learning about transformations. Ten essentials for guiding action-oriented transformation and energy research are therefore presented, framed in relation to second-order science. They include: (1) Focus on transformations to low-carbon, resilient living; (2) Focus on solution processes; (3) Focus on 'how to' practical knowledge; (4) Approach research as occurring from within the system being intervened; (5) Work with normative aspects; (6) Seek to transcend current thinking; (7) Take a multi-faceted approach to understand and shape change; (8) Acknowledge the value of alternative roles of researchers; (9) Encourage second-order experimentation; and (10) Be reflexive. Joi...

A major challenge in planning for adaptation to climate change is to assess future development not only in relation to climate but also in relation to social, economic and political changes that affect the capacity for adaptation or otherwise play a role in decision making. One approach is to use scenario methods. This article presents a methodology that combines top-down scenarios and bottom-up approaches to scenario building, with the aim of articulating local so-called extended socioeconomic pathways. Specifically, we used the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) of the global scenario framework as developed by the climate research community to present boundary conditions about potential global change in workshop discussion with local and regional actors in the Barents region. We relate the results from these workshops to the different elements of the global SSPs and discuss potential and limitations of the method in relation to use in decision making processes.

A B S T R A C T The most critical question for climate research is no longer about the problem, but about how to facilitate the transformative changes necessary to avoid catastrophic climate-induced change. Addressing this question, however, will require massive upscaling of research that can rapidly enhance learning about transformations. Ten essentials for guiding action-oriented transformation and energy research are therefore presented, framed in relation to second-order science. They include: (1) Focus on transformations to low-carbon, resilient living; (2) Focus on solution processes; (3) Focus on 'how to' practical knowledge; (4) Approach research as occurring from within the system being intervened; (5) Work with normative aspects; (6) Seek to transcend current thinking; (7) Take a multi-faceted approach to understand and shape change; (8) Acknowledge the value of alternative roles of researchers; (9) Encourage second-order experimentation; and (10) Be reflexive. Joi...