Business Ecosystems

Resumen
Los ecosistemas empresariales han tomado fuerza durante los últimos años debido a las fortalezas que tienen para favorecer el desarrollo del espíritu emprendedor y la creación de nuevas empresas; sin embargo, la literatura sobre ecosistemas empresariales todavía es escasa. Esta investigación parte del diseño de un ecosistema empresarial para determinar los componentes que lo deben conformar, cómo deben estar relacionados para interactuar organizadamente y cuáles han de ser las acciones a ejecutar.

Abstract
Business ecosystems have become stronger in recent years due to the strengths they have in favor of the development of the entrepreneurial spirit and the creation of new companies; however, the literature on business ecosystems is still scarce. This research starts from the design of an enterprise ecosystem to determine the components that should conform it, how they should be related to interact in an organized manner and what the actions to be executed should be.

PROFITABLE, FAST-GROWING COMPANIES like Microsoƒt and Home Depot are the darlings of Wall Street and the envy of their competitors. But what factors deter-
mine their success? And what can managers do to emulate such stellar businesses within their own organizations?
To answer these questions, we screened the 9,450 publicly listed companies on the Compustat database for those that have grown dramatically over the past ten years. We also analyzed individual businesses such as Microsoƒt Windows, Medco’s pharmacy benefits management (PBM) program, Lotus Notes, Apple Newton, Hughes DirecTV, Enron Capital and Trade Resources, and Midland Bank’s First Direct.
We discovered that highly profitable fast growth is not confined to just a couple of firms. Between 1984 and 1993, 41 publicly listed companies focusing on one major line of business managed to increase their revenues and operating income by 20 percent per year. They created over 300,000 jobs and added $110 billion in market value during this period of sustained fast growth. These “tigers” are the swiƒtest, most powerful enterprises in the global marketplace.

Most governments, industries and institutions face an adaptive challenge to a changed context for strategy. The new operating environment is characterized by complexity, interactivity, and rapid evolution. It produces more challenges than any one person, business, or government can respond to effectively. This has two implications. The first is the importance of building collaboration that spans industry environments, spawns novel partnerships, and involves multiple stakeholders. The second is the importance of shaping developments proactively around a new theory for growth.

Rooted in the territorial approach, this theoretical paper offers a systematic literature review (SLR) of ecosystems based on a selection of 104 articles and books and their archetypes. First, we identify and discuss the four main types of ecosystems – business, innovation, entrepreneurial, and knowledge ecosystems – and indicate the presence of other transversal concepts. Second, we provide an overview of related and well-established theories from the territorial approach that have been largely omitted although they are ecosystem archetypes. Third, we identify the invariants across the four diverging streams from the ecosystem approach and the seven diverging streams from the territorial approach. Finally, we propose a research framework based on the comparison between key invariants from both approaches and discuss their similarities and differences that could serve as a foundation for future empirical research. This study therefore links the ecosystem and territorial approaches under the complex evolutionary system umbrella by creating a theoretical framework that reflects the complex interconnection between models, theories, and emerging concepts.

This paper explains the nature of a platform ecosystem as an evolutionary result of Industry 4.0 with industry and business digitalization along with a business ecosystem providing arguments for positioning it in line with a market, a hierarchy and a network. Specifically, the aim of this work is to show the transition to business ecosystems and the gripping power of one of its actors — platform companies. It also makes a short overview of the latest definitions of
the platform and business ecosystem in the frame of international business, attempts to define ecosystem participants that are differently viewed in the related literature and depicts mechanisms of value creation inside the platform ecosystem.

Работа посвящена анализу феномена бизнес-экосистемы как среды функционирования и развития платформенных компаний, описывает характеристики экосистемы. В статье представлено авторское определение экосистемы и её модель, включающая управляющую фирму, комплементоров и пользователей платформы. В статье также описывается, как компании-платформы, встраиваемые в бизнес-экосистему, создают и повышают совместную ценность вместе с другими участниками экосистемы.

There is an increasing number of TV channel in Indonesia. The competitive environment in TV advertising has made advertisers pull many different media strategies to get audience's attention. The media strategies consider several factors, such as television channel, product categories, program rating, and advertising rates. The purpose of this research is to explore media strategy for TV advertising in Indonesia, defined by number of advertising played on TV. We analyzed data on the behavior of TV advertisers in February 2010. From the research we found that television channel, product categories, and advertising rate had significant relationships with the number of advertising played on TV. Meanwhile, program rating did not have significant relationships with the number of advertising played on TV.

During last decades there has been a trend to build collaboration platforms as enablers for groups of enterprises to jointly provide integrated services and products. As a result, the notion of business ecosystem is getting wider acceptance. However, a critical issue that is still open, despite some efforts in this area, is the identification of adequate performance indicators to measure and motivate sustainable collaboration. This work-in-progress addresses this concern, briefly presenting the state of the art of relevant contributing areas such as, collaborative networks, business ecosystems, enterprise performance indicators, social networks analysis, and supply chains. Complementarily, through an assessment of current gaps, the research challenges are identified and an approach for further development is proposed.

Thisstudyexploreshoworganizationsininnovationecosystemsco-createandcapturevalueand whattypesofchallengestheyfaceincreatingandcapturingvalue.Basedonamultiplecasestudy, theauthorsshowthatorganizationsinnano-electronicsestablishinnovationecosystemstoaccess notonlyknowledgeandtechnology,butalsoothercomplementaryassets.Theanalysisofvarious valuecreationandcapturingmechanismsenablestheauthorstogenerateaframeworktoillustrate thepotentialchallengesandrequiredmanagementactivitiesindevelopinginnovationecosystems. Finally,theauthorsoffersomereflectionsonthetheoreticalimplicationsofthisstudyandthelessons formanagersandpolicymakers.

This paper disaggregates two social business models for development, namely Base of the Pyramid models and Inclusive Business models, with particular attention to the extent of
theoretical differences and similarities between the two. It also explores how the two social business models’ theoretical variances in state and market regulation, development and value
offer affect approaches to interacting with low income segments of populations and poverty reduction. To do this, the work uses secondary scholarly sources and grey literature to conduct a theoretical understanding of each approach. Through theoretical exploration, Base of the Pyramid and Inclusive Business models are different to the extent they support different concepts of state/market regulation, different theories of development, and different approaches to offering value to the low-income segments of a population. They are similar to the extent they both require creation of “ecosystems” with government, multilateral
organisations, non-governmental organisations, local grassroots organisations, development organisations and academia to operate in emerging markets. I posit this similarity is due to
the nature of institutional voids in the emerging markets in which both types of social businesses operate. It then uses publicly available secondary sources and primary research conducted via interviews and online surveys to examine six typological case studies: three firms with Base of the Pyramid models (Ajinomoto Inc., Provive and Water Health India) and three firms with Inclusive Business models (Botanica Natural Products, Ltd., Corporación
Favorita and Taze&Kuru Foods Inc). The case studies highlight some unexpected variations from theoretical understandings of the two approaches, and generally confirm the need for
semantic, theoretical and practical distinctions between Base of the Pyramid and Inclusive Business models.

In 1995, the future of home computing was in the balance. The dominant technology, the PC, was threatened by the entry of a potentially disruptive technology, the Network Computer (NC). Yet in 2005 almost 200 million PCs were sold globally and the pioneering NC was ...

This Conference Proceedings volume contains the written versions of most of the contributions presented during the Second International Conference on Fostering Resilient Business Ecosystems and Economic Growth: Towards the Next Normal. Like in the previous year, it took place online from April 27-29, 2022. The Conference provided a setting for discussing recent developments in various topics, including Marketing, OB & HRM, Entrepreneurship, Strategic Management, Operations Management, Economics, Public Policy, Business Analytics, International Business, Finance, and Accounting. The Conference has been a good opportunity for participants from 100s of Institutes from India and abroad. The inclusion of Keynote speeches in every track presentation has been highly appreciated, even for the speakers' efforts to present the ideas and methods in a lively and accessible way. We want to thank all participants for their contributions to the Conference program and their contributions to these Proceedings. Many thanks go to Soetomo University, Indonesia and AIMS, in collaboration with whom we have organized the International Conference for the second time in a row.

The entrepreneurial ecosystem stream of research is relatively new, yet it has started to attract the attention of scholars across a range of disciplines including international business and international entrepreneurship. Review studies are needed to consolidate the research and to illustrate the status quo and present visions for research going forward. This study aims to do so by applying bibliometric process technique. The present study summarizes the key countries and institutions, source journals, scholars and publications, and key themes encompassing the domain of entrepreneurial ecosystem research up to 2019. The findings illustrate an exponential growth of research covering a wide array of disciplines and top journals, observe several influential scholars and their collaboration networks, and find that the studies remain distinctly practitioner focused. In addition, six themes within the research domain are identified. The multilevel analysis gives a comprehensive overview ...

Today i-business (platform-based) firms are boosting their capitalization compared to traditional linear businesses due to joint value creation together with other participants forming a business ecosystem, namely complementors, supply-side and demand-side users. The paper reveals the participants and components of value creation of platform products or services and covers the issue of the platform value chain. The main purpose of the article is to analyze platform-based firms’ integration in the GVCs. It results in providing the model of i-business (platform-based) firms’ value creation and the model of contemporary GVCs with i-business firms embedded in them.

The entrepreneurial ecosystem stream of research is relatively new, yet it has started to attract the attention of scholars across a range of disciplines including international business and international entrepreneurship. Review studies are needed to consolidate the research and to illustrate the status quo and present visions for research going forward. This study aims to do so by applying bibliometric process technique. The present study summarizes the key countries and institutions, source journals, scholars and publications, and key themes encompassing the domain of entrepreneurial ecosystem research up to 2019. The findings illustrate an exponential growth of research covering a wide array of disciplines and top journals, observe several influential scholars and their collaboration networks, and find that the studies remain distinctly practitioner focused. In addition, six themes within the research domain are identified. The multilevel analysis gives a comprehensive overview ...

In 1995, the future of home computing was in the balance. The dominant technology, the PC, was threatened by the entry of a potentially disruptive technology, the Network Computer (NC). Yet in 2005 almost 200 million PCs were sold globally and the pioneering NC was not to be seen. In this paper we take a co-evolutionary view of the development and attempted diffusion of the NC. We observe that the lack of technological and market complementarities were central to its failure, restricting the adoption of the NC and the growth of its business ecosystem. In competition with the significantly more mature PC ecosystem, in which these complementarities were highly evolved, the NC failed to generate the expectation that it was a viable proposition. This episode provides insight into the difficulties facing new entrants with potentially disruptive technologies and shows why, nevertheless, incumbent technologies that initially overcome such challenges may remain under longer term threat.

In platform ecosystems, the proper modification of goods provided could promote innovation and fulfill the need for diversity among consumers. However, most platforms in the service industry currently serve merely as intermediaries for existing services. This study aims to clarify how the function of a platform, which brings a modification of the content of services, contributes to the development of the platform ecosystem in service industries. The results of an agent-based simulation that imitates platform-based markets of a service industry reveal that the facilitation of changing the content of services could have negative effects for the platform ecosystem if there are no supportive functions. The authors demonstrate that two supportive platform functions contribute to successful modifications in service content the facilitation of customer involvement improves the sustainability of the ecosystem by increasing profits of platform users, and the support for capturing latent need...

Growing evidence suggests entrepreneurial ecosystems are a potent engine for economic and community development. Prior research has identified an ecosystem’s culture as serving a critical role in its creation and functioning. However, it is not clear how the cultural forces in entrepreneurial ecosystems develop and are shaped by individuals, organizational actors, and ecosystem-level institutions. Drawing from institutional theory and theories of multiple logic organizations (i.e., hybrids), this paper combines entrepreneurship and management research to argue that entrepreneurial ecosystems are influenced by two dominant institutional logics: entrepreneurial-market and community. By combining both logics, hybrid support organizations, such as incubators, accelerators, and small business development centers, play a unique role in entrepreneurial ecosystems by exposing participants to the two guiding logics. Furthermore, it is argued that intra-ecosystem variation among hybrid support organizations in the dominance of entrepreneurial-market and community logics, will result in a diversity of entrepreneurship within an ecosystem. This theorizing contributes to the understanding of entrepreneurial ecosystems by shedding light on the role institutional logics and hybrid support organizations play in ecosystem formation, structuring, and function and by explaining the genesis of the cultural values that guide ecosystem participants.

During the last 5 years, we have witnessed extraordinary development in the mobile market. Apple’s launch of the iOS platform and associated App Store marketplace turned the market around, and Apple became the leading company in the business. This development caused existing players, such as Nokia, to renew their business and attracted new players, such as Google and Microsoft, to enter the market and introduce their own mobile platforms. To understand this development, we suggest that a generic abstracted model of the ecosystem around mobile platforms should be developed describing how the actors, including users, individual app developers, companies, and digital services, are connected and interact. In this work, we propose that competition and collaboration in this kind of abstracted ecosystem can be modeled and analyzed using network analysis. In our research, we derived weighted competition and collaboration networks for each mobile platform from an expert survey, and by calculating companies’ degree centrality in their networks at different times we were able to illustrate how companies’ strategies to build and maintain an ecosystem differ and develop over time. We believe that this kind of analysis is useful both for companies that build ecosystems and also for companies that plan to do business in them. The former can use it to compare their strategy with existing competitors and also evaluate emerging new ecosystems and the latter to compare and choose between possible ecosystems with which to do business.

Abstract Over the recent years there has been increasing interest in the evolution of supply networks and, given their inherent inter-dependences, some scholars have likened these networks to 'ecosystems'. This paper explores the role that social network analysis (SNA) might play in exploring the evolution and impact of both positional and structural characteristics of such networks on member strategy and network performance. We adopt a relational model that captures vertical, horizontal and diagonal linkages evident in these ...

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Although primarily studied in the context of product lines, vari-ability is a key fact about most systems and therefore a concern for the architectures of those systems. Thus it is essential for the Archi-tect to have suitable tools for representing, managing and reasoning about variation. Most work on product line variation has focused on the variability of components and their connectors within an archi-tecture. Meanwhile, Architects today often use multiple viewpoints to frame diverse stakeholders ’ concerns for an architecture. How can variation be expressed within the representational paradigm of multiple viewpoints? This paper uses a simplified model of vari-ation reflecting current practice and explores the consequences of that model for the representation of variation as a part of archi-tecture description, using the conceptual foundation of ISO/IEC 42010 (the revision of IEEE 1471:2000) and poses a number of questions for discussion at the VARI-ARCH workshop.

In this paper, a multi-commodity energy business model for an industrial park is designed and evaluated using the extended "business model design framework for viability". The framework has been validated earlier for mono-commodity energy systems. Our goal is to examine the application of the business model design framework for viability for multi-commodity energy systems as they are more complex. The framework was applied to an industrial park, integrating heat and electricity networks. The business model was designed iteratively to harvest and exploit the flexibility embedded in the industrial processes of the heat consumers. The first iteration showed that the business model design framework for viability was largely successful. However, adding two extensions to the framework helps to deal with the complexity of designing and evaluating viable business models for multi-commodity energy systems in a better way. First, the configuration techniques in the framework are extended to include reference business models. Second, the evaluation criteria in the framework are extended to include the capabilities of the stakeholders. The extended business model design framework for viability better enables the design of complex business models and allows to evaluate the capabilities of the stakeholders to implement the designed Business model. The extended business model design framework for viability successfully facilitated the design and evaluation of a viable multi-commodity energy business model and therefore is corroborated.

Digital business ecosystems are networks of organizations that together create and deliver a product or service in digital environments. In analogy to biological ecosystems the term business ecosystem conveys that the actors in the business ecosystem are interdependent and that the system constantly evolves as actors join or depart. Actors also affect each other as they cooperate to achieve common objectives while competing for scarce resources. This contribution explores how the concept of digital business ecosystems emerged in different disciplines and the interdisciplinary connections of topics.

KEYWORDS: Digitization, Strategies, Business Ecosystems, Networks, Value Creation