Animal Feed Resource Management

The livestock business is vital and has enormous potential for growth in the country's economy. Inadequate nutrition is one of the primary causes of animals' sub-optimal productivity [1]. Another issue contributing to low ruminant livestock productivity in the tropics is ineffective management of animal feed supplies, notably crop waste. The use of these locally available feed supplements has the potential to drastically lower animal production costs. Appropriate feeding strategies and processing technology would enable livestock farmers to make better use of these resources, resulting in higher animal performance. The idea of giving animals entire meals made up of fiber crop leftovers has gained favor in recent years. Complete feed blocks have solidified into high-density blocks containing feed, concentrate, and additional supplemental nutrients in the appropriate quantities to suit the nutritional needs of animals [2]. The equipment can provide complete nourishment to animals in natural catastrophe situations. The manufacture of these feeds is crucial for enhancing animal output while utilizing low-cost feed material. Another advantage of total rationing is that it allows the animal to consume a variety of feed components, including roughages, without allowing the animal to select a single ingredient [3]. Blocking technology was quite popular in the world, ranging from simple to sophisticated, but it was not adopted in Ethiopia, but urea molasses feed block was practiced manually at the Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center and Bahirdar University. As a result, this research will be carried out to tackle the aforementioned concerns by creating a complete feed block machine, with the goal of developing and evaluating the performance of a complete feed blocking machine. ░ 2. Materials and Methods The project would be done in collaboration with Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center.

The aquafeed industry faces many challenges, including reducing the cost of feed by reducing the quantity of fish meal and soybean meal and researching to replace them with other ingredients lower in cost. furthermore, new low-cost feeds must improve growth and feed utilization while also ensuring fish health. During the past few decades, researchers have shown one of the low-cost and with appropriate nutritional value alternative protein sources to replace fish meal (FM) or soybean meal (SBM) is dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Recently, the production of grain-based ethanol as a fuel additive has been increasing as the demand for biofuel has increased, and lessening dependency on fossil fuels has resulted in a dramatic rise in the amount of grains used for ethanol. ddgs are the primary co-product of dry-grind fuel ethanol plants. ddgs has the advantages of having high protein, fat, phosphorus, yield, and low cost. these valuable particles attributed to DDGS have raised controversy amongst feed nutritionists as to how they can proficiently replace fish meal or soybean meal. It has been discovered that DDGS can be replaced with fish meal or soybean meal without affecting growth. Therefore, the present review discusses the effects of dietary DDGS application in the fish feed formulation, the best dietary presence, the possible advantages in fish health, nutrient retention, and the economic benefits of DDGS application in aquafeeds.

Dunyanin enerji ihtiyacinin her gecen gun artmasi sonucu yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarina olan ilgi de artmaya baslamistir. Hidrotermal karbonizasyon, dusuk maliyeti ve yuksek kaynak geri kazanim oranini goz onune alan islak biyokutle aritiminda umut verici bir teknoloji olarak gorulmektedir. Soz konusu teknoloji, nem orani yuksek biyokutle materyalinin, dusuk sicakliklarda, isil degeri yuksek bir materyal olan biyokomure donusumunu saglamaktadir Bu teknolojide, organik hammaddeler, basinc altinda (2-10 MPa), orta sicakliklarda (180-350°C) karbonlastirma araci olarak su kullanarak karbonlu urune (komure) donusturulur. Atiksu aritma tesisinde olusan camurlar, biyolojik olarak parcalanabilir organik madde icerigi ile yenilenebilir biyoyakit uretmek icin bir kaynak olarak gorulmektedir. Hidrotermal karbonizasyon sonrasi elde edilen maddelerin icerdigi H/C ve O/C oranlari, dusuk dereceli komur ile karsilastirilabilir seviyede olmasina karsin daha yuksek kalori degerine sahiptir ve bu n...

Two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of diets containing fermented and amino acid (AA)-supplemented malted sorghum sprout (MSP) on performance, nutrient utilisation and feed cost analysis of growing pigs. In experiment 1 (digestibility trial), 12 pigs were individually housed in metabolic crates, equipped with feeding and watering troughs which also allow for separate collection of faeces and urine. Data collection lasted for 7 days during which feed intake and faecal output were weighed, with daily storage of collected faeces at −4°C. Four diets, a basal diet, basal plus malted sorghum sprout (B +MSP), basal plus fermented malted sorghum sprout (B+ FMSP) and basal plus amino acids plus malted sorghum sprout (B+AA+MSP), were tested. Samples of test ingredients, feed and faeces were analysed for their gross energy and proximate compositions. In experiment 2, 18 weaner pigs were used in a completely randomised design for 63 days to determine the performance and cost analysis of feeding malted sorghum sprout at 0, 100 and 200 g/kg in pig's diet, six pigs per diet with each pig representing a replicate. Daily feed intake and weekly weight gain were determined. The prevailing cost of each feed ingredient was used to compute the feed cost and, subsequently, the feed cost analysis. Results of digestibility trial showed that there was no difference in the utilisation of the chemical constituents of B+MSP and B+AA+MSP diets, which were also similar to the basal diet, except the crude protein (CP) in amino acid-supplemented malted sorghum sprout diet, which was lower compared to the basal diet. B+FMSP was lower (P<0.05) in the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and CP compared to the basal diet. The digestible energy (DE) and the fraction of gross energy utilised as DE of each diet also were not affected by fermentation and supplementation with AA. In experiment 2, the levels of MSP used did not affect (P>0.05) the performance and feed cost indices measured. It was concluded that MSP can be used in growing pig's diet, without the need for fermentation and AA supplementation, at 200 g/kg level with no adverse effect on the nutritive value of the diet.

The meal of Jatropha curcas (JCM) seed is a by-product of the biofuel industry and may potentially to be used as animal feed. However, its toxicity has prevented its utilization in animal nutrition mainly due to its high concentration of phorbol esters. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of JCM on the growth performance, feed digestibility and internal organs development of broilers. Thirty two 48-d-old Ross 308 broiler chickens housed in 16 pens (2 birds/pen) were used in this study. Birds were randomly allocated to dietary treatments comprising four JCM levels (negative control, 25, 50, or 100 g JCM/kg of diet) for four weeks. Results showed that increasing levels of JCM had a negative impact on broiler performance, reducing live weight, weight gain, and feed intake. Treatments led to a decrease of the relative weight of testis and spleen, and to an increase in heart relative weight. In broilers fed diets containing JCM, the testis were atrophic, presenting reduced size of the seminiferous tubule, which were small and lined within active sertoli cells and rare spermatogonia. This study illustrates the negative impact of diets containing JCM on broiler performance and JCM pathological effects on several organs.

The aquafeed industry faces many challenges, including reducing the cost of feed by reducing the quantity of fish meal and soybean meal and researching to replace them with other ingredients lower in cost. furthermore, new low-cost feeds must improve growth and feed utilization while also ensuring fish health. During the past few decades, researchers have shown one of the low-cost and with appropriate nutritional value alternative protein sources to replace fish meal (FM) or soybean meal (SBM) is dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Recently, the production of grain-based ethanol as a fuel additive has been increasing as the demand for biofuel has increased, and lessening dependency on fossil fuels has resulted in a dramatic rise in the amount of grains used for ethanol. ddgs are the primary co-product of dry-grind fuel ethanol plants. ddgs has the advantages of having high protein, fat, phosphorus, yield, and low cost. these valuable particles attributed to DDGS have raised controversy amongst feed nutritionists as to how they can proficiently replace fish meal or soybean meal. It has been discovered that DDGS can be replaced with fish meal or soybean meal without affecting growth. Therefore, the present review discusses the effects of dietary DDGS application in the fish feed formulation, the best dietary presence, the possible advantages in fish health, nutrient retention, and the economic benefits of DDGS application in aquafeeds.

The growth and cost of producing Red Sokoto (RS) goats were evaluated using brewer's dried grains (BDG) and malted sorghum sprouts (MSP) in complete diets containing Andropogon tectorum hay meal (ATHM). The experiment was conducted using a completely randomised design (CRD). Four diets designated T1, T2, T3 and T4 were formulated to contain 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% of BDG and 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of MSP respectively. Twenty four (24) bucks averaging 13.5±1.5 kg were randomly assigned to the four diets in a 56-day feeding trial. Data on proximate composition of BDG, MSP, ATHM and the diets, growth indices as well as the cost of production were generated. The dry matter, crude protein and gross energy of the diets were in the ranges of 91.38-92.23%, 15.60-17.09% and 1.66-1.70MJ/kg DM respectively. Feed utilization parameters on growth did not vary (P>0.05) across the treatments. However, these values improved numerically as the level of MSP in the diets increased from T1-T4. Cost evaluation showed that the total feed cost (N) and daily feed cost (N) were statistically similar (P>0.05) for the 4 treatments while cost/kg weight gain (N) differed significantly (P<0.05). T4 had the least cost/kg weight gain of N 320.64 as against N 500.69 in T1. It was concluded that increasing the levels of MSP and reducing the levels of BDG in the diets gave better performance results and also reduced cost of production in RS goats.

Haematological responses of broiler chickens fed garlic-based and ginger-based diets were investigated. One hundred and twenty chicks were used in the investigation. The chicks on arrival at the site of study were brooded and similarly managed for 4 weeks to fully adapt them to their environment. At the end of the 4 weeks brooding period, the birds were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of 30 birds/treatment and 3 replicates of 10 birds/replicate as: control or treatment 1 (T1, contained no garlic or ginger), treatment 2 (T2, contained 10g of ginger), treatment 3 (T3, contained 10g of garlic) and treatment 4 (T4, contained 5g of garlic + 5g of ginger)/kg of diet. The animals were fed these garlic-based and ginger-based diets for 4 weeks. 9 birds from each treatment group were sacrificed and their blood collected into treated ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) tubes for analyses for: packed cell volume (PCV), haemoblobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and their differentials: neutrophil (NEU), lymphocytes (LYM), monocytes (MON), eosinophils (EON) and basophil (BAS). There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the PCV and RBC for all treatment groups. T4 significantly (P < 0.05) had lower value of Hb compared to T1, T2 and T3 birds that had similar (P > 0.05) higher values. Furthermore, birds of T2 had significantly (P < 0.05) highest count of WBC whereas T1 and T3 animals had similar counts with T4 animals showed significantly (P < 0.05) the lowest count. However, all the positive control treatment groups had significantly (P < 0.05) higher values compared with the T1. It was concluded that dietary ingestion of garlic and ginger improved some haematological parameters of broiler chickens, such as WBC, LYM and OEN.

The use of a hydraulic system (piston and cylinder) to block straw and molasses-based multi-nutrient animal feed helps to feed animals with little or no waste, preserving nutrients for a long period, and simplifying transport and storage conditions. Straws are regarded as one of the most essential elements in Ethiopia, particularly tef, wheat, and barley straw. As a result, the motorized animal feed block-making machine was designed and tested for throughput capacity, real capacity, efficiency, durability, and shelf life. The average actual capacity of the machine was 117, 128.5, and 133.3 kg/hr on different feed ingredients at the duration of time after mixing was 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 1 hour. The durability of the blocks ranged from 87 to 98 % and 94 to 99 % as duration of time after mixing the ingredients increases from 30 min to 1 hr on both urea and straw-based feed blocks respectively. The post-compression expansion decreases from 8 to 5 % and 10 to 6 % as duration of time increases from 30 min to 1 hr on urea and straw-based ingredients respectively.

The study was conducted in Gozamen district of East Gojam Zone of the Amhara region to assess the major feed resources, the grazing land condition, the floristic composition and biomass yields of herbaceous species to generate baseline information which can be used for future management of grazing land resources and to identify feed constraints in the area. The survey data was collected by interviewing a total of 120 households by random selection of two rural-kebeles from three altitudes (high, mid and low).To assess grazing land condition, the district was stratified into three altitudes (high, mid and low altitudes). From each altitude, communal and enclosed grazing areas were selected randomly. From each altitude 8 composites and 12 composites from enclosed and 12 composites from communal grazing for herbaceous vegetation and 4 transects from each altitude of communal grazing were selected. Thus, a total of 72 quadrats were used for herbaceous and 12 transects for woody species. For the natural pasture condition assessment, analyses of variance (ANOVA) were carried out by the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS. Mean separation was tested using the least significant difference. The main feed resources to the livestock in all altitudes were natural pasture, crop residues and stubble grazing. During dry season, crop residues was the first livestock feed source followed by natural pasture in all altitudes. However, during wet season, natural pasture was the first livestock feed source followed by crop resides in all altitudes. In terms of dry matter (DM) crop residues contributed the highest proportion (66.7%) of the total feed sources. The DM obtained from crop residues significantly varied (P&amp;lt;0.05) among the altitudes. The total annual estimated available feed supply to maintain the livestock in the area satisfied only 79.4%. The conservation of feed resources in the form of hay in high, mid and low altitudes was 38.5, 80, and 22.5%, respectively. But, none of the respondents used silage in the study area due to lack of knowledge how to make it. In the district, a total of 21 herbaceous species were identified (Table 20), from these 57, 24 and 19% were grasses, legumes and other species, respectively. Based on dry matter of biomass, Medicago polymorpha in high and mid altitudes and Eleusine floccifolia in low altitude were the dominant species. Altitude and grazing have effects on grazing land conditions and biomass production. The average dry matter yield of grasses, legumes and total biomass had a significant difference among altitudes in enclosed and communal grazing areas. The average dry matter yield of grasses, legumes, and total biomass were higher in enclosed area than communal grazing areas in all altitudes. There were a significant (P&amp;lt;0.01) interaction of altitude and grazing on biomass and species composition. There were positive correlation of species composition, grass species composition and basal cover with biomass. Crop residues and natural pastures are the major feed resources in dry and wet seasons, respectively. The total annual dry matter does not meet the total livestock requirement per annum in district. Further research and development work is recommended to alleviate feed shortage through different options such as development of improved forages and alternative means of crop residue utilization and conservation of feed in the form hay and crop residues.

Haematological responses of broiler chickens fed garlic-based and ginger-based diets were investigated. One hundred and twenty chicks were used in the investigation. The chicks on arrival at the site of study were brooded and similarly managed for 4 weeks to fully adapt them to their environment. At the end of the 4 weeks brooding period, the birds were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of 30 birds/treatment and 3 replicates of 10 birds/replicate as: control or treatment 1 (T1, contained no garlic or ginger), treatment 2 (T2, contained 10g of ginger), treatment 3 (T3, contained 10g of garlic) and treatment 4 (T4, contained 5g of garlic + 5g of ginger)/kg of diet. The animals were fed these garlic-based and ginger-based diets for 4 weeks. 9 birds from each treatment group were sacrificed and their blood collected into treated ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) tubes for analyses for: packed cell volume (PCV), haemoblobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and their differentials: neutrophil (NEU), lymphocytes (LYM), monocytes (MON), eosinophils (EON) and basophil (BAS). There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the PCV and RBC for all treatment groups. T4 significantly (P < 0.05) had lower value of Hb compared to T1, T2 and T3 birds that had similar (P > 0.05) higher values. Furthermore, birds of T2 had significantly (P < 0.05) highest count of WBC whereas T1 and T3 animals had similar counts with T4 animals showed significantly (P < 0.05) the lowest count. However, all the positive control treatment groups had significantly (P < 0.05) higher values compared with the T1. It was concluded that dietary ingestion of garlic and ginger improved some haematological parameters of broiler chickens, such as WBC, LYM and OEN.

The influences of oak inclusion into the diet of ruminants on
performance, feed digestibility, milk production and blood
metabolites are reviewed herein. Oak as an alternative and
available feed are being utilized in many parts of the world,
especially in areas suffering from shortage of feed ingredients.
It is evident that different oak species have different impacts on
various animal species. Oak fed at low levels in the diet may
not affect digestibility, but when they are fed at high level may
lead to lessen the digestibility of dry matter. Adding oak
products may improve the daily milk yield of goats. Feeding
oak acorns and leaves to growing goat kids might not been
accompanied by significant improvement in daily weight gain
and feed conversion ratio, while when feeding adult sheep on
high level of dietary oak, it may result in lowered daily weight
gain. Different oak species produce different amounts of
tannins, which after ingestion by animals, act to form
complexes with the proteins of diet, this may lead to lower
digestibility of nutrients or may beneficially affect to positive
flow of amino acids into abomasum and small intestine by
reducing the protein degradability in the rumen. Thus, the
extent of the impact of dietary oak on ruminants’ performance
depends on the species of both animals and oak, and the level
of oak being used in the diet.

İçten yanmalı motorlardan salınan zararlı egzoz gazlarını azaltmak, yakıtın vuruntu direncini ve yenilenebilir yakıt kullanımını artırmak amacı ile benzine farklı oranlarda değişik oksijenli yakıt katkı maddeleri eklenmektedir. Sunulan bu çalışmada, geçmişte kullanılan yakıt katkıları ile günümüzde benzine eklenen oksijenli yakıt katkıları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca gelecek yıllarda kullanımı mümkün olan bazı oksijenli yakıt katkılarının üretim yöntemleri ve önemli kimyasal-fiziksel yakıt özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Artan nüfus ve gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte enerjiye duyulan ihtiyaç da hızla artmaktadır. Çevre kirliliği giderek önemli bir sorun haline gelmekte ve mevcut enerji rezervleri de hızla tükenmektedir. Hidrojen enerjisi çevre dostu, yenilenebilir bir enerji kaynağı olması sebebiyle bilimsel çalışmaların en önemli araştırma alanlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada fıstık küspesinin hidrojen ve biyogaz potansiyeli araştırılmıştır. Çalışma oda koşullarında gerçekleştirilmiş; hidrojen ve biyogaz verimini etkileyen önemli faktörlerden biri olan pH'ın beş farklı değeri denenmiş ve optimum pH değeri saptanmıştır. Verimin en yüksek olduğu pH=6 değerinde elde edilen biyogaz miktarı gram fıstık küspesinde 55.54 ml olarak hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada biyohidrojen miktarının hesaplanması için gaz kromotografi (GC) cihazı kullanılmış ve veriler kaydedilmiştir. Fıstık küspesinden biyohidrojen eldesi için optimum pH değeri 6 olarak belirlenmiş ve bu pH'da gram başına elde edilen maksimum hidrojen miktarı 5.99 ml olarak ölçülmüştür. Araştırmada fıstık küspesinin hidrojen potansiyeline sahip olduğu ve enerji elde etmede alternatif bir kaynak olabileceği saptanmıştır.

Anaerobik proses (AP) ile hem atık bertarafı gerçekleşir, hem de yenilenebilir enerji kaynağı olan biyogaz üretilir. Ancak, AP uzun lag fazına sahip olması ve işletme koşullarındaki değişimlere karşı hassas olması gibi dezavantajlara sahiptir. Sistem stabilizasyonunun sağlanması, biyogaz üretiminin ve arıtmanın sürekliliği önem arz etmektedir. Bu durumun sağlanması için uygulanan güncel yöntemlerden biri de AP'lerin iletken malzemeler ile desteklenmesidir. Bu çalışmada organik katı atıkların besin maddesi olarak kullanıldığı iletken malzemeler ile desteklenen AP 'lerin, sistem stabilizasyonu, biyogaz-biyometan üretimi ve mikrobiyal dağılım üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir.

With an objective to demonstrate the merits of diets based on locally produced non-tannin sorghums as against Maize a total of 240 1-day-old broiler chicks Early bird strain were randomly allocated to 20 pens (12 birds per pen) with four pens per treatment and five treatments, at the Maradi Government poultry farm in Niger for a period of 12weeks. Birds were allowed to consume feed and water on an ad-libitum basis. The treatments diets were: i) Maize -based, ii) 75% Maize+25% Sorghum, iii) 50% Maize+50% Sorghum, iv) 25% Maize + 75% Sorghum, and v) Sorghum. Birds consumed water and feed on an adlibitum basis with body weights recorded on day 0, 21, and 49. At the end of the experiment, 5 birds per pen were randomly chosen and slaughtered for carcass analysis. All growth and carcass data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the Proc Mixed procedure of R. Live weight was used as a covariate during carcass data analysis. Bodyweight means of 41g at d-0 and 1419 g at ...

Seeds from Neem plants were ground and defatted to obtain the meal, the neem seed cake (NSC). The seed cake was fermented with two different fungi Aspergillus niger and Mucor mucedo. Proximate compositions as well as antinutrient factor of the treated cakes were analyzed. The results obtained reveals that the defatted Neem seed cake treated with A. niger contains protein of 47.70% which is higher than the seed cake treated with M. mucedo and the untreated sample. The untreated sample which is the control contains more dry matter and crude fiber of 80.67% and 0.51% respectively. It was also observed that the sample treated with A. niger contains more phytate and tannin of 7.95% and 1.30% respectively. Though the treatment has increased the crude protein content of Neem seed cake, but the biological treatment may not be suitable for the detoxification of neem seed cake as the antinutrient factors (oxalate, phytate, tannin and cyanide) determined were significantly higher in the treated than the untreated seed cake.

Growth performance, survival rate, productivity, and carcass analysis were examined in the whole growout production system for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed four commercial diets over 15 weeks. Shrimp were held in twelve hapas nets with a size of 2 x 2 x 1 m and installed within the commercial ponds. The shrimp were stocked with the density of 100 shrimp m-2 per net in a completely randomized design (CRD). All feed used in this study was characterized with high protein levels within the range of 40-42% labeled as HP A and B; and medium protein levels (30-35%), labeled as MP A and B. Based on the proximate and nutritional profile analysis of the diet, the nutritional profile of HP B, MP A and MP B written on the feed bags showed an inconsistent results compared to the results of the test. Shrimp fed the highest protein level had higher final body weight; feed conversion ratio, thermal growth coefficient, survival rate and average daily growth compared to MP B. Shrimp fed higher protein level also exhibited the lowest feed conversion ratio compared to the group of shrimp fed with medium protein. The results obtained in this study indicated that with small difference in growth rates, especially between HP groups compared with MP A, there is still a chance to re-formulate the diet to produce a cost-effective diet that still fulfill the specific nutrient requirement of the shrimp. Feed did not influence the nutritional deposition of the whole body of shrimp, but it seemed due to the inappropriate drying techniques

The high cost of imported fishmeal as animal protein source is one of the limiting factors in raising broiler chickens particularly in Nigeria. Maggots are housefly larvae that are rich in protein which could be used as alternative to fishmeal in broiler production. This study assessed differently processed Maggot Meal (MM) as replacement for fishmeal in broilers diet in a completely randomized design. A total of 144 day old Arbor Acre broilers were randomly divided into 4 treatments. Each treatment (of 36 birds) was replicated thrice of 12 birds per replicate. Maggots were produced using blood and wheat offal as substrates in ratio 4:1 using either mango or intestinal offal as flies attractant. The maggots matured within 5days and harvested. The maggots were processed by sun-drying, oven drying and roasting. Four experimental diets were formulated for the study. A corn-soybean meal based diet that contained imported fishmeal was denoted as control. Sun dried MM, oven dried MM and roasted MM replaced imported fishmeal wholly denoting T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Data were collected on maggot yield, growth performance, nutrient digestibility and serum enzymes of experimental birds. Data collected were analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance. The results showed that the maggots yield from the substrates and intestinal offal as fly attractant produced more maggots than using mango as flies attractant. The highest crude protein (CP) was observed in roasted MM (43.75%). Broiler chickens fed roasted MM had final body weight comparable (P > 0.050) to the control. Broiler chickens fed roasted maggot meal had the highest (P = 0.011) CP digestibility (70.68%). Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was significantly (P = 0.002) elevated for broiler chickens fed sun dried and oven dried maggot meals. In conclusion, processing maggots by roasting was the best for enhanced crude protein digestibility without any deleterious effect on serum enzymes.

Öz Dünyada enerjinin %80'nini kömür, doğalgaz ve petrol gibi fosil yakıtları ile karşılanmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından biyoyakıtlar fosil yakıtlara alternatif olarak kabul edilmektedir. Biyoyakıt üretiminin fosil yakıtlara oranla maliyetlerinin daha yüksek olması kurutma teknolojilerinin geliştirilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Önemli biyoyakıtlardan biri olan, mısır, kolza tohumu vb. alternatifleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda şeker pancarının biyoyakıt için en verimli hammadde olması ile birlikte daha ekonomik olduğu bildirilmektedir. Şeker pancarı posası'nın biyoyakıt elde edilmesinde kullanımı çevresel atığın değerlendirilmesi açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmada amaç, bantlı kurutucuda şeker pancarı posası'nın (ortalama nem içeriği %85 y.b) kurutma karakteristiğinin incelenmesidir. Şeker pancarı posası için 85˚C sıcaklıkta 20 cm bant kalınlık deney koşullarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ürün ilk nem içeriği %85 (yb) 'den %14 (yb) neme kadar kurutulmuştur. Ürün nem içeriğin değişimi ile nem oranın değişiminin zaman bağlı olarak incelediğimizde kurutmanın 40 dk'ya kadar hızlı daha sonra yavaşladığı görülmüştür. Kuruma kızının nem içeriğine bağlı olarak incelediğimizde ürün kuruma başladığında üründen nemin uzlaşması yavaş olduğu çıkarılırmıştır. Bantlı kurutucuda şeker pancarı küspesinin kurutulmasında özgül enerji tüketimi hesaplamaları yapılmış ve 2,06 kWh/kg olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışma ile atıktan türetilmiş yakıt çalışmalarına katkı sağlaması hedeflenmektedir.

The high cost of imported fishmeal as animal protein source is one of the limiting factors in raising broiler chickens particularly in Nigeria. Maggots are housefly larvae that are rich in protein which could be used as alternative to fishmeal in broiler production. This study assessed differently processed Maggot Meal (MM) as replacement for fishmeal in broilers diet in a completely randomized design. A total of 144 day old Arbor Acre broilers were randomly divided into 4 treatments. Each treatment (of 36 birds) was replicated thrice of 12 birds per replicate. Maggots were produced using blood and wheat offal as substrates in ratio 4:1 using either mango or intestinal offal as flies attractant. The maggots matured within 5days and harvested. The maggots were processed by sun-drying, oven drying and roasting. Four experimental diets were formulated for the study. A corn-soybean meal based diet that contained imported fishmeal was denoted as control. Sun dried MM, oven dried MM and roasted MM replaced imported fishmeal wholly denoting T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Data were collected on maggot yield, growth performance, nutrient digestibility and serum enzymes of experimental birds. Data collected were analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance. The results showed that the maggots yield from the substrates and intestinal offal as fly attractant produced more maggots than using mango as flies attractant. The highest crude protein (CP) was observed in roasted MM (43.75%). Broiler chickens fed roasted MM had final body weight comparable (P > 0.050) to the control. Broiler chickens fed roasted maggot meal had the highest (P = 0.011) CP digestibility (70.68%). Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was significantly (P = 0.002) elevated for broiler chickens fed sun dried and oven dried maggot meals. In conclusion, processing maggots by roasting was the best for enhanced crude protein digestibility without any deleterious effect on serum enzymes.

The high cost of imported fishmeal as animal protein source is one of the limiting factors in raising broiler chickens particularly in Nigeria. Maggots are housefly larvae that are rich in protein which could be used as alternative to fishmeal in broiler production. This study assessed differently processed Maggot Meal (MM) as replacement for fishmeal in broilers diet in a completely randomized design. A total of 144 day old Arbor Acre broilers were randomly divided into 4 treatments. Each treatment (of 36 birds) was replicated thrice of 12 birds per replicate. Maggots were produced using blood and wheat offal as substrates in ratio 4:1 using either mango or intestinal offal as flies attractant. The maggots matured within 5days and harvested. The maggots were processed by sun-drying, oven drying and roasting. Four experimental diets were formulated for the study. A corn-soybean meal based diet that contained imported fishmeal was denoted as control. Sun dried MM, oven dried MM and roasted MM replaced imported fishmeal wholly denoting T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Data were collected on maggot yield, growth performance, nutrient digestibility and serum enzymes of experimental birds. Data collected were analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance. The results showed that the maggots yield from the substrates and intestinal offal as fly attractant produced more maggots than using mango as flies attractant. The highest crude protein (CP) was observed in roasted MM (43.75%). Broiler chickens fed roasted MM had final body weight comparable (P > 0.050) to the control. Broiler chickens fed roasted maggot meal had the highest (P = 0.011) CP digestibility (70.68%). Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was significantly (P = 0.002) elevated for broiler chickens fed sun dried and oven dried maggot meals. In conclusion, processing maggots by roasting was the best for enhanced crude protein digestibility without any deleterious effect on serum enzymes.

With an objective to demonstrate the merits of diets based on locally produced non-tannin sorghums as against Maize a total of 240 1-day-old broiler chicks Early bird strain were randomly allocated to 20 pens (12 birds per pen) with four pens per treatment and five treatments, at the Maradi Government poultry farm in Niger for a period of 12weeks. Birds were allowed to consume feed and water on an ad-libitum basis. The treatments diets were: i) Maize -based, ii) 75% Maize+25% Sorghum, iii) 50% Maize+50% Sorghum, iv) 25% Maize + 75% Sorghum, and v) Sorghum. Birds consumed water and feed on an adlibitum basis with body weights recorded on day 0, 21, and 49. At the end of the experiment, 5 birds per pen were randomly chosen and slaughtered for carcass analysis. All growth and carcass data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the Proc Mixed procedure of R. Live weight was used as a covariate during carcass data analysis. Bodyweight means of 41g at d-0 and 1419 g at ...

Artan nüfus nedeniyle enerji ihtiyaçlarının artması ve mevcut fosil yakıtların gelecek yıllarda bu ihtiyacı karşılayamayacak olması araştırmacıları yeni ve yenilenebilir enerji arayışına yöneltmiştir. Biyoyakıtlara olan ilginin gün geçtikçe artma nedenlerinden biri de çevre kirliliğine neden olmamasıdır. Biyoyakıt kullanımının geliştirilmesi tarımın gelişmesini de teşvik eder. Ayrıca ülkemizdeki kırsal kalkınmayı da destekler. Yeni ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynağı olan ve biyoyakıt üretmek için hammadde olarak kullanılan biyokütle; elektrik üretiminde, ısıtma ve soğutma uygulamalarında, evsel ihtiyaçlarda, yakıt olarak ve endüstriyel uygulamalarda kullanılmaktadır. Biyokütle kaynağı olarak genellikle tarımsal atıklar, yağlı tohum bitkileri, karbonhidrat içeren bitkiler, hayvan ve insan atıkları, belediye atıkları ve endüstriyel atıklar kullanılmaktadır. Ülkemizde biyokütle kaynağından elde edilen biyoyakıtlardan elektrik üretilmesindeki en yüksek payı biyogaz almaktadır. Biyogazı ise birincil biyoyakıtlar takip etmektedir. Biyoyakıtlar biyodizel, biyogaz, biyoetanol, biyometanol, biyodimetil eter, biyoyağ, biyobütanol ve biyohidrojen olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Çalışmamızda bu biyoyakıt çeşitleri tek tek açıklanmıştır. Her bir biyoyakıt çeşidinin olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerine, nasıl elde edildiklerine ve nerelerde kullanıldıklarına değinilmiştir. Biyoetanol karbonhidrat bakımından zengin olan bitkilerden; biyometanol hayvansal atıklardan, çöplüklerden ve gıda atıkları gibi atıklardan; biyodizel yağlı tohum bitkilerinden elde edilen yağlardan ya da hayvansal yağlardan; biyodimetil eter metan ve karbondioksit içeren yenmeyen atıklardan; biyobütanol şeker ve tahıl gibi birinci nesil biyoyakıtlar ile tarım ve orman atıkları gibi yenilmeyen lignoselülozik malzemelerden; biyohidrojen tarımsal, odun, gıda, kanalizasyon, insan ve hayvan atıkları ile alglerden; biyogaz ise bitkisel ve hayvansal atıklardan elde edilmektedir.

Two pilot studies were conducted. The first pilot study was to determine the effect of feeding graded levels of raw castor seed (Ricinus cummunis) meal to broilers. The second pilot study was to determine the effect of different replacement levels and differently processed castor seed meal on the productive performance of broilers. The processing of the meal was aimed at detoxifying the seed meal. The processing methods employed include boiling for 30 minutes; boiling for 30 minutes and fermentation for 3 days; soaking for 72 hours; and soaking for 72 hours and boiling for 20 minutes. All the birds fed graded levels of raw castor seed meal died within 7 to 14 days. Among the four processing methods employed the birds fed on castor seed meal boiled for 30 minutes and fermented for 3 days appeared to improve the daily feed intake, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio more than the other methods. Both studies lasted for 10 weeks each. In both pilot studies, the experimental...

A two-stage growth trial using identical diets was conducted to examine the viability of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with corn distiller’s dried grain with solubles (DDGS) simulating the commercial growth cycle of shrimp from 1 g to 19 g body weight. In both trials, the reference diet was formulated using 25 % SBM, 8 % fish meal (FM) and 20 % poultry by-product meal (PBPM). Test diets were formulated by replacing SBM with 5, 10 and 15 % of DDGS, respectively. All diets contain approximately 36 % crude protein and 7% crude lipid. In trial 1, fifteen shrimp with average initial weight of 1.04 ± 0.04 g were stocked into 98 l aquaria tank (equivalent to 150 shrimp m-2) in a completely randomized design with ten replicates per treatment and fed with the experimental diets for 52 days. In trial 2, shrimp (5.2 ± 0.2 g) were stocked randomly into 200 L clear tanks at a density of 50 shrimp per tank (equivalent to 250 shrimp m-2) with eight replicates per treatment and fed for 84 days. The results showed growth performance of shrimp in both studies was not affected as the dietary SBM was partially replaced with DDGS. There were no significant differences observed in terms of crude protein, fat content, dry matter and ash content of the shrimp in both studies. The results from this study demonstrated that corn DDGS could be used up to 15 % in commercial feed formulations without causing any adverse effect on growth, feed conversion, nutrient utilization efficiency and whole body composition. Since the price per unit protein of corn DDGS is much cheaper than SBM, the use of corn DDGS could offer the development of sustainable and economically sound practical diets for Pacific white leg shrimp L. vannamei

Keywords: Corn Distiller’s dried grain with solubles, Growth, Amino acids, Protein, L. vannamei

Two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of diets containing fermented and amino acid (AA)-supplemented malted sorghum sprout (MSP) on performance, nutrient utilisation and feed cost analysis of growing pigs. In experiment 1 (digestibility trial), 12 pigs were individually housed in metabolic crates, equipped with feeding and watering troughs which also allow for separate collection of faeces and urine. Data collection lasted for 7 days during which feed intake and faecal output were weighed, with daily storage of collected faeces at −4°C. Four diets, a basal diet, basal plus malted sorghum sprout (B +MSP), basal plus fermented malted sorghum sprout (B+ FMSP) and basal plus amino acids plus malted sorghum sprout (B+AA+MSP), were tested. Samples of test ingredients, feed and faeces were analysed for their gross energy and proximate compositions. In experiment 2, 18 weaner pigs were used in a completely randomised design for 63 days to determine the performance and cost analysis of feeding malted sorghum sprout at 0, 100 and 200 g/kg in pig's diet, six pigs per diet with each pig representing a replicate. Daily feed intake and weekly weight gain were determined. The prevailing cost of each feed ingredient was used to compute the feed cost and, subsequently, the feed cost analysis. Results of digestibility trial showed that there was no difference in the utilisation of the chemical constituents of B+MSP and B+AA+MSP diets, which were also similar to the basal diet, except the crude protein (CP) in amino acid-supplemented malted sorghum sprout diet, which was lower compared to the basal diet. B+FMSP was lower (P<0.05) in the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and CP compared to the basal diet. The digestible energy (DE) and the fraction of gross energy utilised as DE of each diet also were not affected by fermentation and supplementation with AA. In experiment 2, the levels of MSP used did not affect (P>0.05) the performance and feed cost indices measured. It was concluded that MSP can be used in growing pig's diet, without the need for fermentation and AA supplementation, at 200 g/kg level with no adverse effect on the nutritive value of the diet.

With an objective to demonstrate the merits of diets based on locally produced non-tannin sorghums as against Maize a total of 240 1-day-old broiler chicks Early bird strain were randomly allocated to 20 pens (12 birds per pen) with four pens per treatment and five treatments, at the Maradi Government poultry farm in Niger for a period of 12weeks. Birds were allowed to consume feed and water on an ad-libitum basis. The treatments diets were: i) Maize -based, ii) 75% Maize+25% Sorghum, iii) 50% Maize+50% Sorghum, iv) 25% Maize + 75% Sorghum, and v) Sorghum. Birds consumed water and feed on an adlibitum basis with body weights recorded on day 0, 21, and 49. At the end of the experiment, 5 birds per pen were randomly chosen and slaughtered for carcass analysis. All growth and carcass data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the Proc Mixed procedure of R. Live weight was used as a covariate during carcass data analysis. Bodyweight means of 41g at d-0 and 1419 g at ...

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of feed contamination with battery waste on the performance, organs weights as well as the histology of some internal organs of broiler chicks. A total of 120 1- d old broiler chicks were allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The experiment lasted 21 days. The dietary treatments include a control diet with no battery waste (D1). Battery waste was included at 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%, in diets 2, 3, and 4, respectively. There were four treatments with three replicates per treatment of 10 birds per replicate. Data collected were used to evaluate feed intake, weight gain, and efficiency of feed utilization. The weights of liver, pancreas, kidney, heart, and lungs were also recorded and tissue samples of each collected for histological examination. Average daily food intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were not influenced by the dietary treatments (P &gt...

One of the major obstacles to the development of livestock industries in most countries of the world is high cost of feed which often account for 6080 percent of the total cost of production (Lawrence et al., 2008). This is usually due to high cost of protein and energy feedstuff such as cereals and legume seed cakes which usually constitute the bulk of compound feeds. A pragmatic approach that is been explored by animal scientists to solve this problem is the use of cheap and readily available but less utilized waste products of agro-industries to replace the conventional feedstuff in order to reduce feed formulation cost.

Two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of diets containing fermented and amino acid (AA)-supplemented malted sorghum sprout (MSP) on performance, nutrient utilisation and feed cost analysis of growing pigs. In experiment 1 (digestibility trial), 12 pigs were individually housed in metabolic crates, equipped with feeding and watering troughs which also allow for separate collection of faeces and urine. Data collection lasted for 7 days during which feed intake and faecal output were weighed, with daily storage of collected faeces at −4°C. Four diets, a basal diet, basal plus malted sorghum sprout (B +MSP), basal plus fermented malted sorghum sprout (B+ FMSP) and basal plus amino acids plus malted sorghum sprout (B+AA+MSP), were tested. Samples of test ingredients, feed and faeces were analysed for their gross energy and proximate compositions. In experiment 2, 18 weaner pigs were used in a completely randomised design for 63 days to determine the performance and cost analysis of feeding malted sorghum sprout at 0, 100 and 200 g/kg in pig's diet, six pigs per diet with each pig representing a replicate. Daily feed intake and weekly weight gain were determined. The prevailing cost of each feed ingredient was used to compute the feed cost and, subsequently, the feed cost analysis. Results of digestibility trial showed that there was no difference in the utilisation of the chemical constituents of B+MSP and B+AA+MSP diets, which were also similar to the basal diet, except the crude protein (CP) in amino acid-supplemented malted sorghum sprout diet, which was lower compared to the basal diet. B+FMSP was lower (P<0.05) in the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and CP compared to the basal diet. The digestible energy (DE) and the fraction of gross energy utilised as DE of each diet also were not affected by fermentation and supplementation with AA. In experiment 2, the levels of MSP used did not affect (P>0.05) the performance and feed cost indices measured. It was concluded that MSP can be used in growing pig's diet, without the need for fermentation and AA supplementation, at 200 g/kg level with no adverse effect on the nutritive value of the diet.

With an objective to demonstrate the merits of diets based on locally produced non-tannin sorghums as against Maize a total of 240 1-day-old broiler chicks Early bird strain were randomly allocated to 20 pens (12 birds per pen) with four pens per treatment and five treatments, at the Maradi Government poultry farm in Niger for a period of 12weeks. Birds were allowed to consume feed and water on an ad-libitum basis. The treatments diets were: i) Maize -based, ii) 75% Maize+25% Sorghum, iii) 50% Maize+50% Sorghum, iv) 25% Maize + 75% Sorghum, and v) Sorghum. Birds consumed water and feed on an adlibitum basis with body weights recorded on day 0, 21, and 49. At the end of the experiment, 5 birds per pen were randomly chosen and slaughtered for carcass analysis. All growth and carcass data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the Proc Mixed procedure of R. Live weight was used as a covariate during carcass data analysis. Bodyweight means of 41g at d-0 and 1419 g at ...

With an objective to demonstrate the merits of diets based on locally produced non-tannin sorghums as against Maize a total of 240 1-day-old broiler chicks Early bird strain were randomly allocated to 20 pens (12 birds per pen) with four pens per treatment and five treatments, at the Maradi Government poultry farm in Niger for a period of 12weeks. Birds were allowed to consume feed and water on an ad-libitum basis. The treatments diets were: i) Maize -based, ii) 75% Maize+25% Sorghum, iii) 50% Maize+50% Sorghum, iv) 25% Maize + 75% Sorghum, and v) Sorghum. Birds consumed water and feed on an adlibitum basis with body weights recorded on day 0, 21, and 49. At the end of the experiment, 5 birds per pen were randomly chosen and slaughtered for carcass analysis. All growth and carcass data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the Proc Mixed procedure of R. Live weight was used as a covariate during carcass data analysis. Bodyweight means of 41g at d-0 and 1419 g at ...

The purpose of present study was to evaluate the performance of broilers fed the commercial diet partially substituted with leubim fish (Canthidermis maculata) waste meal (LFWM) treated by fermentation and without fermentation. As many as 100 broiler chicks, MB 202 strain, unsex, were reared up to 5 weeks in this study. The research was set up into randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 blocks with 5 birds each. Blocks were as replicate based on the body weights of the birds at the beginning of feeding experimental diets. The experimental diets were commercial diets partially replaced with LFWM administered by either fermentation or not with the level of 6 and 12% each, 6.5% and 13% yellow corn, and 0.5% topmix. The data was analyzed using an Analysis of Variance (AOV) and continued by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) only if significant effects were detected among the treatments. The result of recent study indicated that the inclusion of feeds containing ...

A seven-week study was conducted to determine the effects of the replacement of maize with TRM treated with effective microorganisms on the growth performance of broiler chickens (cobb-500). In a completely randomized design, 2*3 factorial, the first factor corresponded to the EM (with and without), and the second factor corresponded to the taro levels (0%, 30%, and 45%), 216 unsexed, day-old broiler chickens were used for the study divided into 6 treatments and 3 replicates. Each treatment contained (T1) 0% TRM without EM (negative control); (T2) 30% TRM without EM; (T3) 45% TRM without EM; (T4) 0% TRM with-EM (positive control); (T5) 30% TRM with-EM; (T6) 45% TRM with-EM of the total diets. There were (p < .001) interaction effects (TRM level*EM) on DM intake, BWG (p < .001), and FCR (p < .05), during the starter, finisher, and overall periods. A higher improvement (p < .001) on DM intake and BWG was observed from broiler fed T6. In addition, T6 had comparable (p < .05) with the T4 group broilers. There were significant (p < .05) reductions in antinutritional factors concentrations in EM-fermented taro root than that unfermented one. Therefore, it had seen that the replacement of maize at 45% TRM with-EM in diets improved the growth performance of broiler chicken.

Ninety six day-old broiler chicks were used in a 4-week feeding trial to determine the protein quality of processed melon seed as a component of broiler chick diet. The protein quality was assessed using blood associated parameters including Haemoglobin indices and selected serum enzymes. The processed melon seed meals were Raw Melon Seed Meal (RMM), Fermented Melon Seed Meal (FMM) and Fermented Cooked Melon Seed Meal (FCMM). The three test ingredients (RMM, FMM and FCMM) were included as the sole source of protein in a basal broiler chick starter diet. The soybean seed meal (SBM) based commercial broiler chick starter diet served as the control. Blood associated parameters like Haemoglobin (Hb), PCV, RBC, WBC, Total Protein, Creatinine, Uric acid, GPT, GOT and ALP were used to assess the protein quality of the diets fed. There were four (4) experimental groups, each made up of eight birds in three replicates, allocated to the experimental diets (SBM (Control), RMM, FMM and FCMM) respectively. Of all the groups of broiler chicks, those placed on the FCMM diet gave blood associated parameters that were similar in value to those of the broiler chicks placed on the control (SBM) diet; while values obtained for broiler chicks placed on the other diets RMM and FMM were quite low. The results indicated that the processing of melon seeds by cooking and fermentation made the protein in melon seed more available to the broiler chicks, and also removed some or all of the antinutritional factors in raw melon seed. It is therefore concluded that the simultaneous processing of melon seed using cooking and fermentation techniques before its inclusion in broiler chick starter diets, enhances the protein quality and status of melon seed as a component of broiler starter diet.

Saat ini, udang Litopenaeus vannamei menjadi salah satu fokus komoditas ekspor yang dikembangkan oleh Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan untuk dapat terus ditingkatkan baik dalam jumlah produksi maupun nilai ekonomi yang dihasilkan. Untuk mendukung hal ini, intensifikasi sistem produksi, peningkatan efisiensi manajemen pakan dan penggunaan nutrisi yang mampu memenuhi kebutuhan spesifik udang Vannamei menjadi variabel produksi yang sangat penting untuk diperhatikan. Integrasi antara nutrisi dan sistem manajemen pakan yang baik diharapkan mampu meningkatkan performa pertumbuhan udang Vannamei dan resistensi udang terhadap infeksi patogen sehingga pada akhirnya akan dihasilkan nilai ekonomi yang lebih baik dan di saat yang bersamaan, mampu mempertahankan kualitas lingkungan melalui minimalisasi akumulasi limbah organik didalam media pemeliharaan.
Udang L. vannamei merupakan hewan omnivora yang hidup di dasar kolam dengan kapasitas yang sangat terbatas untuk menyimpan makanan dalam saluran pencernaan sehingga proses penyerapan nutrisi pada udang tergolong sangat lambat. Kondisi ini semakin diperparah apabila pengelolaan pakan dilakukan dengan tidak tepat sehingga kemungkinan terlarutnya bahan-bahan nutrient dalam pakan yang tidak segera dikonsumsi oleh udang semakin besar. Berdasarkan riset yang kami lakukan, pakan yang tidak langsung dikonsumsi selama lebih dari 30 menit akan menyebabkan rendahnya laju pertumbuhan dan meningkatkan rasio konversi pakan. Hal ini menunjukkan tentang pentingnya rancang bangun sistem manajemen pakan yang baik untuk mencegah leaching nutrisi dalam pakan dan juga meningkatkan efisiensi produksi. Pada artikel ini, hasil pengamatan tentang efektifitas pemberian pakan secara tradisional, penggunaan solar autofeeder, dan penggunaan sound-based feeding system, dimana pakan diberikan hanya pada saat udang merasa “lapar”, untuk menunjang laju pertumbuhan akan disajikan melalui penyertaan data pengamatan di tahun 2016, 2017 dan 2018.

A 42-d study was conducted to determine the effect of different processing methods of rubber seed meal (RSM) which include soaking, cooking, toasting and fermentation as substitute for soybean meal on performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, relative organ weight and carcass qualities of broiler chickens. Three hundred, 1-day old Arbor acre broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments containing the four different processed RSM (soaked, cooked, toasted and fermented RSM) and control diet without RSM, with five replications of twelve birds each in a completely randomized design. Proximate composition revealed that the fermented RSM had higher crude protein content, and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration recorded lowest in the cooked RSM than other processed RSM. Birds fed cooked and fermented RSM recorded higher weight gain and feed intake with better feed efficiency than those on toasted and soaked RSM group compared to the control group. The cost/kg weight gain of birds fed cooked and fermented RSM diets was lower than those fed control, soaked and toasted RSM diets. With the exception of crude protein digestibility which was lower in the group fed SRSM, apparent nutrient digestibility variables were similar among the control and other processed RSM diets. Carcass and organ variables were better compared among the control, cooked and fermented RSM groups. Conclusively, cooking and fermentation tend to improve the nutritive potentials of rubber seed than soaking and toasting. Birds fed cooked and fermented RSM maintained superior performance and better carcass qualities at higher savings in terms of cost/kg gain. ÖZ: Etlik piliçlerde soya küspesi yerine ikame olarak, ıslatma, pişirme, ezme ve fermantasyon gibi farklı üretim yöntemleri kullanılarak üretilen kauçuk tohumu küspesinin (KTK) performans, zahiri besin madde sindirilebilirliği, nispi organ ağırlıkları ve karkas kalitesi üzerine etkilerini saptamak için 42 günlük bir çalışma yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada 1 günlük yaşta 300 adet Arbor acre broyler civcivler, 4 farklı metotla (ıslatma, pişirme, ezme ve fermente) üretilen KTK içeren ve KTK içermeyen kontrol grubu olmak üzere, her birinde 12 civciv bulunan 5 tekerrürlü, 5 deneme grubuna rastgele yerleştirilmiştir. Diğer işleme metotları ile karşılaştırıldığında Weende analizleri açısından yalnızca ham protein düzeyi fermente KTK'da daha yüksek iken, hidrojen siyanid düzeyi pişmiş KTK'da en düşük bulunmuştur. Kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında pişmiş ve fermente KTK ile beslenen piliçlerde canlı ağırlık ve yem tüketimi daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kontrol, ezilmiş KTK ve ıslatılmış KTK gruplarından daha iyi yemden yararlanma oranı elde edilmiştir. Pişmiş ve fermente KTK ile beslenen piliçlerde maliyet/kg canlı ağırlık artışı kontrol grubu, ıslatılmış KTK ve ezilmiş KTK ile beslenen gruplardan daha düşük olmuştur. Islatılmış KTK ile beslenen grupta daha düşük olan ham protein sindirilebilirliği dışında, zahiri besin madde sindirilebilirliği değerleri kontrol ve diğer işlenmiş KTK grupları arasında benzer bulunmuştur. Karkas ve organ parametreleri kontrol, pişmiş ve fermente KTK gruplarında daha iyiydi. Sonuç olarak, pişirme ve fermantasyon kauçuk tohumunun besin değerlerini ıslatma ve ezmeye göre iyileştirmiştir. Pişmiş ve fermente KTK ile beslenen piliçler daha iyi performans ve maliyet/kg ağırlık kazancı ile birlikte daha iyi karkas kalitesi göstermişler.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of organic production on growth performance of broiler chickens. A total number of one-hundred and eighty (180) of Ross broiler chicks were used for this study and randomly allocated to four dietary and management treatments in triplicates of 15 birds per replicate. Four experimental diets formulated were Diet A was the control with the conventional feed while diets B, C, D are organic feed with exclusion of millet, sorghum and wheat respectively. Experimental diets were supplemented with known weights of leafy vegetable like Amaranthus esculentus, (succulent Amaranths), Talinum triagularae (water leaf), Cellocia esculentus (green) as source of vitamins and minerals. Data were obtained on Total Feed Intake (g/bird/day) (TFI), Total Weight Gain (g/bird/day) (TWG) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) in response to the experimental diets. The convectional chickens had the highest (P < 0.05) significant values of 58.15 g/bird/day for TFI, 9.80 g/bird/day for TWG and 1.95 for FCR respectively in term of growth performance and followed were broilers fed with diet B (Organically raised birds' diet minus Millet) with values of 24.16g/bird/day, 7.09g/bird/day and 3.41 for TFI, TWG and FCR respectively. Among the organic chickens, the group B with the exclusion of millet had better performance in all parameters than the other groups, C and D respectively. It is recommended that pure organic poultry should not be practiced on a large scale; instead it should be done along with conventional because it can lead to loss in this part of the country. Further studies can be conducted to determine the actual requirement of this strain of broilers.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of organic production on growth performance of broiler chickens. A total number of one-hundred and eighty (180) of Ross broiler chicks were used for this study and randomly allocated to four dietary and management treatments in triplicates of 15 birds per replicate. Four experimental diets formulated were Diet A was the control with the conventional feed while diets B, C, D are organic feed with exclusion of millet, sorghum and wheat respectively. Experimental diets were supplemented with known weights of leafy vegetable like Amaranthus esculentus, (succulent Amaranths), Talinum triagularae (water leaf), Cellocia esculentus (green) as source of vitamins and minerals. Data were obtained on Total Feed Intake (g/bird/day) (TFI), Total Weight Gain (g/bird/day) (TWG) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) in response to the experimental diets. The convectional chickens had the highest (P < 0.05) significant values of 58.15 g/bird/day for TFI, 9.80 g/bird/day for TWG and 1.95 for FCR respectively in term of growth performance and followed were broilers fed with diet B (Organically raised birds' diet minus Millet) with values of 24.16g/bird/day, 7.09g/bird/day and 3.41 for TFI, TWG and FCR respectively. Among the organic chickens, the group B with the exclusion of millet had better performance in all parameters than the other groups, C and D respectively. It is recommended that pure organic poultry should not be practiced on a large scale; instead it should be done along with conventional because it can lead to loss in this part of the country. Further studies can be conducted to determine the actual requirement of this strain of broilers.

Considerable controversy still remains on the use of antimicrobials to promote growth in food animal production. Therefore, alternative strategies have been actively researched to replace these antimicrobials. This study evaluated the growth performance and carcass traits of broilers fed different level of inclusion of dried and grinded Aspilia africana leaf in a completely randomized design. The powdered Aspillia africana was mixed with the broilers feed throughout the period of the experiment. A total number of 120 day old-broiler chicks were used and divided into 4 different groups (A, B, C and Control) with (50g, 60g, 70g and 0g respectively) of/kg of feed and lasted for 8 weeks. The feed intake of the birds in various groups were also measured daily throughout the period of the experiment, the carcass value of the birds were evaluated at the 8 th week of the experiment. Data were obtained on body weight, feed intake, weight gain and carcass values of the birds were compared and contrasted between the groups. However, the growth performance, carcass characteristics (primal cuts and organ weights) of the birds were significantly different (P<0.005) in the three treatment groups. The effect of A. Africana on the birds fed with the highest proportion showed the highest significant difference. It was concluded that A. Africana as a growth promoter could be a useful, cheap and readily available agent in poultry farming.

Forty eight weaned albino rats were used to determine the growth and hepatic histological response of Albino rats fed varying levels of detoxified castor bean cake based diets. There were 12 treatments, with four rats per treatment arranged in a 4 x 3 experimental layout (four processing methods (Boiling, Lye, Roasting and Germination) and three levels of inclusion (0, 5% and 10%). The animals were individually housed in small fabricated cages. Results showed that the processing methods affected the chemical profile of castor bean cake. There was a short fall in energy values of treated castor bean cake compared to raw bean. The crude protein of the lye treated, boiled, and roasted CBC fell while antinutritional factors were better deactivated by boiling and lye treatment. Boiling and lye treatment were able to achieve about 43% and 55% reduction of lectin (ricin) respectively and this was translated in the higher feed consumption and better (P<0.05) weight gain in rat fed on diet containing 5% lye CBC and 5%boiled CBC compared to others on CBC based diets. Performance parameters measure were not jeopardised by feeding lye treated and boiled CBC up to 10%. The histological changes observed ranges from mild congestion, cellular infiltration and necrosis of the cell in the liver, an indication of substantial residual toxin in processed seed. In this study. lye water was most effective in detoxifying castor bean seeds as there were no serious damages done to the liver of rats placed on lye treated castor bean cake diets at both 5% and 10% inclusion level.

A 21-days feeding trial was conducted to investigate the toxicity of feeding broiler chicks with differently processed (Raw Defatted Meal RDM, Toasted Defatted Meal TDM, Cooked Defatted Meal CDM, Lye Defatted Meal LDM and Sand Roasted Defatted Meal ZRDM) Jatropha curcas kernel meals. A total of 180 day-old Marshal strain unsexed broiler chicks were used for this experiment. There were six dietary treatments of 30 birds per treatment and 3 replicate of 10 birds each in a complete randomized design. Each differently processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals were used to replace one-third of the soybean meal in the control diet. The results suggest that Heat treatment showed superior impact in reduction of atinutritional factors, however, with minimal effect on the saponin and phorbol esters present in the Jatropha curcas kernel meals. Varying levels of villi erosion, loss of mucosal glands and infiltration by inflammatory cells was observed in the small intestine while the nephro-histopathology showed varying levels of necrosis, disruption and degeneration of kidney cells. It can be concluded that broiler chicks cannot tolerate 10.33% inclusion level of differently processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals However, further experiment should be carried out to examine the performance of broiler chicks on bio-treated samples of the processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals.