Ankle Sprain

A literature review examining conventional proprioceptive interventions (i.e. unstable surface training) and novel proprioceptive interventions (i.e. tactile and vibratory stimulation) of the ankle and foot on measures of proprioception (i.e. joint position sense, joint movement perception threshold) and balance/postural sway (i.e. center-of-pressure) in young healthy adults and those with FAI or acute ankle injury. Directives for ankle/foot rehabilitation protocols and propositions for future research are included.

Objective Some individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI) termed as functional ankle instability (FAI) suffer from repetitive ankle giving way and feeling of ankle joint instability during dynamic activities like walking. Walking, as a postural task, requires some central attention to integrate sensory inputs, estimate , and plan and produce proper motor outputs. Attention demanding cognitive task has the ability to influence walking control and may increase the risk of giving way and ankle sprain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dual-tasking on dynamic balance in people with FAI. Materials & Methods Twelve physically active with clinically diagnosed FAI and 12 matched controls completed trials of normal walking in isolation or with a concurrent cognitive task, which is repeatedly subtracting seven from a randomly selected number (between 200 and 250) and the same cognitive task while sitting. Spatiotemporal parameters (measured by a seven-camera motion capture system) were calculated by visual3D during gait cycles. Gait velocity, step time, step length, stance time, and swing time were calculated. Independent t-test was used to compare the data for FAI and control groups, and comparisons between the single and dual task conditions were made using the paired t-test. Step time variability was calculated using Intraclass Correlation (ICC). Results The results indicated that step velocity was decreased and that stance, swing, and step time were increased significantly during dual task walking in FAI people (P<0.05). FAI people demonstrated greater step time variability during single and dual tasks compared to the control group. Conclusion The athletes with FAI demonstrated different movement strategies during the dual-task condition compared to control group. Cognitive load may increase the risk of ankle instability in individuals with FAI.

To compare the dynamic stability index (DSI) measured at baseline between elite ball team athletes with and without an ankle sprain during the season. Methods Forty-four elite male (age:22.5±3.6yr,height:193.7±8.0cm,mass:87.1±10.9kg) and eighteen female (age:21.3±2.9yr,height:175.5±7.2cm,mass:68.7±11.9kg) basketball, korfball and volleyball athletes performed the Single-Leg Jump-Landing (SLJL) test at baseline. Based on the SLJL DSI was determined in the medial – lateral (ml) direction, anterior-posterior (ap) and vertical (v) for diagonal, frontal and lateral jump direction. High DSI indicated poor stability. During the season ankle sprains were registered according to the FIFA registration system by the team’s medical staff. Results Eleven ankle sprains were registered (17,7%). Comparison of the means showed a significant (p

Background and Aims Landing is a typical sports motion that can create impact force 2-12 times of body weight, and finally, it's one of the main reasons for non-contact injuries in ankle ligaments. Specialized. The usual effects of Kinesio tape include increasing proprioception, health direction of joints, reducing pain, and raising pressure on nervous tissue. The study aimed to investigate the effect of Kinesio taping on ankle joint kinematics during landing on stiff and soft surfaces in ankle sprain and healthy persons. Methods The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a two-group design in control groups (without ankle sprain) and experimental (with an ankle sprain). A total of 30 male students of the Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman were purposefully and accessibly selected and divided into two groups with (15 students) and without ankle sprains (15 students). Then, they performed both landing operations on stable and unstable surfaces, with and without Kinesio tape. Maximum dorsi and plantar flexion, supination, pronation and maximum ankle angular velocity parameters were recorded by a three-dimensional motion analysis system. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance at the significant level of 0.05. Results There was no significant reduction in plantar flexion of the ankle in healthy and twisted individuals while landing on stable and unstable surfaces with and without Kinesio tape (P≤0.07), but there was a significant reduction in the dorsiflexion in both groups(P≤0.001). On the other hand, there was no significant decrease in pronation (P≤0.66), but there was a significant decrease in foot supination (P≤0.001). Conclusion Generally, Kinesio tape in recovery ankle movement is offered to persons for ankle sprain. Thus recommendation landing exercises fare with more flexion angle and less knee joint valgus and more dorsiflexion angle at ankle joint and preferable on the unstable surfaces.

High heeled shoes align the foot in planter flexion, modifying the relative orientation of the skeletal structures of ankle, metatarsal, and metatarsophalangeal joints, and alter the insertion angles of the foot and gliding joint muscles, therefore increasing the risk factor for ankle sprain. Objective: Study conducted to determine Risk Factors Causing Ankle Sprain among undergraduate female students. Methods: Cross-Sectional study was conducted among 500 female students (Between ages 18-26 years) at Sargodha Medical College and completed in 06 months (June 2019-December 2019). Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to collect data and then entered to SPSS-25 for further statistical analysis. Result: Among 500 participants, Age 19.65±1.416 years. Mean height (m) 1.61±0.073, mean weight (kg) 57.37±10.4, Mean BMI was 22.02±3.6. Female experience ankle sprain (54%), not experienced ankle sprain (46%) Significant association found between Ankle Sprain and body mass index...

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the static and dynamic balance in basketball students with an ankle injury history. Methods: Subjects of this study were 36 elementary school basketball male students who participated in this study purposefully and voluntarily. Subjects were divided into two groups of 18 people with an ankle injury and the control group without ankle injury. To measure the static balance from the stork test and the dynamic balance from the star test was used. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Shapiro-Wilk test and independent t-test) were used to analyze the results. Results: There was a significant difference between the static balance of basketball students and the control group (P=0.001), but no significant difference was found between basketball studentschr(&#39;39&#39;) dynamic balance with ankle injuries and the control group (P=0.0887). Conclusion: Based on research results, it can be concluded that lowe...

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders of the lower extremities are commonly affected by chronicity and disability. One of the most commonly affected areas is the ankle. Epidemiological information is limited for chronic musculoskeletal ankle disorders in the general community, particularly in the developing world. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and impact of chronic musculoskeletal ankle disorders in the Sri Lankan community. Methods: A cross-sectional stratified random sample of people (n = 1000) aged 18 to 85 years in Sri Lanka was undertaken by questionnaire in the general community setting. Of those questionnaires, 827 participants provided data. Point prevalence for no history of ankle injury or ankle disorders, history of ankle injuries without chronic ankle disorders, and chronic ankle disorders were obtained. Point prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal disorders and causes for chronicity was evaluated. Results: There were 448 (54.2%) participants with no ankle disorders, 164 (19.8%) with a history of ankle injury but no chronic disorders, and 215 (26.0%) with chronic ankle disorders. The major component of chronic ankle disorders was musculoskeletal disorders (n = 113, 13.7% of the total sample), most of which were due to ankle injury (n = 80, 9.7% of the total). Sprains were responsible for 17.7% of the total ankle injuries. Arthritis was the other main cause for chronicity of ankle disorders with 4% of total participants (n = 33).

Background: Acute lateral ankle ligament injuries are very common problems in present health care. Still there is no hard evidence about which treatment strategy is superior. Current evidence supports the view that a functional treatment strategy is preferable, but insufficient data are present to prove the benefit of external support devices in these types of treatment. The hypothesis of our study is that external ankle support devices will not result in better outcome in the treatment of acute ankle sprains, compared to a purely functional treatment strategy. Overall objective is to compare the results of three different strategies of functional treatment for acute ankle sprain, especially to determine the advantages of external support devices in addition to functional treatment strategy, based on balance and coordination exercises. Methods/design: This study is designed as a randomised controlled multi-centre trial with one-year follow-up. Adult and healthy patients (N = 180) with acute, single sided and first inversion trauma of the lateral ankle ligaments will be included. They will all follow the same schedule of balancing exercises and will be divided into 3 treatment groups, 1. pressure bandage and tape, 2. pressure bandage and brace and 3. no external support. Primary outcome measure is the Karlsson scoring scale; secondary outcomes are FAOS (subscales), number of recurrent ankle injuries, Visual Analogue Scales of pain and satisfaction and adverse events. They will be measured after one week, 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the static and dynamic balance in basketball students with an ankle injury history. Methods: Subjects of this study were 36 elementary school basketball male students who participated in this study purposefully and voluntarily. Subjects were divided into two groups of 18 people with an ankle injury and the control group without ankle injury. To measure the static balance from the stork test and the dynamic balance from the star test was used. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Shapiro-Wilk test and independent t-test) were used to analyze the results. Results: There was a significant difference between the static balance of basketball students and the control group (P=0.001), but no significant difference was found between basketball studentschr(&#39;39&#39;) dynamic balance with ankle injuries and the control group (P=0.0887). Conclusion: Based on research results, it can be concluded that lowe...

Soft tissue injury screening faces two main diagnostic challenges. one is the perceptual bias of the athlete in terms of referred pain and second injury assessment tools are not only in need of highly specialized personal but they are also financially demanding. Since ankle sprains is one of the leading soft tissue injuries, the current study was set to examine the suitability of functional infrared thermal imaging (fITI) in evaluating physiological alteration on the ankle as a result of exercise or injury. The current study consists of a case report of a patient with an ankle sprain and the behavior of temperature after a series of physiotherapy sessions. Moreover to strengthen the communication of the report, results from a healthy population sample were added to draw a deeper understanding on physiological temperature manifestations on soft tissue. Twenty participants underwent a 30-minute treadmill run with pictures of their ankles being taken during rest and after exercise. In addition the case of a patient is reported that has suffered an ankle sprain followed for a period of over a month. It was observed that the temperature of the ankles of participants that underwent physical exercise rose on average by 2.4 °C after taking into account both the medial and lateral sides of the both ankles. In addition the patient's left ankle appeared to be 2.5 °C above the temperature of the non-affected right ankle. This phenomenon of unilateral hyperthermia of the left injured side seems to start to dissipate by the 21 st day following the injury, completely resolving by the 42 nd day achieving bilateral isothermia in both ankles. Thermal imaging provides a reliable tool for the screening of soft tissue strain and injury. The current study further expands the literature on soft tissue screening with the use of thermal imaging, adding a quantifiable way for assessing the extend of tissue damage. The implemented method of analyses offers a suggested simple way not only in visualizing trauma but also physical strain. Nevertheless further investigations with a variety in the severity of ankle sprains need to be applied in order for thermal imaging to be used as a first line tool for the assessment and recovery of ankle sprains. Over the years with the progress of technology thermal imaging has managed to make leaps on ergonomics capitalizing on the progress of nanotechnology and lens engineering. Functional infrared imaging in now portable and more sensitive on infrared dynamics compared to what it used to be when the technique first begun its journey with the Pyroscan in 1959 in Bath 1. As a result of sensitivity and design infrared thermal imaging has now gained a reasonable exposure over the last 20 years specifically in the potential that it holds in a clinical setting specifically for soft tissue screening 2. Acute injury presents the organism with two types of challenges; prevent a possible infection as well as repair the wound and heal the body. To facilitate the physical needs of the body a population of different cells is recruited such as platelets, endothelial cells, macrophages, lymphocytes neutrophils and fibroblasts 3. Heat, swelling, redness and pain usually accompany inflammation, due to factors such as the release of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGI 2 and PGE 2), platelet derived growth factor and endothelial growth factor can lead to elevated heat patterns 3. Whereas the former can lead to vasodilation, the later can enhance proliferation and angiogenesis. The change in metabolic and vascular distribution from the "norm" makes tissue thermal changes visible on the infrared spectrum 4. Asymmetries in the circulation of focal body heat above <1 °C are an indication of an abnormality. Inflammation in its majority is measured on subjective scales that rate pain, redness, gross functional measures (movement/resistance) and volumetric changes such as swelling 5. All of these subjective