City Tourism

Ballester, Patrice, (2017), Rapport pour la mairie de Toulouse, So Toulouse agence attractive, pour le dossier de candidature de Toulouse métropole à l'organisation d'un grand Forum thématique et de détours -flâneries lors de l'Exposition universelle du Grand Paris 2025 Vade-mecum pour la rédaction du dossier de la candidature toulousaine, So Toulouse, Toulouseatout, 74 p.

D’une histoire urbaine mondiale à une histoire urbaine locale.
Les expositions universelles et leurs fonctions, du global au local.
Une géographie de la mondialisation

Curieusement, rarement et étonnamment, les relations étroites entre la pratique des expositions universelles du milieu du XIXe siècle jusqu’à nos jours et l’histoire urbaine des villes hôtes n’ont pas fait l’objet de changement d’échelle et de critique historiographique et géographique au plan des apports et des correspondances entre une histoire urbaine locale et une histoire urbaine mondiale. Le réceptacle que sont les expositions universelles nous offre un formidable champ d’investigation pour comprendre les sociétés urbains dans leurs grands traits, mais aussi dans leur capacité à innover, proposer et s’exposer pour des raisons de progrès et de vivre ensemble. Généralement, l’histoire urbaine à pour champ  principal l’étude de l’organisation des villes et les différentes évolutions sociétales  qu’elle connaît. Une multitude de monographies locales sont réalisées à travers le monde et pourtant, avec les expositions universelles on peut dresser un portrait de ville tant historique que géographique permettant de mieux comprendre les adaptations du monde urbain aux effets de la mondialisation et de ses différentes phases.
De plus, les expositions répondent aux autres expositions, elles deviennent une longue chaîne tout en s’influençant et proposant des raccourcis, des amplification ou d’étonnantes similitudes, ce qui d’un côté nous amène à observer une uniformisation des pratiques, mais aussi des différenciations qui s’appuient sur les identités locales tout en rapprochant les formes urbaines créées pour l’occasion.
A travers ce travail de recherche sur les expositions universelles et l’importance de son rattachement à l’histoire et géographie de la métropole de Toulouse, deux histoires, deux géographies en parallèle s’entrecroisent, se répondent et expliquent en partie pour les grandes métropoles les effets de la mondialisation des cultures, des savoirs, des techniques et des modes de vie.
D’une histoire urbaine mondiale à une histoire urbaine locale.

Les expositions universelles et leurs fonctions, du global au local.

Une géographie de la mondialisation

Curieusement, rarement et étonnamment, les relations étroites entre la pratique des expositions universelles du milieu du XIXe siècle jusqu’à nos jours et l’histoire urbaine des villes hôtes n’ont pas fait l’objet de changement d’échelle et de critique historiographique et géographique au plan des apports et des correspondances entre une histoire urbaine locale et une histoire urbaine mondiale. Le réceptacle que sont les expositions universelles nous offre un formidable champ d’investigation pour comprendre les sociétés urbains dans leurs grands traits, mais aussi dans leur capacité à innover, proposer et s’exposer pour des raisons de progrès et de vivre ensemble. Généralement, l’histoire urbaine à pour champ  principal l’étude de l’organisation des villes et les différentes évolutions sociétales  qu’elle connaît. Une multitude de monographies locales sont réalisées à travers le monde et pourtant, avec les expositions universelles on peut dresser un portrait de ville tant historique que géographique permettant de mieux comprendre les adaptations du monde urbain aux effets de la mondialisation et de ses différentes phases.
De plus, les expositions répondent aux autres expositions, elles deviennent une longue chaîne tout en s’influençant et proposant des raccourcis, des amplification ou d’étonnantes similitudes, ce qui d’un côté nous amène à observer une uniformisation des pratiques, mais aussi des différenciations qui s’appuient sur les identités locales tout en rapprochant les formes urbaines créées pour l’occasion.
A travers ce travail de recherche sur les expositions universelles et l’importance de son rattachement à l’histoire et géographie de la métropole de Toulouse, deux histoires, deux géographies en parallèle s’entrecroisent, se répondent et expliquent en partie pour les grandes métropoles les effets de la mondialisation des cultures, des savoirs, des techniques et des modes de vie.

From a world urban history to a local urban history.
The World Fairs and their functions, global to local
A geography of the globalization

Curiously, rarely and strangely, the narrow relations between the practice of the World Fairs  (World expo) of the middle of the XIXth century until our days and the urban history of cities hosts were not the object of change of scale and of historiographical and geographical criticism in the plan of the contributions and of the correspondences between a local urban history and a world urban history.
The receptacle that are the World Fairs (World expo) offers us a great field of investigation to understand the urban societies in their big features, but also in their capacity to be innovated, to propose and to expose for reasons of progress and to live together. Generally, the urban history in for main field the study of the organization of cities and the various societal evolutions which she (it) knows. A multitude of local monographs is worldwide realized and nevertheless, with the World Fairs we can raise city portrait so historic as geographical allowing to understand better the adaptations of the urban world to the effects of the globalization and its various phases.
De una historia urbana global a una historia urbana local.
Exposiciones universales y sus funciones, desde lo global a lo local.
Una geografía de la globalización

Curiosamente, rara vez objeto y, sorprendentemente, la estrecha relación entre la práctica de las exposiciones universales de mediados del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad y la historia urbana de las ciudades anfitrionas no han estado reduciendo historiográfico y crítico y geográfico en términos de contribuciones y conexiones entre una historia urbana local y una historia urbana mundial. El receptáculo que es la muestra universal nos ofrece un formidable campo de investigación para entender las sociedades urbanas en sus características principales, pero también en su capacidad de innovar, proponer y exponerse por razones de progreso y de convivencia. En general, la historia urbana tiene como campo principal el estudio de la organización de las ciudades y las diversas evoluciones sociales que conoce. Una multitud de monografías locales se producen en todo el mundo y, sin embargo, con las exposiciones universales se puede dibujar un retrato de la ciudad histórica y geográfica para comprender mejor las adaptaciones del mundo urbano a los efectos de la globalización y sus diversas fases.
Además, las exposiciones responden a otras exposiciones, se convierten en una cadena larga al tiempo que influyen y ofrecen accesos directos, amplificación o similitudes sorprendentes, lo que por un lado nos lleva a observar una estandarización de prácticas, pero también diferenciaciones que se basan en identidades locales al unir formas urbanas creadas para la ocasión.
A través de este trabajo de investigación sobre exposiciones universales y la importancia de su conexión con la historia y la geografía de la metrópoli de Toulouse, dos historias, dos geografías en paralelo se entrelazan, responden y explican, en parte, a las principales ciudades los efectos de la globalización de las culturas, los conocimientos, las técnicas y las formas de vida.

Dossier de candidature à l’Exposition universelle 2025 – GRAND PARIS - FORUM THÉMATIQUE TOULOUSE - UNE ODYSSÉE CONNECTÉE ENTRE TERRE ET CIEL À PARTAGER: La France s’est portée candidate pour l’Exposition universelle 2025 sur le thème « La connaissance à partager, la planète à préserver ». Toulouse Métropole, le département de Haute-Garonne, la région Occitanie et de nombreux autres partenaires régionaux, européens et internationaux proposent un forum thématique : UNE ODYSSÉE CONNECTÉE ENTRE TERRE ET CIEL À PARTAGER. S’engager pour l’Exposition universelle de 2025 est pour Toulouse un moyen de mettre à la disposition de ce grand événement non seulement sa vitrine technologique parmi les plus puissantes de France et d’Europe, mais également les atouts uniques de la région Occitanie, dont elle est la capitale. L’ambition européenne du territoire métropolitain et régional ont amené Toulouse Métropole et la région Occitanie à engager des démarches au sein d’une stratégie régionale de l’innovation autour de trois axes : attractivité et rayonnement, innovation, et dynamique de créations d’entreprises. Ce pacte conduit les territoires à oeuvrer ensemble sur les sujets majeurs. De 2018 à 2025, nous nous attacherons à amplifier le lien entre les nombreux événements du territoire, les activités des entreprises et le projet afin que le Forum thématique de l’Exposition universelle 2025 de Toulouse soit en totale cohérence avec sa politique d’attractivité et porté comme une évidence par tous les acteurs. Toulouse a ainsi choisi de faire vivre au public une véritable « odyssée connectée entre Terre et ciel à partager ». En relais direct du thème choisi par ExpoFrance, « La connaissance à partager, la planète à protéger », notre ville est le lien évident entre le savoir, à travers son tissu académique et de recherche, et l’enjeu primordial de la préservation de la planète. Creuset de l’exploration spatiale et de l’observation de la Terre, Toulouse entend capitaliser sur ces actifs précieux pour accélérer l’indispensable prise de conscience sur la protection de la planète auprès de tous les publics. C’est en effet depuis l’espace que l’on observe le mieux la Terre, préalable scientifique au déploiement d’actions correctives des comportements de l’Homme à l’égard des ressources naturelles. Ce défi ne peut être relevé que tous ensemble. C’est pour cela que la candidature de Toulouse pour l’Exposition universelle de 2025 rassemblera les habitants, les acteurs socio-économiques et les collectivités pour en faire un événement universel, à destination de tous, sur le territoire métropolitain. Toulouse est convaincue que l’attractivité ne se décrète pas : elle se prouve et s’entretient au quotidien. Une Exposition internationale est « une manifestation ouverte à tous les domaines de l’activité humaine, où sont présentés des produits provenant de toutes les nations ». L’importance du terme « progrès » est manifeste, tant dans les œuvres exposées que dans le résultat concret sur les plans urbanistique et architectural de la manifestation. Aujourd’hui, la candidature officielle de Paris 2025 peut être un nouvel élément dans cette longue chaîne d’innovation et de l’histoire urbaine parisienne ; nous supposons que Paris veut à nouveau inventer, créer et innover dans le domaine des Expositions. ExpoFrance 2025 : projet Toulouse  Un territoire légitime : motivations et dessein  Toulouse, ville partenaire-satellite de l’Exposition universelle 2025  L’Exposition universelle à Toulouse  Une odyssée connectée entre Terre et ciel à partager  L’expérience visiteur  Les autres pays de l’exposition Les sites proposés  Les modalités logistiques Les modalités économiques et financières  La mobilisation de l’écosystème  Annexe : un comité de soutien large
Ballester, Patrice ( 2017), Application file in the World Fair  World expo 2025 - GREAT PARIS - THEMATIC FORUM TOULOUSE - A CONNECTED ODYSSEY ENTERS EARTH AND SKY TO BE SHARED, So Toulouse Agence d’attractivité, p.2-9 ; 15-19 ; 22-23. _
Ballester, Patrice ( 2017), Exposición universal 2025 - GRAND PARIS - FORO TEMATICO TOULOUSE - UNA ODISEA CONECTADA ENTRE LA TIERRA Y EL CIELO PARA COMPARTIR, So Toulouse Agence d’attractivité, p.2-9 ; 15-19 ; 22-23.
Application file in the World Fair  World expo 2025 - GREAT PARIS - THEMATIC FORUM TOULOUSE - A CONNECTED ODYSSEY ENTERS EARTH AND SKY TO BE SHARED

France applied for the World Fair World expo 2025 on the theme "The knowledge to be shared, the planet to be protected ". Toulouse Metropolis, the department of Haute-Garonne, the region Occitania and many more partners regional, European and international propose a thematic forum: A CONNECTED ODYSSEY ENTERS EARTH AND SKY TO BE SHARED. Make a commitment for the World Fair – World expo of 2025 is for Toulouse a means to give to this big event not only its technological shop showcase among the most powerful of France and Europe, but also the unique assets of the region Occitania, the capital of which it is. The European ambition of the metropolitan and regional territory brought Toulouse Metropolis and the region Occitania to hire initiatives within a regional strategy of the innovation around three axes: attractiveness and hub, innovation, and dynamics of new business start-ups. This pact leads territories to work together on the major subjects. From 2018 till 2025, we shall attempt to amplify the link between the numerous events of the territory, the activities of companies and the project so that the thematic Forum of the World Fair World expo 2025 of Toulouse is in total coherence with its politics of attractiveness and carried as an obvious fact by all the actors. Toulouse so chose to make live in the public a real "odyssey connected between Earth and sky to be shared". In direct relay of the theme chosen by ExpoFrance, "The knowledge to be shared, the planet to be protected ", our city is the obvious link enters the knowledge, through its academic tissue and of research, and the essential stake in the conservation of the planet. Melting pot of the space exploration and the observation of the Earth, Toulouse intends to capitalize on these precious active persons to accelerate the essential awareness on the protection of the planet with all the public. It is indeed since the space that we observe best the Earth, the scientific prerequisite in the deployment of corrective actions of the behavior of the Man towards natural resources. This challenge can be raised only all together. That's why the candidacy of Toulouse for the World Fair – World expo of 2025 will gather the inhabitants, the socioeconomic actors and the communities to make a universal event, aimed at all, on the metropolitan territory. Toulouse is convinced that the attractiveness does not decree: she – the city -  proves to itself. An world’s fair – World expo is " a demonstration open to all the domains of the human activity, where are presented products resulting from all the nations ". The importance of the term "progress" is obvious, both in the exposed works and in the concrete result on the city planning and architectural plans of the demonstration. Today, the official candidacy of Paris 2025 can be a new element in this long chain of innovation and the Parisian urban history; we suppose that Paris again wants to invent, to create and to innovate in the field of the World’s fair – World expo. 2025 ExpoFrance: Toulouse project  A justifiable territory: motivations and intention  Toulouse, partner-satellite city of the World Fair – World expo - 2025  The World Fair  World expo in Toulouse  An odyssey connected between Earth and sky to be shared  The experience visitor  Other countries of the exhibition  The proposed sites  The logistic modalities The economic and financial modalities The mobilization of the ecosystem  Appendix: a wide support committee - Exposición universal 2025 - GRAND PARIS - FORO TEMATICO TOULOUSE - UNA ODISEA CONECTADA ENTRE LA TIERRA Y EL CIELO PARA COMPARTIR Francia ha nominado para la Exposición Universal de 2025 sobre el tema "El conocimiento para compartir, el planeta para preservar". Toulouse Metrópoli, el departamento de Haute-Garonne, la región de Occitana y muchos otros socios regionales, europeos e internacionales proponen un foro temático: UNA ODISEA CONECTADA ENTRE LA TIERRA Y EL CIELO PARA COMPARTIR. Comprometerse con la Exposición Mundial 2025 es para Tolosa una forma de poner a disposición de este gran evento no solo su escaparate tecnológico entre los más poderosos de Francia y Europa, sino también los activos únicos de la región occitana, de que ella es la capital. La ambición europea del territorio metropolitano y regional ha llevado a Tolosa Metrópoli y la región de Occitana a tomar medidas dentro de una estrategia regional de innovación en torno a tres ejes: atractivo e influencia, innovación y creaciones comerciales dinámicas.

This paper attempts to rethink the tourist flow from the perspective of urban planning solutions, which have potentials of slowing down tourists and dispersing them more evenly in urban areas. It starts with an overview on current urban tourism trends and challenges and with a cross-disciplinary approach the wider contemporary literature is introduced including citta slow and slow design. The focal point of the analytical part of the paper is the historic city of Bruges and the analysis of its green spaces, land and water related structures that influence tourist mobility. The paper argues that heritage towns like Bruges are not without tools to cope with the tourist 'overflow' and more awareness of tourists' space usage coupled with sound planning might even boost their efficiency to do so. The study also aims to enrich the intellectual debate on slow perspectives and practices in order to help urban destinations manage successfully spatial-temporal crowd movement.

Tourism in industry is developing as a result of the interest and curiosity people have for the work and manufacturing processes that exist in factories. This phenomenon is developing in different countries in the world as well as in Israel. The main aim of this article is to describe and examine those factory tourist activities in different Israeli cities and to indicate the place of this phenomenon as part of processes taking place in the post industrial cities. The first part of the article defines 'tourism in industry' and explains the connections between the post-industrial city and tourism. The second part, describes case studies of tourism in industry in several countries around the world. The third part gives general background about the characteristics of tourism in Israel, whereas the forth part describes and examines three Israeli case studies. The characteristics of tourism in industry will be presented by illustrating several Israeli case studies that indicate the place of this phenomenon as part of processes taking place in post-industrial cities.

The topic of creativity and culture in relation to urban value creation and global competitiveness becomes all the more relevant when it allows us to understand the development or the enhancement of cultural and creative industries clusters alongside with the subsequent new geographies shaping cities. In an enclosed area such as a city, the cultural and creative potential is closely related to the scale of innovation and knowledge, let alone to the kind of tourism or cultural occasions that the city provides. This article identifies three specific cultural and creative sectors that are concentrated and coexist in the city of Milan. This article suggests that these sectors may mutually enhance their paths of value creation whilst positively impacting on a unique city's tourist image. In this way, Milan will have the opportunity to become a distinctive global capital of culture and creativity.

World Expo and Tourism - a new Utopia? From London 1851 to Dubai 2020.

Through the recent and past World expo and more particularly the World expo of Milan 2015 and Port-au-Prince 1949, we recall that this tourist practice of the pleasure trip in a large city dates back to the XIXth century, it accompanies the origins of Our modern tourism, while becoming an instrument of geopolitics and tourist marketing of prime importance to cities and host countries (branding). Exhibitions can be seen as an urban lever, but also a way to make travel and understand our world through a system of representation of local and global identities that always emphasizes scientific discovery and cultural experience through the national pavilion. These giant events – mega-events - are based on a staging and narrative universal theme generally questioning the concept of sustainable development and the renewed attractiveness of the destination. Our analysis focuses on the most recent of the World expos and a forgotten exhibition belonging to the cultural area of the Caribbean, which reveals three dynamics associating mega-event tourism with the utopia of initiatory journeys, namely: reinvent and regain a certain success of frequentation implying a redefinition of the fields and uses of a disrupted utopia; to make travel is an act both scenographic and symbolic through the pavilion involving artifices and more and more digital declensions, the quest for this sustainable practice of travel is confronted with its heritage and its memory at different scales and temporalities.

English translation of the article published in French,
Patrice Ballester, « Les expositions universelles, une utopie touristique toujours d’actualité ? », Études caribéennes [En ligne], 37-38 | Août-Décembre 2017, mis en ligne le 15 novembre 2017, consulté le 19 février 2018. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/11239 ; DOI : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.11239

In less than two years, the concept of overtourism has come to prominence as one of the most discussed issues with regards to tourism in popular media and, increasingly, academia. In spite of its popularity, the term is still not clearly delineated and remains open to multiple interpretations. The current paper aims to provide more clarity with regard to what overtourism entails by placing the concept in a historical context and presenting results from a qualitative investigation among 80 stakeholders in 13 European cities. Results highlight that overtourism describes an issue that is multidimensional and complex. Not only are the issues caused by tourism and nontourism stakeholders, but they should also be viewed in the context of wider societal and city developments. The article concludes by arguing that while the debate on overtourism has drawn attention again to the old problem of managing negative tourism impacts, it is not well conceptualized. Seven overtourism myths are identified that may inhibit a well-rounded understanding of the concept. To further a contextualized understanding of overtourism, the paper calls for researchers from other disciplines to engage with the topic to come to new insights.

The Battle of Biak that took place from 27 May to 17 August 1944 between the United States Army and the Japanese Army left the area of Biak in the Province of Papua with abundant remnants of war including bones of war casualties. The United States lost 400 lives with 2,150 wounded while the Japanese lost 4,700 lives with a big number of unknown wounded. Some years after the battle, the area became an international destination for war tourism with visitors especially originated from Japan. Tourists normally visited the battle zone for pilgrimage purposes and commemoration of the loved ones losing their lives in the battle. Some came to Biak to repatriate the remnants of their fathers or grandfathers. Following this flow of tourists, Biak started flourishing from this niche tourism opportunity. Direct national and international flights to and from Biak and the opening of luxurious hotels to cater to the developing tourism in the city was enthusiastically responded by potential travelers. Japanese pilgrimage groups kept coming in big and small groups. However the flow of visitors did not last long. As time went by, Biak war tourism started to decline as pilgrimage trips to the area became rare. As a result, internationals flight discontinued, hotels stopped operating, with sad stories from looting of war remnants from the historical area. The bright future of Biak’s war tourism— apart from depending on domestic tourism— became unclear.

This paper reviews the international literature on urban tourism, the purpose being to highlight emerging analytical perspectives on the role, meaning, and importance of global travel for cities. It discusses a shift of perspective (and the extent to which we can speak of a paradigm shift, as recently suggested), in order to contribute to compiling an urban tourism research agenda. The ‘shift of perspective’ is discussed according to four distinct - yet closely interrelated - domains emerging from the literature review: Travellers’ Needs, Preferences and Tastes, City Tourism and the Urban Fabric, the Political Economy of Urban Tourism(s), Tourism Management and Planning, and City Images.

Tour operators are a major source of tourist traffic for a large number of destinations including large European cities. The latter have been witnessing a steady rise in city breaks during recent years with a significant portion of visitors travelling on inclusive tours assembled by tour operators. Tourist authorities of these cities are, therefore, aiming their marketing efforts also at tour operators offering city breaks programmes. Properly understanding a destination’s standing in those programmes is a prerequisite for efficiently promoting the destination to tour operators.

Analysis of tour operator catalogues has long been employed by both hotels and destination marketing organisations as a tool to benchmark one’s own position against the competitive set. Such a brochure analysis has yielded a wealth of information relevant to strategic marketing planning when it was applied in the case of Athens. This analysis, conducted in late 2008, clearly indicated the position of Athens in the city breaks programmes of tour operators. The method of content analysis was applied to the city breaks catalogues of eight of Europe’s largest tour operators headquartered in Germany and the UK.

Comparisons were made between Athens and its competitive set as defined in previous research. Aspects that were reviewed included scope and depth of the presentation of each city, local activities and services offered to tourists in each city, characteristics of hotels on offer, proposed events and itineraries etc. Shortcomings of Athens compared to its competitive set were clearly identified.

The final outcome of this research has been a series of practically oriented policy recommendations to the tourist authorities of Athens as to how to market the city more efficiently to tour operators selling city breaks. These recommendations especially focus on product development, sales promotions and web-based activities aimed at tour operators with city breaks programmes.

CITATION:
Prountzou, E. and Koutoulas, D. (2009). Tour Operator Catalogue Analysis as a Marketing Planning Tool for City Breaks Destinations: The Case of Athens. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference on Tourism Development and Management organized by the Leeds Metropolitan University, the Cyprus University of Technology and the Croatian Institute of Tourism, Kos Island, Greece, 11-14 September 2009 [ISBN: 978-9963-9799-0-5]

Bali's capital city of Denpasar has a number of heritage sites, including several buildings, museums and monuments. These sites have yet to be developed optimally as tourist attractions, as evidenced by their small number of annual visitors. This study explores the potential in reutilizing those cultural heritage sites for the development of heritage tourism, and to support the city government's tour programme. Two interrelated issues discussed here include how the government of Denpasar preserves its cultural heritage, and how it promotes these sites as heritage tourism. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and a literature review employing heritage tourism theory and framing theory. The study presents two packages of heritage tourism tours with a duration of approximately three hours each: the Denpasar Heritage Track (DHT), which starts and finishes at the Bali Hotel, taking in the Puputan Badung Monument, Bali Museum, Jero Kuta Palace, and Maospait Temple; and the Sanur Heritage Track (SHT), which begins and concludes at the Grand Bali Beach Hotel, visiting the Belanjong Heritage, Intaran Market, Bajra Sandhi Monument, and Museum Le Mayeur. The DHTs are expected to increase the number of tourist attractions in Denpasar, contributing to more tourist visits to Bali, especially in its capital city.

Taking into account changing demand, the author of the article starts with classifying types of guiding services and makes reference to specialist literature related to conventional guiding (part 1), and then proceeds to describe a few novel methods of providing such services in urban areas. Options on offer in various European cities are used as examples of mixed types of guiding services: “driving guide”, “guide and shopping adviser” and “guide-lecturer”. In each case the description includes guide’s duties and requirements which must be met by those providing such services. The author also points to the possible use of each type in options on offer for specific groups of travellers. The third part contains a detailed description of the guide’s role in dramatized tours, and his or her possible contribution to “questing”, an increasingly popular form of tours taken by visitors on their own.

The majority of tourism-related studies are done with the consumer, namely the tourist, in mind. This paper, however, aims to explore the way in which the impact and potential of tourism is perceived by the local population in and around Mafikeng, the capital city of South Africa’s North West Province. During this investigation, data was collected in two different ways. Firstly, focus group interviews were held with senior marketing students in order to identify relevant variables (activities) related to the impact and potential of tourism. These variables were then used to design a Likert scale (5-point attitude) question. This questionnaire was distributed to a sample drawn from a population that consisted of local inhabitants of the Mafikeng (also known as Mahikeng) area. A quantitative analysis of the 128 responses was conducted in order to determine the perceptions of local residents. Various groupings of perceptions were identified through a cluster analysis. The study found t...

BIE WORLD EXPO and TOURISM - World Expos cartography -  Bureau International des Expositions (BIE)

Through the recent and past World expo and more particularly the World expo of Milan 2015 and Port-au-Prince 1949, we recall that this tourist practice of the pleasure trip in a large city dates back to the XIXth century, it accompanies the origins of Our modern tourism, while becoming an instrument of geopolitics and tourist marketing of prime importance to cities and host countries (branding). Exhibitions can be seen as an urban lever, but also a way to make travel and understand our world through a system of representation of local and global identities that always emphasizes scientific discovery and cultural experience through the national pavilion. These giant events – mega-events - are based on a staging and narrative universal theme generally questioning the concept of sustainable development and the renewed attractiveness of the destination. Our analysis focuses on the most recent of the World expos and a forgotten exhibition belonging to the cultural area of the Caribbean, which reveals three dynamics associating mega-event tourism with the utopia of initiatory journeys, namely: reinvent and regain a certain success of frequentation implying a redefinition of the fields and uses of a disrupted utopia; to make travel is an act both scenographic and symbolic through the pavilion involving artifices and more and more digital declensions, the quest for this sustainable practice of travel is confronted with its heritage and its memory at different scales and temporalities.

English translation of the article published in French,
Patrice Ballester, « Les expositions universelles, une utopie touristique toujours d’actualité ? », Études caribéennes [En ligne], 37-38 | Août-Décembre 2017, mis en ligne le 15 novembre 2017, consulté le 19 février 2018. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/11239 ; DOI : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.11239

Special events have grown in the tourism industry as indispensable product alternatives to many urban destinations. From small towns staging traditional cultural events to large cities competing to host mega-events such as World's Fairs or Olympic Games, events have been used as products to generate additional visits to a destination. Special tourism events can greatly contribute to the overall marketing of the destination by helping to create an image for the city. They can be used to help promote, position, and brand a destination. Starting from Aaker' s (1991) brand equity conceptual approach, this paper discusses the roles events can play in destination branding strategies. More specifically, it examines events' contributions to destination awareness, perceived quality, brand associations, destination loyalty, and destination positioning.

Cita APA de este artículo: 
Vázquez-Lima, R. (2019). Sociedad del conocimiento contra sociedad de la información, una reflexión conceptual desde la perspectiva humana. México: Centro Universitario CIFE.

Resumen
El propósito de la presente reflexión consistió en diferenciar el significado de  sociedad del conocimiento y sociedad de la información desde una perspectiva humanista y compleja. Se realizó un análisis de la cartografía conceptual y se integró con referencias documentales. El principal resultado fue que la sociedad de la información se transforma en sociedad del conocimiento debido a que, enfrenta los problemas del contexto, utiliza un pensamiento sistémico, enfocado en procesos tecnológicos y medios de difusión de la información. En la actualidad, la descripción conceptual de la sociedad del conocimiento y sociedad de la información se confunden o se mezclan, aunque nacen diferentes, con el paso del tiempo se crea una intersección. El reto es valorar el carácter disciplinar sin separar el proceso del conocimiento como producto de la complejidad de la organización social.

Palabras clave: sociedad del conocimiento, sociedad de la información, socioformación, pensamiento complejo

Barcelona skyscrapers and urban marketing - city tourism: Agbar Tower. communication in an international symposium. 

La réalisation de la Tour Agbar entre 1999 (début des travaux) et 2005 (inauguration)
marque pour la mairie de Barcelone une nouvelle étape dans son projet urbain et
sa communication auprès des investisseurs publics et privés nationaux et internationaux. Les acteurs municipaux de la capitale catalane désirent obtenir une inversion des représentations négatives concernant le manque d’attractivité du quartier de Poblenou considéré comme l’un des districts les plus pauvres et marginalisés de la
ville tout en ayant comme identité l’expression de « Manchester du sud de l’Europe »,
rappelant son rôle d’usine de l’Espagne et d’emblème de la Révolution Industrielle
pour la péninsule ibérique.Pour Jean Nouvel, son oeuvre est symbole d’une identité forte à travers les référents identitaires de la Catalogne et non pas, comme le dit le professeur J-M. Montaner, un exemple de la mondialisation et de l’uniformisation des architectures. Le débat reste entier, mais nous engage à penser qu’une architecture symbolique nait de sa localisation, des controverses et de ses multiples représentations.

The construction of the Agbar Tower between 1999 (Start of work) and 2005 (inauguration) Mark for the Barcelona City Council, New stage in its urban project and
Its communication to investors National and international public and private sectors.
Municipal authorities in the capital Catalan want an inversion Negative representations regarding the lack of attractiveness of the neighborhood Poblenou considered as one of the districts. The poorest and most marginalized City while having as its identity the expression Of "Manchester of the south of Europe" Recalling its role as a factory in Spain And emblem of the Industrial Revolution For the Iberian Peninsula. For Jean Nouvel, his work is Symbol of a strong identity through the Identity referents of Catalonia and not, as Professor J-M. Montaner, an example of globalization
And the standardization of architectures. The debate remains, but Think that a symbolic architecture From its location, controversies and Of its many representations.

BALLESTER Patrice, (2015a), «Barcelona skyscrapers and urban marketing - city tourism: Agbar Tower. communication in an international symposium.  », in Architecture symbolique et renouveau des espaces en marges (Sous la direction de ) CHIGNIER-RIBOULOUN Franck, Edition ENSACF-CERAMAC

Laporan The Comparative Urban Studies Project di Woldrow Wilson tahun 2006 menjelaskan bahwa telah terjadi pertumbuhan penduduk perkotaan di dunia dengan sangat berarti sejak tahun 2000an, yakni  41% dari penduduk dunia tinggal di perkotaan, dan pada tahun 2005 meningkat menjadi 50% penduduk dunia tinggal di perkotaan.
Laporan terakhir dari World Bank menjelaskan bahwa perkembangan jumlah penduduk perkotaan relatif tinggi, dan bahkan diprediksi pada tahun 2050, terdapat 85% penduduk dunia akan hidup di daerah perkotaan.
Jika di lihat kondisi di Indonesia, pada tahun 1980 persentase jumlah penduduk kota di Indonesia adalah 27,29% dari jumlah penduduk seluruh Indonesia. Pada tahun 1990 persentase tersebut bertambah menjadi 30,93%.
Diperkirakan pada tahun 2020 persentase jurnlah penduduk kota di Indonesia mencapai 50% dari jumlah penduduk seluruh Indonesia (Nawir, 2008). 
Persentase kecenderungan bertambahnya wilayah dan jumlah kota adalah prediksi yang sangat menarik bagi pengembangan wisata kota di Indonesia. Berdasarkan data Badan Pusat Statistik 2011, jumlah penduduk Indonesia 2010 usia muda lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan usia tua. Jumlah anak kelompok usia 0-9 tahun sebanyak 45,93 juta, sedangkan anak usia 10-19 tahun berjumlah 43,55 juta jiwa. 
Faktor-faktor apakah yang memotivasi wisatawan mengunjungi sebuah kota sebagai tujuan berwisata?
Faktor-faktor apakah yang menjadi daya tarik sebuah kota sebagai tujuan berwisata?
Bagaimanakah model hubungan antara motivasi, daya tarik kota, dan kepuasan wisatawan berwisata?

In cities global drivers are coupled to local conditions of tourism development. Urban tourism industry, treated as an urban function, is subject to intensive internationalization, and because of its heterogeneity and complementarity it may influence the internationalization of a whole city. Internationalization of the tourist function has an impact on management activities per-formed by urban DMOs. The aim of the paper is to indicate the scope and extent of internationalization of destination management in Poland’s ten biggest cites. On the basis of an exhaustive questionnaire survey conducted in 2013 three spheres of adaptations have been identified: strategy, marketing, changes to DMOs’ organizational structures and collabo-ration. In addition, three modes of tourism internationalization have been distinguished: active (Gdańsk and Lublin), reactive (Bydgoszcz, Szczecin and Wrocław), active-reactive (Katowice and Poznań) and secondary (Kraków, Łódź and Warsaw). However, multi-level and multi-organizational system of destination governance in Poland does not allow taking full ad-vantage of internationalization of the tourist function.

Many industries have been affected by consumer demands and expectations that have been changed with postmodernism which become popular in the 1990s. Tourism, which is one of the important dynamics of the service industry, has also been affected by this change and businesses have adapted their products and services to the postmodern consumer. New investments in the tourism industry have also been made according to this change. Postmodern tourists traveling with the desire of self-actualization started to demand the unusual holiday preferences instead of the classic ones. The concept of "boutique hotel" which was first used by Steve Rubell in 1984, became popular with the effect of postmodernism in the 1990s. Today, the demand of boutique hotel which is an important part of the city tourism is increased by tourists who want to get rid of the limitations of daily life, seek flexibility, make changes in their lifestyle and desire freedom. The boutique hotels, which know their guests very well and provide services according to their personal preferences, offer memorable experiences to their guests with about 20 different concepts. When the related literature is examined, it is pointed out that there are many different approaches to the definition of boutique hotels. In Turkey, the obligations for obtaining a boutique hotel certificate are specified by the "Regulation on Certification and Qualifications of Tourism Facilities" and the boutique hotel certificate is given to hotels that have these qualifications. This situation causes concept confusion. The main purpose of this conceptual study is to clarify the concept of boutique hotel, to determine the difference between boutique hotel and small hotel, to draw attention to the problems of boutique hotel industry and to develop suggestions for the solution of the problems. In accordance with this purpose, the concept of boutique hotel, its history and development process, its value and importance for the hospitality industry, requirements for boutique hotel certificate and the problems caused by the sector have been examined within the scope of literature. Significant result obtained from the examination of the related regulations and the decisions of the Tourism Council in

The paper aims to reposition urban cemeteries within the tourism supply and to showcase their values as cultural tourism products that can enrich visitors’ experiences. Although urban cemeteries as ritual meeting points of life and death have become an integral part of city tourism, contemporary tourism literature mostly embeds them in dark tourism or thanatourism, neglecting the experience-rich potentials of cemeteries as cultural products. This paper rectifies this by arguing that cemetery tourism makes a fascinating cultural display for tourists, offering both nature-based and cultural activities, therefore, it can be rightfully placed in heritage and cultural tourism. The paper investigates foreign visitors’ attitude at the National Graveyard in Budapest. During the empirical research 52 questionnaires were correctly filled in, followed by the same number of mini-interviews. The research findings confirmed the initial hypotheses: 1. Visitors regarded cemeteries as complex attractions representing both natural and cultural values, which added to the positive experiences of a Budapest city break. 2. There was no reference to the so called “dark aspects” of cemeteries in the answers.  3. Although the satisfaction rate was high, the lack of visitors is a clear indication that the cemetery in Budapest has been so far undervalued as an urban attraction. On the negative side, respondents criticized the lack of information sources available prior to visit, the inefficient marketing and the undesirable neighbourhood. The paper ultimately aims to provide stakeholders solid, preliminary data that might serve as a launching pad for further larger-scale research.

Slum tourism has been criticized for potentially exploiting the communities it visits. While the daily life of residents is the primary attraction of slum tourism, they do not receive any remuneration. Given the heated debate surrounding this topic, it is surprising that the perspective of residents remains largely unknown. This article aims to address this lacuna, by providing insights into the perceptions that residents have on slum tourism in Dharavi slum, India. It is unique in that it explicitly addresses host perceptions towards slum tourism enterprises as well as charitable activities funded through slum tourism. Insights were gained through 74 semistructured interviews, conducted in the most visited areas of the slum. Four different resident perspectives are recognized: apprehensive, positive, indifferent, and skeptical. Over time, residents in Dharavi become less excited by the presence of tourists, but they do not develop a negative attitude to them. Although residents are...

The article presents results of measuring competitiveness of Polish cities at European tourism market. First, competitiveness concepts derived from microeconomic and macroeconomic approach are described. Then, the methodology of measuring cities' competitiveness is presented, which is mainly based on the demand and supply indicators. Finally, the competitiveness analyses is carried out. The research results show that the competitiveness of Polish cities at European tourism market is not very high, measured both by the value of the synthetic indicator and particular detailed criteria. It is international research orientation that reflects the actual competitive potential of a city and a wide horizon of perceiving competitors regains a natural development perspective.

Keywords: tourist competitiveness, cities competitiveness, competitiveness indicators, Poland.

Public intervention in the tourism market is in literature justified by its vast impact on the local economy, other potential nonmarket benefits and potentially negative impact on environment and local community. The concept of sustainable development also requires from public sector to support a fair division of cost and benefits from tourism among local community. Public involvement requires not only support in appropriate commercialization of culture into tourism attraction but also a promotion  of a destination. Albeit the need of public involvement in promotion of culture and tourism destination is hardly questioned, the problem arises when a proper socially desired amount of promotional spending and potential methods of public private cooperation are to be established. This study presents different approach to the problem by analyzing a quantity of promotional spending as a commodity which can be traded on the market. Since a free market equilibrium results in lower quantity than social optimum, there is a need for market intervention. The article presents theoretical solutions to externalities which are than related to promotional activities in eight Baltic cities where tourism product is based mainly on cultural attractions.

Characteristics of Geneva tourism nowadays show some degree of persistence but also certain structural changes since the 19 th century. These constancies and transformations are analyzed through the interpretation of the touristic image of the cityscape produced within literature, paraliterature and iconography. Three stages of development are explored: 1) a 19 th century romantic period; 2) a business oriented image since 1960; 3) a new hedonist and festive image since 1998 that breaks with the tradition of the city. A qualitative methodology of interpretation or hermeneutics of texts and images is applied to three basic documentary supports : general literature, travel guides, and touristic promotion. Image concordance or discordance among these three medias and reality is discussed and evaluated.

This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the current situation of urban tourism with referring to the experiences of the Arab World. By using bibliographic documentation and descriptive analytic method, this paper addresses the main opportunities, impediments, and challenges of urban tourism in three Arab cities (Dubai, Cairo and Amman). This paper indicates that the three cities have many opportunities stemming from their location and their rich tourism resources. Moreover, urban tourism in these cities should confront some internal (country based) and external (global and regional) challenges such as seasonality, pollution, congestion, competition, funding and instability. Some recommendations and policy implications were suggested. The paper concludes, by arguing, that common internal and external challenges need to be addressed in a systematic manner within the broader cultural and tourism policy context in which urban tourism is now implicated. There is a lack of li...

The majority of tourism-related studies are done with the consumer, namely the tourist, in mind. This paper, however, aims to explore the way in which the impact and potential of tourism is perceived by the local population in and around Mafikeng, the capital city of South Africa's North West Province. During this investigation, data was collected in two different ways. Firstly, focus group interviews were held with senior marketing students in order to identify relevant variables (activities) related to the impact and potential of tourism. These variables were then used to design a Likert scale (5-point attitude) question. This questionnaire was distributed to a sample drawn from a population that consisted of local inhabitants of the Mafikeng (also known as Mahikeng) area. A quantitative analysis of the 128 responses was conducted in order to determine the perceptions of local residents. Various groupings of perceptions were identified through a cluster analysis. The study found that local residents generally had a positive perception of the impact and potential of tourism in the Mafikeng area. In addition, this research has also made a contribution to the development of a profile of the local residents regarding general perceptions of tourist activities in the Mafikeng area. The different perceptions identified during the cluster analysis have the potential to inform future research.

O turismo estabelece a cada dia novas relações de valor com a realidade física das cidades que, como cenários, atraem o olhar do turista. Este, segundo Urry (2007) é constantemente alimentado por emoções. Este trabalho fala da emoção produzida pela relação entre o turismo e a materialidade dos cenários urbanos, a partir da leitura da estátua do Cristo Redentor, no Rio de Janeiro. Quando foi inaugurada, não se imaginava que ela se tornasse um dos mais conhecidos cartões postais brasileiros, admirado em todo o mundo e incansavelmente explorado em campanhas de promoção turística. Em flagrante contraste com os muitos problemas urbanos, a estátua tornou-se um símbolo de paz em meio à
confusão, plantando no imaginário coletivo a idéia de que moradores e visitantes são permanentemente abençoados e protegidos pelo Cristo. Além disso, firmou-se como uma
imagem forte, capaz de “induzir fluxos financeiros, de entretenimento e de consumo”, nas palavras de Gastal (2006, p. 180). Deve-se isso à forma do monumento, bem como à
maneira como ele se passou a compor a paisagem, o que mostra ainda o importante papel da arquitetura no estabelecimento de uma relação positiva entre signo e espaço e de um sentido de hospitalidade que alcance a sua dimensão espacial e social mais ampla.

Special events have grown in the tourism industry as indispensable product alternatives to many urban destinations. From small towns staging traditional cultural events to large cities competing to host mega-events such as World's Fairs or Olympic Games, events have been used as products to generate additional visits to a destination. Special tourism events can greatly contribute to the overall marketing of the destination by helping to create an image for the city. They can be used to help promote, position, and brand a destination. Starting from Aaker' s (1991) brand equity conceptual approach, this paper discusses the roles events can play in destination branding strategies. More specifically, it examines events' contributions to destination awareness, perceived quality, brand associations, destination loyalty, and destination positioning.

BIE WORLD EXPO and TOURISM - International  Expos cartography -  Bureau International des Expositions (BIE)

Through the recent and past World expo and more particularly the World expo of Milan 2015 and Port-au-Prince 1949, we recall that this tourist practice of the pleasure trip in a large city dates back to the XIXth century, it accompanies the origins of Our modern tourism, while becoming an instrument of geopolitics and tourist marketing of prime importance to cities and host countries (branding). Exhibitions can be seen as an urban lever, but also a way to make travel and understand our world through a system of representation of local and global identities that always emphasizes scientific discovery and cultural experience through the national pavilion. These giant events – mega-events - are based on a staging and narrative universal theme generally questioning the concept of sustainable development and the renewed attractiveness of the destination. Our analysis focuses on the most recent of the World expos and a forgotten exhibition belonging to the cultural area of the Caribbean, which reveals three dynamics associating mega-event tourism with the utopia of initiatory journeys, namely: reinvent and regain a certain success of frequentation implying a redefinition of the fields and uses of a disrupted utopia; to make travel is an act both scenographic and symbolic through the pavilion involving artifices and more and more digital declensions, the quest for this sustainable practice of travel is confronted with its heritage and its memory at different scales and temporalities.

English translation of the article published in French,
Patrice Ballester, « Les expositions universelles, une utopie touristique toujours d’actualité ? », Études caribéennes [En ligne], 37-38 | Août-Décembre 2017, mis en ligne le 15 novembre 2017, consulté le 19 février 2018. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/11239 ; DOI : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.11239

The majority of tourism-related studies are done with the consumer, namely the tourist, in mind. This paper, however, aims to explore the way in which the impact and potential of tourism is perceived by the local population in and around Mafikeng, the capital city of South Africa's North West Province. During this investigation, data was collected in two different ways. Firstly, focus group interviews were held with senior marketing students in order to identify relevant variables (activities) related to the impact and potential of tourism. These variables were then used to design a Likert scale (5-point attitude) question. This questionnaire was distributed to a sample drawn from a population that consisted of local inhabitants of the Mafikeng (also known as Mahikeng) area. A quantitative analysis of the 128 responses was conducted in order to determine the perceptions of local residents. Various groupings of perceptions were identified through a cluster analysis. The study fou...