Aquaculture Economics and Management

The experiment was conducted to assess the performance of two commercial feeds oAbstract The experiment was conducted to assess the performance of two commercial feeds on growth of the Dutch strain of African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings for 56 days under hatchery condition in July and August, 2019 with the aim of comparing the growth response in terms of Specific Growth Rate (SGR), total weight, total length and survival rates. Sixty (60) fingerlings of C. gariepinus with average weight of 1.20±0.00g and two commercial feeds (Coppens and Skretting) with varying crude proteins were used for the study. Some water parameters analyzed indicated Temperature range of 27.35±0.03 and 27.14±0.07 for T1 and T2 respectively, pH of 7.41±0.07 and 7.41±0.03, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) of 65.38±1.07ppm and 73.75±0.45ppm, Electrical Conductivity (EC) of 130.75±2.14µS and 147.50±0.90µS and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of 4.44±0.04mg/L and 4.51±0.03mg/L respectively. The treatments had no significant difference in terms of Mean Weight, Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Feed Conversion Efficiency and Survival Rate (P< 0.05). In terms of mean weight, Coppens gave 4.02g while Skretting gave 4.44g. SGR showed in Coppens 2.63 and 2.64 in Skretting. Although fish fed with Coppens and Skretting both demonstrated good growth performance. n growth of the

The study was conducted to fi ll the gap in the dearth of information on systematic approach to ascertain the severity as well as the magnitude of the constraints responsible for the sub-optimal operation of fi sh farming in Nigeria. 120 randomly selected fi sh farmers from a list of 186 fi sh farmers in the state were interviewed. Participatory appraisal technique and econometric technique were adopted to ascertain the most severe major constraints and also the severity index of each of the sub-constraints that are responsible for the sub-optimal aquaculture operation in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria and the cause of withdrawal from aquaculture by some fi sh farmers. The sub-constraints severity within the major constraints, across the region gave more insight into the causes of the high rate of withdrawals from aquaculture and the decline in aquaculture productivity in the region. How productive the regional aquaculture would be, even in the nearest future, would depend to a large extent on these major factors: production, marketing and advancement in related technology. Unless pragmatic approach is used to reduce the constraints responsible for the high rate of withdrawal, fi sh food security in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria would still be elusive.

& Salmon farming is among the most successful aquaculture industries with a production growth that is substantially higher than aggregate aquaculture production in recent decades. It is well known that innovations and productivity growth are the main sources for this development. In this article we look closer at two potentially important factors in production growth, development of farm size and company size directly through economies of scale and indirectly through capacity in R&D, innovation, sales and marketing. In Norway, production per license has increased from 26 tons in 1980 to 1,130 tons in 2010, suggesting a substantial intensification in the industry. In all five leading salmon producing countries, the degree of concentration has increased and the large firms have become bigger over time.

This study was carried out in four regions in
Southern Ghana with the objective of assessing the
demographic profile of farmers and determining the
profitability of the industry. A structured questionnaire
was used to collect primary data from 74 pond
and 13 pen farmers in the selected regions. The
results showed that species mostly cultured were
tilapia (O. niloticus), catfish (Clarias sp.), Heterotis sp.
and snakehead (Parachanna sp.). Descriptive analysis
showed the ponds were generally larger than pens.
More than 50% of the total farmers had between
one and two ponds or pens. The average net returns
were US$ 0.55 and US$ 0.42 m

2 for pond and pen
culture respectively, making both systems profitable.
On a regional basis, pond aquaculture was most
profitable in the Western Region. From the results,
both pond and pen aquaculture are presently a profitable
venture in Ghana that will continue to attract
more potential investors even in the next decade.
Pond aquaculture was classified into small-, medium-
and large-scale operations. Results indicated
that small-scale operations were economically
non-viable under the present situation, with largescale
operations being the most profitable. The main
constraints affecting production were lack of capital,
fish predators and poaching.

This study focused on the technical and economic feasibility of setting up an organic farm for the production of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in fresh water in Greece, going from growing to marketing size, all by calculating the size of the farm and by studying four production scenarios. The objective of the farm was to produce fresh fish which were to be transformed into smoked fillets by an intermediary and was finally destined to three different types of customers. The scenarios with an initial average weight of 2 gr were not retained since a monthly production could not be attained. In addition, the production cycles with an initial average weight of 10 gr were shorter and more stable (6 months). Production in the selected scenarios was doubled during periods of high demand (Easter and Christmas). The site (s) most suitable in physicochemical terms were assessed. The breeding system chosen was intensive flow-through (raceways - concrete tanks). The amount of investment is lower for a production of 50 tonnes (scenario 1), while the production costs do not vary significantly between the two scenarios. However, profitability is reached in the first year for the two scenarios in question.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Turkey berry (Solanum torvum) leaf extract on feminization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Five days old post hatching larvae were used in this experiment. The Turkey berry leaf extract (1:1) were used in this experiment. This study used a completed randomized design which consisted of five treatment; P0 (0 mg.L -1 as a control), P1 (100 mg.L -1 ), P2 (200 mg.L -1 ), P3 (300 mg.L -1 ), P4 (400 mg.L -1 ), with three replications. The results showed that the immersion of Turkey berry leaf extract affected on feminization of common carp and increase the growth rate of fish were 82.20% and 0.98%, respectively at P3 (300 mg.L -1 ).

Ikan gabus (Channa striata) merupakan jenis ikan rawa lebak lebung yang bernilai ekonomis di Sumatera Selatan. Ikan ini dijadikan bahan baku pembuatan makanan khas daerah. Dengan semakin tingginya permintaan terhadap ikan gabus, maka eksploitasi ikan gabus di alam semakin meningkat, hal ini dapat mengancam kelestarian sumberdaya ikan gabus. Untuk mengantisipasi kepunahan ikan gabus, perlu dilakukan usaha pembudidayaannya. Sebagai langkah awal untuk membudidayakan ikan gabus diperlukan calon induk yang sudah terbiasa dalam kondisi lingkungan budidaya, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penjinakan/domestikasi. Domestikasi calon induk ikan gabus sudah dilakukan di Unit Pembenihan Rakyat (UPR) Batanghari Sembilan Indralaya, menggunakan kolam beton berukuran 2x1x1 meter sebanyak 6 kolam, masing-masing dipelihara 10 ekor ikan gabus dengan bobot berkisar 100-200 gram/ekor. Selama pemeliharaan ikan gabus diberi pakan berupa anak kodok dan ikan-ikan kecil. Usaha penjinakan sudah berlangsung dari bulan Maret-Juli 2012. Kelangsungan hidup ikan selama pemeliharaan 60-90%, dengan pertambahan bobot 35-60 gram/ekor. Kualitas air kolam selama pemeliharaan berkisar : suhu (25-29 o C), pH air (5-7 unit ), oksigen terlarut (4.2 -5 ppm).

Energy is an important resource in aquaculture industry and it is required in enormous amount. The increasing of global demand of frozen tilapia leads Indonesia as one of potential exporters. To enhance its productivity, requires good controlled on energy input. Meanwhile the study about energy of Indonesia pond-based intensive tilapia aquaculture system has not been developed. This study aimed to conduct energy audit to determine the energy consumption of pond-based intensive tilapia aquaculture system. Energy audit was conducted in two steps, preliminary audit and detailed audit. Preliminary audit result shows that to produce 1(one) live-weight ton of tilapia consumed 4821.08 MJ which consisted of electricity (4576.74 MJ), labors (180.33 MJ), diesel (49.33MJ), and gasoline (14.68MJ).Feed is the highest indirect energy input with 1.59 ton feed for grow-out and 845.5 kg feed for 1(one) ton fingerling production. Detailed audit result showed that grow-out activity consumed 55.6% from total electrical energy consumption for high requirement of aeration and lighting. Maintaining aerator wheel engine is necessary to avoid over consumption of electricity. Although the energy and feeding inputs are controlled, the pond-based intensive aquaculture system is still using low technology equipments, so many labors are needed for aquaculture activities.

The main challenge for tilapia culture in rural areas of Mexico is low producer income and difficulty in acquiring inputs (fingerlings and balanced feed). In response, some rural producers feed tilapia with locally available vegetal inputs such as chaya, Cnidoscolus chayamansa. This plant is a bush endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, that is traditionally used for human and animal nutrition. In these rural culture systems, chaya is provided ad libitum as fresh leaves. Its use to date is empirical, and therefore, little is known about optimum substitution levels. A bioeconomic model was developed using experimental data. The von Bertalanffy model was parameterized using chaya/balanced feed combinations that produced growth not statistically different than a diet with sole use of balanced feed. This model included biological, economic, and management components. The results indicate that balanced feed can be substituted by chaya leaves at up to 50% and that this substitution level provides the lowest production costs during the warm season. Maintenance of this production level requires 2.23 units of chaya per unit of balanced feed, with the restriction that only 50% of the ration can be substituted by chaya leaves.

Disease remains a limiting factor for the aquaculture industry including fresh waters aquaculture, shrimps culture and maricultur. With respect to the shrimp culture industry, disease outbreaks have been the primary cause of production loss during the last two decades. Disease outbreaks not only result from the mere presence of a pathogen in the system, a compromised health status of the cultured animals in combination with suboptimal environmental conditions are also factors facilitating disease outbreaks. Therefore, disease prevention and control should not only focus on implementing biosecurity measures, but must be performed in an integral approach involving, among others, adequate nutrition, enhancing the immunity of the cultured animals and maintaining a good water quality. The basic principle of the biofloc system is to recycle waste nutrients, in particular nitrogen, into microbial biomass that can be used in situ by the cultured animals or be harvested and processed into feed ingredients. So far, very few studies investigated the immunological potential of the biofloc technology although it is widely known that microorganisms, their cell components or their metabolites can act as immunostimulants that enhance the shrimp innate immune system and provide improved protection against pathogens.

Aquaponics loosely described is the combination of aquaculture and hydroponics. Aquaponics means many different things to different people, but it's basically all about growing fish and vegetables in a symbiotic system. Fish and plants growing happily together.

1 PENDAHULUAN PENDAHULUAN  Ikan lele MUTIARA merupakan strain unggul ikan lele hasil pemuliaan di Balai Penelitian Pemuliaan Ikan (BPPI) Sukamandi yang memiliki keunggulan performa budidaya relatif lengkap, antara lain dalam hal pertumbuhan, efisiensi pakan, keseragaman ukuran, toleransi terhadap penyakit, toleransi terhadap lingkungan, toleransi terhadap stress serta kualitas dan kuantitas daging.  Ikan lele MUTIARA telah dirilis sebagai strain unggul berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 77/KEPMEN-KP/2015.

ABSTRACT

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production system worldwide and is particularly important in bridging the gap
between fish demand and supply in Nigeria. This study was carried out to determine factors affecting aquaculture fish seed
production and management in Ogun State, Nigeria, an important coastal and fish producing state. Through structured
questionnaire and personal interviews, data were collected from 58 hatcheries and analyzed using descriptive and inferential
statistics. Major challenges identified by this study include lack of good quality brood stock, high mortalities during larval
development, high costs of hatchery inputs and equipment, water quality maintenance and energy-related problems. It is
recommended that government should offer low-interest loans for continuous training of fish hatchery operators, who should
be mandated to train regularly to update their knowledge on new developments in the industry. These steps should result in
enhanced fish seed production for viable and sustainable aquaculture development in Nigeria.



Keywords: Brood Stock; Fish Seed; Production; Sustainable Aquaculture; Ogun State; Nigeria

Bodies of water provide essentials for both human society as well as natural ecosystems. To expand the services these water provide, hybrid food-energy-water systems can be designed. This paper reviews the fields of floatovoltaic (FV) technology (water deployed solar photovoltaic systems) and aquaculture (farming of aquatic organisms) to investigate the potential of hybrid floatovoltaic-aquaculture synergistic applications for improving food-energy-water nexus sustainability. The primary motivation for combining electrical energy generation with aquaculture is to promote the dual use of water, which has historically high unused potential. Recent advances in FV technology using both pontoon and thin film structures provides significant flexibility in deployment in a range of water systems. Solar generated electricity provides off-grid aquaculture potential. In addition, several other symbiotic relationships are considered including an increase in power conversion efficiency due to the cooling and cleaning of module surfaces , a reduction in water surface evaporation rates, ecosystem redevelopment, and improved fish growth rates through integrated designs using FV-powered pumps to control oxygenation levels as well as LED lighting. The potential for a solar photovoltaic-aquaculture or aquavoltaic ecology was found to be promising. If a U.S. national average value of solar flux is used then current aquaculture surface areas in use, if incorporated with appropriate solar technology could account for 10.3% of total U.S. energy consumption as of 2016.

Aquaculture production is currently challenged to meet the growing demands for seafood protein throughout the world. To achieve this growth in an efficient, safe and sustainable manner, novel tools and applications will need to be incorporated at each step of the production line. A variety of 'omics' (e.g. transcriptomics, pro-teomics, metabolomics) applications have already begun to emerge in aquaculture research with extreme success. A promising new 'omics' approach is metabolomics, which aims to use metabolite profiles to identify biomarkers indicative of physiological responses of living samples (e.g. whole organism, tissues, cells) to environmental or culture conditions. One of the benefits of this approach is that it uses a broad scan of biological conditions to identify often unexpected problem or risk areas upon which to focus management attention. In this contribution, we have selected relevant research examples to showcase the applications of metabolomics in aquaculture in four major areas: hatchery production, nutrition and diet, disease and immunology, and post-harvest quality control. The novelty of this approach is highlighted by the fact that we cite the majority of published papers in this field, and they are all recent (within the last decade) contributions.

The goal of this study is to quantify both calcium and phosphorus budgets for an integrated rainbow trout -spinach (Nores variety) aquaponic system, where three crops densities were used (BH1-59 crops/m 2 , BH2-48 crops/m 2 and BH3-39 crops/m 2 and a control variant). Fish were fed with two types of feed (41% and 50% protein), using 3 different feeding regimes. Total calcium and total phosphorus retention rates for each of the three tested spinach biomass densities were individually determined by water chemical and plant biochemical analysis. Also, the concentration of those two macroelements was determined from fish meat and fish faeces. Significant differences (p<0.05) were recorded between fish faeces total phosphorus content and between total calcium and total phosphorus retention rates for each of the three variants of tested crops densities (significant higher at BH1 compared to BH3, p<0.05). It is recommended that lower densities to be used for a better crop absorption of both calcium and phosphorus or a lower hydraulic flow regime and a better light intensity to be applied in case of the used integrated aquaponic system.

The study examined fish farming business and its capability to reduce poverty and invariably foster wealth creation in Akure South and Owo Local Government Areas of Ondo State, Nigeria. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 100 fish farmers for the study during the 2013 production season. Data obtained were analysed using net farm income model, descriptive statistics, Foster, Greer and Thorbecke poverty technique and expenditure approach of determining poverty line value. The result of the study revealed that fish farming was profitable in the study areas with a net farm income of N2423.37/m 2 being realised at the end of the production cycle. The study also revealed a poverty line value of N461.89/day among the fish farmers which is higher than the one dollar a day benchmark of the World Bank. Other results showed that poverty depth among fish farmers was 9% while poverty severity was 2%. It is recommended that fish farmers need to be trained on how to produce fish feed in order to reduce the cost of feeding fish, make maximum profit from their investment in fish farming which can significantly lead to poverty reduction. Also, lending institution should be encouraged by the government through measures like reduced bank rate, lower reserve ratio, selective credit policies etc to grant loan to practicing fish farmers at a reduced interest rate so as to enable them to expand their scale of fish production and thereby boost domestic production of fish.

Hari/Tanggal : Senin, 3 Agustus 2020 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2. Pengoperasian jaring purse seine Deskripsi Purse seine adalah alat yang digunakan untuk menangkap ikan pelagic yang membentuk gerombolan. Berada dekat dengan permukaan dan sangatlah diharapkan densitas gerombolan tersebut tinggi, yang berarti jarak ikan dengan ikan yang lainnya haruslah sedekat mungkin. Prinsip menangkap ikan dengan purse seine adalah melingkari gerombolan ikan dengan jaring, sehingga jaring tersebut membentuk dinding vertikal, dengan demikian gerakan ikan ke arah horizontaldapat dihalangi. Setelah itu, bagian bawah jaring dikerucutkan untuk mrncegah ikan lari ke arah bawah jaring. Uraian Materi a. Persiapan Operasi Penangkapan purse seine a.1. Jenis-jenis jaring lingkar Dalam perkembangannya hingga sekarang ini terdapat berbagai jenis jaring lingkar (Purse Seine) yang telah umum digunakan untuk operasi penangkapan ikan. Jenis-jenis jaring lingkar dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan: a.1.a. Jumlah kapal Pembagian jaring lingkar (purse seine) berdasarkan jumlah kapal yang digunakan, yaitu: a.1.a.1. Jaring lingkar dengan 1 kapal (one boat system) Pengoperasian jaring lingkar dengan menggunakan 1 kapal relatif lebih mudah bila dibandingkan dengan sistem 2 kapal karena tidak terlalu beresiko terjadinya kesalahan arah haluan kapal saat pelingkaran yang dapat menyebabkan ketidak sempurnaan bentuk jaring atau bahkan tabrakan antara 2 kapal. Sistem 1 kapal lebih sering digunakan untuk pengoperasian jaring lingkar pada malam hari dengan bantuan lampu dan rumpon. Selain itu sistem 1 kapal lebih memungkinkan untuk menggunakan kapal yang berukuran lebih besar sehingga jarak dan area operasinya dapat lebih luas. Dengan kapal yang lebih besar yang berarti menggunakan tenaga penggerak utama yang juga lebih besar memungkin proses pelingkaran gerombolan ikan dapat dilakukan dengan cukup cepat.

This study sought to; determine levels of income generated from Solid Waste Management (SWM) practices, assess contribution of the income to participating households’ (HHs) socio-economics and make policy recommendations to exploit existing potential in SWM practices. 121 HHs were surveyed from five phases of Dandora, Kenya. Respondents were selected through systematic sampling by phase.Relationships between SWM practices and household socioeconomic factors were established through descriptive analysis and correlations. Findings showed SWM practices had positive influence on socioeconomic lives of participants. Mean monthly
income from SWM practices (Collection and Disposal, Recycling, and Minimization) were KShs 15941.28/=, KShs
16170.45/= and KShs 9467.50/= per household respectively. Total income of KShs 102,481,259/= per month from SWM Practices for the 6800HHs under study, contributed 82.47% of the total HH socioeconomic expenditure which included but not limited to education, food, health and housing expenses. These expenses constituted 55%, 21%, 18%, and 5% of total income respectively implying that HHs had other sources of income to supplement income from SWM practices. Correlation between total income and total expenses revealed a weak but positive correlation (r=0.389, at p=0.01) that was significant. The researcher recommends separation of waste at household level for easier collection, disposal and recycling; regular waste collection to avoid creation of mini-dumps in residential areas; and support for research and popularization of adoption of appropriate and low cost SWM technologies locally available to reduce handling cost of recyclable waste. Due to pollution of water supplied to HHs by leachate water from waste dumps, a separate cell should be provided at the sanitary landfill for the ashes of incinerated hazardous wastes and composting of solid waste at household level especially by those farming to generate organic manure for organic farming. The government should develop and implement policies that outline practical approaches to SWM practices.

Pouco difundida no Brasil, a criação de peixes ornamentais marinhos apresenta características que favorecem a geração de trabalho e renda para pequenos empreendedores. Este estudo analisou a viabilidade econômica do cultivo do peixe palhaço, Amphiprion ocellaris, em sistema de recirculaçãode água, em Florianópolis, Brasil. Para dimensionar os custos de produção, foram considerados o custo operacional efetivo (COE), custo operacional total (COT) e o custo total de produção (CTP).
Os índices para a avaliação da rentabilidade foram a taxa interna de retorno e o pay-back. A mão-deobra representou o principal custo operacional, cerca de 40%. A taxa interna de retorno (TIR) foi de 37,15 e 58,23% e o pay-back de 25 e 33 meses, respectivamente, para os dois preços de venda
praticados (R$ 25,00 e R$ 30,00). O cultivo em pequena escala em sistema de recirculação de água mostrou-se economicamente viável, apresentando indicadores de rentabilidade atraentes, comparado a outros empreendimentos aquícolas.

The study contributes to nationwide attempts to enhance the contributions of aquaculture to the fishery subsector, and consequent overall gross domestic product of Nigeria, as well as to the protein intake of her citizenry. The focus is on the determination of the magnitude of constraints affecting aquaculture development in the country, using Akwa Ibom State as a case study. Fifteen major constraints were found to affect aquaculture production negatively in the study area -the three most severe being the inadequate supply of fish fingerlings, the high cost of fish pond establishment and the lack of awareness of available innovations. Statistically, 11 of the 15 major constraints (the majority of which were production-related) proved significant as deterrent factors to aquaculture production. Qualitative (participatory) analysis also revealed production, marketing and technological groups of constraints as effectively deterring aquaculture production. Recommendations are made to aid in the development of aquaculture production in the study (and wider) area.

Bulgaria has one of the lowest rates of fish consumption per capita in European Union (EU). In order to study the causes of this a research was conducted with 677 volunteers. They filled a poll about their fish consumption habits. The survey was disseminated through the Internet and Social Network (Facеbook), via emails and leaflets. The data from the survey show that the price and peculiarities of the culture of nutrition are the main reasons. The largest percentage of respondents (45.8%) consume fish 1-2 times a month. Among the most sought-after species are trout, carp, pike-perch and mackerel. Leading factors in the purchase of fish products are taste, price and appearance of the product. Most of the people buy fish mainly from neighborhood shops and supermarkets. They prefer fresh fish from Bulgarian origin. According to the respondents, the increase in the consumption of fish can be achieved in addition to lowering prices even by increasing the awareness of people about its benefits to human health. Analyzing the data obtained and identifying the profile of the fish consumers in our country will help aquaculture producers to develop marketing strategies, optimize their farms and orient their production to the desired products.

The New Zealand Greenshell mussel industry is estimated to be worth nearly NZ$200 million in 2004; however, its rapid growth has been stymied by a three year licensing moratorium. Furthermore, the future profitability of the industry is uncertain given the imminent introduction of a new legislative structure outlined in the Aquaculture Reform Bill (2004). This structure aligns the New Zealand aquaculture industry with the Resource Management Act (1991) style of planning and is extremely controversial, particularly with industry actors in the Marlborough, Nelson and Tasman regions.

These regions comprise the heart of the New Zealand seafood industry and this research uses the cluster paradigm as a framework to conceptualise the impact of the Greenshell mussel industry on their degree of regional economic development. Industry governance and structure is proposed as a fundamental dimension of economic growth and commodity chain analysis is employed to visualise relationships of power between industry participants. Key informant interviews were conducted with various members of the seafood industry and a postal questionnaire was then devised to gain a wider understanding of the perceptions of industry actors and, in particular, their opinions on the new legislative structure and the relevance of the two recently developed seafood industry clusters; the Marlborough Aquaculture Cluster and the Nelson Marlborough Seafood Cluster.

The nature of the seafood industry in Marlborough, Nelson and Tasman is proposed as fractured and problematic, particularly given the lack of collaboration between the two clusters. The impact of each on regional economic development is further complicated by the particular structures of the agencies devoted to regional growth, the Marlborough Regional Development Trust and the Nelson Tasman Economic Development Agency. It is proposed that the Nelson Marlborough Seafood Cluster will eventually become the dominant force for seafood-related development in New Zealand. However, this is contingent upon a greater degree of cooperation and interdependence between the aquaculture and capture fisheries industries and also between the Marlborough, Nelson and Tasman regions as a whole.

PANDU is a farming system in Indonesia that integrates rice cultivation with shrimp culture in saline fields. It applied INPARI 34 Rice saline Agritan and INPARI 35 rice saline Agritan varieties modified from the agrarian genetic engineering, in Sukamandi Rice Research Center (BBP Padi), West Java with the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) as the result of genetic improvement from IPUW (Black tiger shrimp breeding Installation), Barru, South Sulawesi. The first research (2018) showed a low production with an average survival rate (SR) of 12%. It was infected by WSSV (White Spot Syndrome Virus) disease and stress due to the influence of pesticide. This study aims to increase the productivity of PANDU for the second research (2019) through a KAIZEN approach and fishbone analysis. This study lasted for 3 months (March 4 to June 1, 2019) at IPUW Barru, BRPBAP3 Maros, South Sulawesi. The number of PANDU ponds observed was 2 out of 6 plots. We conducted the interventions with the application of biosecurity preventing shrimp infected by WSSV, replacing pesticides with biopesticides, and disseminating the cultivation of black tiger shrimp (P. monodon) method to PANDU farmers because of their background as cultivators, educated and trained HR recruitment because of the absence of PANDU special technicians (eg STP Jakarta cadets who carried out final practice in PANDU). This had a positive impact, such as shrimp health and water quality were controlled daily, feeding practice as stated by SOPs, and water quality measured and changed periodically. The parameters analyzed were survival rate (SR), Feed Conversion Rate (FCR), Average Body Weigh (ABW), Spesific Growth Rate (SGR), shrimp length, water quality (temperature, salinity, pH, alkalinity, DO, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, plankton) and productivity. The results increased by 2.25% (plot 1) and 52.4% (plot 2) of SR, with an average SR of 27.33%, it concluded that the SR target of 18-22% was reached by the SR value increased by 5.

This study aimed to analyze the main sustainable technologies in the fishery sector of Brazil, given that, the global demand for fish as food has grown rapidly, due to the population increase, and the search for healthier foods. The technological appropriation in this area can be seen as a milestone in overcoming the environmental problems which have occurred for decades, due to the uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources. This analysis was performed through the literature in national journals, aiming at the search for technological innovations in the various modalities of fish and crustacean breeding. In the field of pisciculture, there was the development of technologies to accelerate fish growth and fattening, especially concerning the type of management, genetics, feed, and other techniques that have been adopted around the world, and also in Brazil. In shrimp farming, the reuse of water in the tanks has been considered a clean and sustainable practice. Therefore, the technological appropriation contributes positively to the management of fishery resources, in order to provide techniques and consistent domains with environmental conservation and sustainable farming practices, increasing the production and reducing environmental impacts through its sustainable perspective.

Tilapias are mainly freshwater fish, inhabiting shallow streams, ponds, rivers and lakes, and less commonly found in brackish water. O. niloticus is the most commonly farmed and widely spread species due to its fast growth rate, higher fecundity and better flesh quality. The species is native to the Nile drainage from its headwaters in Ethiopia and Kenya to the Nile Delta of Egypt, the Niger drainage, and lakes and streams once historically connected to these drainages. Globally, total farmed tilapia productions are averagely 3.8 million metric tons, way above salmonids and catfishes. Fingerlings of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were reared at three feeding frequencies (1, 2 and 3times/day) with a control in which fry were not fed in hapa nets at University of Eldoret fish farm`s fish pond for 4-weeks. Fish were fed with 35% protein diet at 5% of fish biomass. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between feeding frequency of three times daily and other feeding frequencies of one and two times daily with respect to final mean weight, specific growth rate (SGR) and survival. Average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion and feed conversion efficiency were statistically similar for three times` daily feeding frequencies and were higher than once and twice daily feeding frequencies. Feeding frequency of three times daily was the most optimum in terms of growth, survival and feed conversion efficiency of the fish.

Coastal aquaculture emerged as a sunrise sector in India during the 1990s. It was identified as a sector full of promise for expanding exports and for adding to foreign exchange. The sector has more than fulfilled its promise and has more in store. This paper gives an overview of the role and development of fisheries in general and aquaculture in particular in India. Growth, sources of growth, contribution to national gross domestic product, impact on rural economy, socio-economic impacts, generation of backward linkages, and export growth of coastal aquaculture in terms of composition, direction and penetration are reviewed. The paper concludes on an optimistic note for development of coastal aquaculture in the country with the streamlining of policy measures for production and marketing.

This paper deals with production systems, cost structure, and profitability of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, farming in a new area of Mymensingh district in the north-central part of Bangladesh. In the study area, prawn farming practice is still extensive, and only a few farmers (20%) cultivate semiintensively. The costs and returns of extensive and semiintensive farming systems are compared. All farmers in different farming systems made a profit, with seed and feed dominating variable costs. Considerable variation in production costs and profitability was observed. Based on the Cobb–Douglas production function model, return to scale indicates that there is scope to increase production and income from prawn farms in extensive and semiintensive systems by applying more inputs (i.e., seed, feed, and fertilizer).

Aquaculture has experienced spectacular growth in the past decades, during which continuous innovation has played a significant role, but it faces increasing criticism regarding its ecological and social sustainability practices and the resulting challenges for future innovation processes. However, in the aquaculture literature, there is limited systematic knowledge of how innovation has been approached in terms of how the focus and the scope of aquaculture innovation processes are understood and managed. The objective of this paper is therefore to analyse the different approaches to innovation used in aquaculture development. We conducted a systematic review of the aquaculture literature, using an analytical lens derived from three main bodies of literature on approaches to conceptualize and manage innovation: Technology-driven, Systemic, and Business and Managerial approaches to innovation. One hundred publications were selected from the aquaculture literature covering the topic of aquaculture innovation. Analysis identified the Transfer of Technology approach as still the predominant approach to aquaculture innovation; and, even with the integration of elements of Systemic approaches, most studies remain focused on the farm level and are technology driven. Multi-dimensional studies, integrating technical, biophysi-cal, political, and institutional dimensions of innovation in aquaculture were found, but studies analysing interactions between levels remain scarce, have a strong emphasis on the institutional dimension, and lack focus on the management of the innovation process. Studies with cross-fertilizations between different approaches to aquaculture innovation are limited but address specific research questions regarding the extent to which specific target groups are included in interventions and the need to incorporate diverse dimensions in analysing innovation processes. Our analysis suggests that aquaculture research and technology design that feeds into aquaculture innovation could benefit from innovation management approaches that integrate constant feedback from users, especially when specific groups are being targeted for better inclusiveness, and thus could better foster multi-directional interactions between multiple actors connected to aquaculture systems. This would help to elevate the analysis from just the farm and improve the integration of institutional, political, economic, and socio-cultural dimensions for better management of the innovation process. The study of aquaculture innovation needs to take into consideration the important role of private sector actors and make better use of systemic approaches to further elucidate the multi-dimensional and multi-level interplays in complex aquaculture systems. Ultimately, in-terdisciplinary research on aquaculture innovation could deliver significant insights supporting the development of a resilient and sustainable aquaculture sector. Statement of relevance: Using an analytical lens derived from the literature on innovation approaches, this study systematically analyses approaches to innovation used in aquaculture development. We identify the main trends and existing gaps in aquaculture innovation research and then discuss the potential complementarities between different approaches to innovation in order to better understand and support innovation in the aquaculture sector.

Odisha’s economy is predominantly agriculture driven. Exports from mining industries remained a significant source of foreign exchange. However, over a period, aquaculture exports have also emerged as a lucrative possibility. It is a perfectly suitable sector considering the long coastline, rivers and water bodies and labor intensive nature of the industry. From an individual or community level of operation, aquaculture developed the characteristics of industry in the early 1970s.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;This descriptive research paper investigates the history of the aquaculture industry in Odisha over the past 50 years. The aquaculture industry in Odisha started two decades later than Kerala (another southern state of India), in the form of an experiential learning and opportunity-seeking process by the early players. The subsequent dominance of local players, consolidation, and expansion of the export market proves the natural resource advantage of the State.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The stu...