Archaeology of East Prussia

Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Żadna część tej książki nie może być powielana ani rozpowszechniana za pomocą urządzeń elektronicznych, mechanicznych, kopiujących, nagrywających i innych-bez pisemnej zgody autorów i wydawcy. Na okładce: badania wykopaliskowe na cmentarzysku w Szwajcarii koło Suwałk w 1959 r. Fotografia ze zbiorów Terho Paulssona

The aftermath of the Second World War and its repercussions have had a profound impact on the trajectory of East Prussian archaeology, with archaeological endeavours abruptly halted, and findings seemingly lost or scattered. However, the discovery of significant parts of the Königsberg antiquities collections in Berlin, Kaliningrad, and other European locations unveiled a preserved wealth of knowledge, reconnecting with the longstanding research tradition. Since 2012 a comprehensive project titled "Research Continuity and Continuity Research: Settlement Archaeological Basic Research on the Iron Age in the Baltic" is dealing with the reconstruction of the archaeological knowledge of the German research period in the former province of East Prussia. Collaboratively conducted by archaeologists at the Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA) in Schleswig and the Museum of Pre- and Early History (MVF) in Berlin, the project aims to reconstruct settlement history in the Iron Age, bridging the period between 500 BC and 1250 AD.
The former German province of East Prussia, now divided among Lithuania, Russia (Kaliningrad region), and Poland, poses unique challenges for the project, necessitating collaboration with relevant state and cultural institutions in these countries. The initiative involves an international scientific advisory board and focuses on cataloguing and making sources accessible for both digital and analogue research, including current field research.

The project explores the continuity of settlement processes during the Iron Age, particularly through the examination of hillforts, a prominent monument category in the region. The challenge lies in confirming settlement continuity through primary monuments, as direct evidence of settlements is scarce. The project developed an efficient methodology for investigating hillforts, leading to successful C14-based dating of nine such monuments in the former Kreis Fischhausen/Zelenogradskiĭ raĭon.
This provides a nuanced understanding of their occupation phases and their correlation with burial sites. The results challenge previous perspectives and contribute to the re-evaluation of entire settlement chambers. Ongoing collaborations, such as the investigation of Lithuanian hillforts, among others together with Audronė Bliujienė, demonstrate the methods lasting impact and its role in advancing our understanding of settlement dynamics in the Baltic region.

The aftermath of the Second World War and its repercussions
have had a profound impact on the trajectory
of East Prussian archaeology, with archaeological endeavours
abruptly halted, and finds seemingly lost or scattered.
However, the discovery of significant parts of the
Königsberg antiquities collections in Berlin, Kaliningrad,
and other European locations unveiled a preserved wealth
of knowledge, reconnecting with the longstanding research
tradition. Since 2012 a comprehensive project entitled
‘Continuity of Research and Research of Continuity
– Basic Research on Iron Age Settlement Archaeology
in the Baltic Region’ is dealing with the reconstruction of
the archaeological knowledge of the German research period
in the former province of East Prussia. Collaboratively
conducted by archaeologists at the Centre for Baltic and
Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA) in Schleswig and the
Museum of Pre- and Early History (MVF) in Berlin, the
project aims to reconstruct settlement history in the Iron
Age, bridging the period between 500 BC and 1250 AD.
The former German province of East Prussia, now
divided between Lithuania, Russia (the Kaliningrad region)
and Poland, poses unique challenges for the project,
necessitating collaboration with the relevant state and cultural
institutions in these countries. The initiative involves
an international scientific advisory board, and focuses on
cataloguing and making sources accessible for both digital
and analogue research, including current field research.
The project explores the continuity of settlement processes
during the Iron Age, particularly through the examination
of hillforts, a prominent monument category in
the region. The challenge lies in confirming settlement
continuity through those primary monuments, as direct
evidence of settlements is scarce. The project developed an
efficient methodology for investigating hillforts, leading to
the successful 14C-based dating of nine such monuments inthe former Kreis Fischhausen (now Zelenogradskij district,
Kaliningrad region, Russian Federation).
This provides a nuanced understanding of their occupation
phases and their correlation with burial sites. The results
challenge previous perspectives, and contribute to the
reevaluation of entire settlement chambers. Ongoing collaborations,
such as the investigation of Lithuanian hillforts,
among others together with Audronė Bliujienė, demonstrate
the method’s lasting impact, and its role in advancing our
understanding of settlement dynamics in the Baltic region.

I. Северо-Западный федеральный округ Проведенные разведочные работы показывают богатый потенциал в деле изучения торговых коммуникаций периода существования «Великого янтарного пути» на западе Самбийского п-ова, обнаружение ранее неизвестных памятников различных эпох позволит нам лучше понять процессы, происходившие в древности на этих территориях, и влияние на них янтарной торговли.

This study presents the results of stable isotope analyses performed on human tooth enamel (δ 13 C), bone collagen (δ 13 C and δ 15 N), and animal bone and tooth dentine collagen (δ 13 C and δ 15 N). We sampled archaeological material from Late Roman and Early Migration period settlement and burial sites in western Lithuania. Stable isotope analysis of human teeth demonstrated that human diet was primarily based on herbivorous and omnivorous domestic animals and C 3 plants. Also, we established that social stratification was not reflected in the isotopic data. Finally, the data presented in this paper revealed that human diet remained extremely uniform during the Late Roman and Early Migration periods.

Mountain animal food products are at the center of attention due to their intrinsic value and, as such, mountain beekeeping products deserve attention and effort for their valorisation. The work aimed at investigating the quality traits of mountain honey samples from Kyrgyzstan, giving particular emphasis on the amino acid profiles and their possible relationship with the other chemical-physical characteristics. The moisture content, acidity, pH, and diastase activity of honey samples were within the limits established by normative documents. The honey samples showed a higher diastase activity (26.34 – 77.9 Schade units), which demonstrates the high quality and superiority of mountain honey. The amino acid content of Kyrgyz honey was investigated for the first time. The major amino acids were proline (1553 mg/kg), followed by phenylalanine (805 mg/kg), lysine (349 mg/kg), and arginine (261 mg/kg). The sum of essential amino acids ranged from 675 to 4506 mg/kg and that of total amino...

During the excavations on the post-medieval manor house on a mound in Boreczno (Zalewo community, Warmian-Mazurian voivodeship) two burial pits were found with burials dated back to the 2nd World War. In one of them, an older man was buried, in the other - two women and a younger man. All of them were killed during the January offensive, probably on the 22nd of January 1945 or a bit later. The older man was killed by shrapnel, the rest of them were shot by the Red Army soldiers. The Flash January offensive enabled many inhabitants of East Prussia to evacuate to the Reich. First-line troops quickly reached Elbląg and Tolkmicko, often bypassing longer defending points of resistance, and second-line units seized them, often carrying out several murders on civilians. The evacuation of parts of the German and indigenous populations and the subsequent resettlements have left the fate of many missing civilians in the last months of the Second World War unknown and the found graves of the civilian population are impersonal.

I. Северо-Западный федеральный округ Проведенные разведочные работы показывают богатый потенциал в деле изучения торговых коммуникаций периода существования «Великого янтарного пути» на западе Самбийского п-ова, обнаружение ранее неизвестных памятников различных эпох позволит нам лучше понять процессы, происходившие в древности на этих территориях, и влияние на них янтарной торговли.

The paper outlines the contribution of the Neapolitan tradition of structural conservation of paintings on canvas. It is possible to trace the existence  in  the eighteenth century of diversified practices, which included the use of temporary stretchers for lining. It has also been defined the identification of  ‘mesticatori-foderatori’ (fillers-liners), professionals  specialized in the preparation of new canvases for painting  and in the lining of old ones. A profound knowledge of the materials of painting during the nineteenth century  in the  Museo Borbonico advised extremely caution in  interventions on  glue-tempera paintings by Parmigianino and Bertoja, which were not lined, but equipped with additional  canvases. The practice of transfer was practiced since eighteenth century in Naples, but consciously avoided in the nineteenth century in the  Museo,  only to be put into practice at the beginning of the twentieth century with questionable results. In the second half of the twentieth century an improvement to traditional lining techniques was found by Antonio De Mata, who developed an effective procedure for the preventive consolidation and lining of paintings on canvas that reduced the risks of humidity. With due caution, in many cases this method continues to be effective.

Es ist zu begrüßen, daß nach den Funden der Insel Fünen (E. Albrectsen, Fynske Jernaldergrave [1954 ff.]) nun auch das Material der benachbarten Inseln Seeland und Moen vorgelegt wird. David Liversage gliedert seine Ar beit übersichtlich in drei Abschnitte, den kommentierten Fundkatalog (S. 9 ff.), die Beschreibung der Fundob

Obiekt 123 – duża jama o kształcie czworokątnym i wymiarach ok. 4 × 4,5 m, z dołączonym od strony północnej korytarzykiem o długości ok. 4 m i szerokości 2 m (ryc. 9–11; 19: 1). Głębokość głównej części obiektu dochodziła do ok. 1,2 m i wypłycała się łagodnie w stronę północną (w korytarzyku). Na głębokości ok. 0,7–0,3 m zachowane były pozostałości spalonej drewnianej ściany (js. 126, 128, 129). Zachowało się zwęglone lico konstrukcji z belek, których pierwotna grubość wynosiła zapewne (jak można sądzić z nieco innego zabarwienia warstwy) ok. 0,2 m. Ustawione one były w czworobok z otworem skierowanym na północ, w stronę korytarzyka. Wymiary wewnętrzne ograniczone konstrukcją drewnianą wynosiły odpowiednio 3,4 m po osi północ – południe i 3,2 m po osi wschód – zachód, zaś szerokość otworu wejściowego dochodziła do 1,6 m. Konstrukcja drewniana wstawiona była we wkopaną w ziemię jamę o lekko ukośnych ściankach, miejscami zbliżonych do pionowych. W połowie wypełniska obiektu znajdowały...

[From the Study of Medieval Motte and Bailey Castles in the Gliwice District Half a Century Later]

In 1970, two Silesian archaeologists, Zbigniew Bagniewski and Eugeniusz Tomczak, carried out the first survey verifications of objects in the Gliwice district, considered in older, pre-war literature as relics of late medieval motte and bailey castles. These researchers covered a total of seventeen alleged settlements with small surveys, confirming the existence of only nine such structures located in the following towns: Chechło, Ciochowice, Gliwice-Łabędy, Kozłów, Pniów, Rudno, Widów and Żernica. In recent years, these strongholds have been largely subjected to archaeological research, both excavation and non-invasive methods. Excavation works, supplemented with often non-invasive ones, were carried out, among others at the positions in Kozłów, Pniów, Łabędy or Ciochowice. These studies also led to more detailed findings regarding the chronology of the functioning of residential and defence facilities, as well as their layout. In some cases, the multi-phase nature of the seats and the construction of newer manor buildings on the relics of older ones have been proven, which was certainly due to the specific tradition of the place. In the last 50 years since the verification work in 1970, further sites have also been discovered that are likely remnants of motte objects. Summing up, it can be concluded that some cone-shaped settlements require verification, some further field research, and some are still waiting to be discovered. The availability of laser scans of the area and the increasing number of precise aerial photos taken allowing for more in-depth landscape studies will certainly allow the discovery of new positions of this type in the future.

Keywords: Upper Silesia, Gliwice district, motte and bailey, late medieval ages, early modern time ages

This study presents the results of stable isotope analyses performed on human tooth enamel (δ 13 C), bone collagen (δ 13 C and δ 15 N), and animal bone and tooth dentine collagen (δ 13 C and δ 15 N). We sampled archaeological material from Late Roman and Early Migration period settlement and burial sites in western Lithuania. Stable isotope analysis of human teeth demonstrated that human diet was primarily based on herbivorous and omnivorous domestic animals and C 3 plants. Also, we established that social stratification was not reflected in the isotopic data. Finally, the data presented in this paper revealed that human diet remained extremely uniform during the Late Roman and Early Migration periods.

Osada późnośredniowieczna i ślady osadnictwa pradziejowego na stanowisku 7 w Daniłowie Małym, gm. Łapy Katalog warstw i obiektów 1. Osadnictwo późnośredniowieczne 1.1. Pozostałości warstwy kulturowej-domniemane relikty naziemnych budynków Warstwa 23 (x = 383; y = 45) Warstwa brązowo-czarnej (10YR 3/2), piaszczystej ziemi o miąższości ok. 0,05 m, zawierająca rozkruszone pod wpływem działania wysokiej temperatury kamienie. Zachowała się na obszarze o długości ok. 5 m i szerokości ok. 4,7 m (x = 380-384,5; y = 42,5-47). Zalegała nad stropem jamy kultury trzcinieckiej (js. 25). Zawartość zabytkowa: fragmentaryczne zachowana siekiera czworościenna, wtórnie wykorzystana w charakterze rdzenia (Wawrusiewicz, w tomie, ryc. 3: 4). Warstwa 26 (x = 387; y = 30) Warstwa brązowo-czarnej (10YR 3/1), piaszczystej ziemi o miąższości dochodzącej do ok. 0,15 m. Zachowała się na obszarze o długości ok. 8,7 m i szerokości ok. 6,3 m (x = 383-391; y = 27-33,5). Zalegała nad późnośredniowieczną jamą 240. Zawartość zabytkowa: 1) 1 wiór krzemienny z rdzenia dwupiętowego, datowany na schyłkowy paleolit (Wawrusiewicz, w tomie, ryc. 3: 2). 2) 5 fragmentów ceramiki pradziejowej, prawdopodobnie kultury trzcinieckiej. 3) 15 fragmentów ceramiki późnośredniowiecznej. 4) 6 fragmentów kości zwierzęcych (owcy lub kozy, por. Parzyszek 2000a, s. 2). Warstwa 28 (x = 382; y = 36) Warstwa brązowo-czarnej (10YR 3/1), piaszczystej ziemi, zawierająca dużą ilość różnej wielkości kamieni polnych (js. 27), w tym również rozkruszonych pod wpływem działania wysokiej temperatury. Rozciągała się na obszarze o długości ok. 3,8 m i szerokości ok. 3 m (x = 380-384; y = 34,5-38), a jej miąższość dochodziła do 0,07 m. Zalegała nad jamą 42, pochodzącą prawdopodobnie z okresu późnego średniowiecza. Zawartość zabytkowa: 1) Fragment żelaznego noża (ryc. 36: 2). 2) Kamienna osełka (ryc. 36: 1). 3) 1 fragment ceramiki pradziejowej (ryc. 40: 4). 4) 4 fragmenty kości owcy lub kozy oraz 4 fragmenty kości przepalonych, w tym 2 kości bydła (Parzyszek 2000a, s. 1).

Grodzisko znajduje się na wysoczyźnie przy wschodniej krawędzi doliny jeziora Gulbińskiego (ryc. 1-2). Ma niewielkie rozmiary, ale wyróżnia się bardzo wyraźnie w morfologii terenu. Kształt obiektu i jego położenie na płaskim wzgórku nie pozostawia wątpliwości, że forma ta jest od podstawy po wierzchołek zbudowana przez człowieka (ryc. 3). Tworzy ono formę stożka z podstawą szeroką na kilkadziesiąt metrów i płaskim wierzchołkiem kilkunastometrowej średnicy z punktem wysokościowym 104,6 m n.p.m. Wysokość obiektu wynosi około 5 m, a jego zbocza są strome, przekraczają nachylenie 45°. Stożek ma około 30 metrów średnicy przy podstawie i ok. 10 metrów średnicy na górnym plateau (ryc. 4-5).

Stanowisko 1 w Karolewie położone jest na południowej krawędzi doliny Liwy. Ma ono kształt nieregularny, zbliżony nieco do owalu oraz powierzchnię około 2,5 ha. Majdan, którego nierówna powierzchnia opada w kierunku północnym, oddzielony jest od wysoczyzny wałem o wysokości do 1,5 m od SW, S i SE. W SW części założenia w obręb majdanu wchodzi dodatkowy odcinek wału o długości około 50 m (ryc. 1-4). Po obu stronach wału widoczne są fosy: głębsza od strony zewnętrznej, a płytsza i słabiej czytelna-od strony wewnętrznej.

Bullying occurs in most schools and happens to students no matter how capable, popular and well-adjusted they are. This paper reports on a study that examines the nature and extent of bullying and explores the context of bullying and school violence in New Zealand schools. Approximately 1370 students from seven primary and three secondary schools participated in the study. Using a survey approach, a questionnaire was designed to examine the prevalence and incidence of different types of bullying; the nature of the actual bullying and where it is most likely to happen: schools responses to bullying, including the issues of reporting and why students choose not to tell. Results indicate that all of the participating schools reported bullying to a greater or lesser extent. Listening to the voices of students in this study extends understanding of the issues around bullying. The results led to recommendations based on issues of policy, supervision (particularly in the areas Identified b...

Vienas įdomiausių radinių, paminėtų pirmojoje Martos Sch­miedehelm disertacijoje, yra segė iš Lattenwalde’s. Šią segę tyrinėtoja skiria labai profiliuotoms segėms su atramine plokštele (Schmiedehelm, 1943, S. 96). Segė, anot M. Sch­miedehelm, buvo iš Eduardo Gisevijaus – garsaus Tilžės kolekcininko – rinkinio (Tamulynas, 2009, p. 9–11). Segės radimo aplinkybės tiksliau nežinomos. Emilis Hollack (1908, S. 81–82) užsimena apie anksty­vojo romėniškojo laikotarpio kapinyną, nedaug vėlesnį arba vienalaikį su Lattenwalde’s segės deponavimo laiku. Galbūt tai ir buvo kapinynas, kuriame ši segė buvo užkasta. Ją rei­kia sieti su vadinamąja Dollkeimo-Kovrovo arba Sembos-Notangos kultūra. M. Schmiedehelm kartotekoje yra Lattenwalde’s segės eskizas. Segę piešė ir H. Jankuhnas. Jo iliustracija yra pa­tikimesnė (1 pav.). Šie piešiniai rodo, kad buvo išlikusi tik segės viršutinė dalis, o kojelė ir užkaba yra susilydžiusios. Vis dėlto tai yra neabejotinai Almgreno IV grupės A 67-68 tipo labai profil...

The grave goods from Linkuhnen (Rževskoje/Linkūnai) indicate continuous usage of the cemetery from the Roman Iron Age and the Migration Period to the Viking Age (second to 11th century AD). A closer look at the fibulae from Linkuhnen offers an overview of the changing cultural relationships with the neighbouring areas during the 1,000 years of occupancy of the site. The interpretation of Linkuhnen is closely linked to its topographical position close to the River Nemunas (Neman/Memel). The hypothetical alteration of the course of the River Nemunas, suggested by V. Žulkus, has to be discussed for its potential impact on the site of Linkuhnen and its relations with neighbouring areas at the end of the first millennium.

The Seeds for Success pilot project involved RTLB, Ministry of Education - Special Education staff, and classroom teachers. It successfully developed and trialled a school entry screening and intervention programme for young children who were identified by teachers as having behaviour difficulties across three school clusters. Collaboration between professionalswas a key part of the pilot. Seeds for Success was then introduced to a number of other clusters in different parts of New Zealand.

The garrison shooting range located at Wola Justowska in Kraków, 237 Królowej Jadwigi St, was built in the years 1886-1887. It is a tall, one-storey wooden building with a central rotunda covered with a multi-pitched roof, and two side wings. Despite the current poor technical condition, the shooting range at Wola Justowska is still a unique monument of military art, and a gem of old wooden architecture. The objective of the study was to determine the species of wood used in the construction of the historical building, including its structural parts, wall and floor panelling, as well as decorative elements. Study material was collected from fragments of the wooden structure and decorations, window frames, roof and floor sheathing. As cross-sections of the collected wood samples have shown, all fragments belong to the native wood of coniferous trees species such as Abies alba Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Pinus sylvestris L. The vast majority of the analysed wood pieces, taken f...

ul.Wóycickiego1/3,bud.23,01-938Warszawa SPIS TREŚCI ArchAeologIcA hereditas 19 5 Wstęp 9 rozdział1.ZaryshistoriiosadnictwanatereniePomezanii/górnychPrus wpóźnymśredniowieczuiokresiewczesnonowożytnym 23 rozdział2.BadaniaarcheologicznewBorecznie,stanowiskonr4. (gm.Zalewo,pow.iławski,woj.warmińsko-mazurskie) 23 2.1. Daneidentyfikacyjne 24 2.2. Współrzędnegeograficzne 24 2.3. Funkcjaidziejestanowiska 33 2.4. Środowiskofizycznogeograficzne 34 2.5. opisobiektu 34 2.6. Przebiegbadańterenowych 42 2.7. Stratygrafiastanowiska 52 2.8. Znaleziska 88 2.9. chronologiastanowiska 88 2.10. Miejsceprzechowywaniazbiorówidokumentacji 89 rozdział3.BadaniaarcheologicznewBałoszycach (gm.Susz,pow.iławski,woj.warmińsko-mazurskie) 89 3.

Sì, come si deve mai cominciare! Lo storico-e tanto più lo storico occasionale-è sempre esposto alla tentazione alla quale soggiacque Wagner in maniera assolutamente eccezionale quando, teso in verità soltanto a descrivere il declino del suo eroe Sigfrido, si lasciò attirare da una pedanteria entusiasta sempre più indietro nel passato, nel mito, finché si trovò costretto ad accettare una parte sempre più grande di "preistoria", finché, alla fine, si fermò necessariamente all'inizio e all'origine di tutte le cose, alla più profonda essenza dell'antefatto dell'antefatto; da qui poi cominciò a narrare in maniera solenne e graduale. Poiché però tempo e spazio protestano a gran voce che noi, in questo saggio sulla genesi di una lotta, di una «guerra» europea di cui oggi viviamo la ripetizione e la continuazione, vogliamo incominciare dalle più profonde origini, diamoci una scrollatina e iniziamo dalla «grande diffidenza», la profondamente radicata e, se vogliamo esser giusti, abbastanza fondata diffidenza del mondo nei confronti di Federico II di Prussia. Si ricordi soltanto: il giovane uomo, quasi un ragazzo per i lineamenti, un po' grassoccio e delicato di struttura, «la più incantevole creatura del regno», come lo definiva uno straniero, dal colorito vivo e le gote infantili, dai grandi, lucenti e miopi occhi azzurri, con il naso che continua dritto la linea della fronte e presenta in punta un naturale arrossamento, secondo i ritratti dell'epoca-questo grazioso giovane uomo, di cui è conosciuto il passato in parte dissoluto, in parte terribile e talvolta tremendo di principe ereditario, libero pensatore, ostentatamente filosofo, letterato, autore dell'umanissimo Antimachiavelli, assolutamente privo di doti militari, almeno per l'impressione che aveva suscitato fino ad allora, gentile, indolente (so gentle and so sweet), femmineo, facile a commuoversi e a contrarre debiti, dedito anima e corpo ai divertimenti, al lusso e alla musica-«diventa re». Infatti il padre preoccupato non è riuscito a suo tempo, né con percosse umilianti né con qualche tentativo di strozzarlo, ad indurlo a spararsi un colpo alla testa o perlomeno a rinunciare al trono in favore del fratello; come re, invece, si comporta in modo tale che non si sa più cosa pensare. Da allora il giorno dell'incoronazione viene chiamato la journée des dupes: quasi tutto si svolse diversamente da come si era pensato. Coloro che avevano tremato al pensiero della vendetta del nuovo signore, non furono puniti; ma quelli che pensavano fosse giunta per loro l'occasione propizia, si videro delusi. Gli avventurieri ed i poeti che si accalcavano attorno al trono e non si accontentavano di evviva ebbri di speranza, ammutolirono ben presto. Un allegro compagnone di Rheinsberg, che ebbe l'ingenuità di intonare confidenzialmente la solita vecchia musica, ottenne uno scintillante sguardo azzurro e la tagliente frase: «Monsieur, à present je suis Roi!». Claris, apertis verbis: «Gli scherzi sono finiti». Di tutta l'opera di Shakespeare, il punto più bello è forse quello in cui uno, sotto un simile sguardo, dice ad un altro: «Non ti conosco, amico!».

On the Rożnów Foothils area, at the Rożnów and Czchów artificial lakes, a few usually ruined castles are located. This historical and recently monumental defensive objects emerged mainly in the Middle Ages. These Castles, are located on exposures of the Upper Cretaceous Istebna Beds. The Istebna Sandsones constitutes also natural local construction raw materials. The Istebna Beds are involved in the structure of the Silesian Nappe, one of the main Outer Carpathian tectonic units. The original walls of castles with their geological enclosing are geoturistic attractions of the Rożnów Land. They could be also a kind of lapidarium. In their walls are exposed specimens of the sandstone lithotypes typical for the Istebna Beds.