Air Pollution Modelling

Users must concentrate their Sewage/Wastewater treatment process to ensure that it complies with regulatory guidelines. The main purpose of Sewage treatment process is to remove the various constituents of the polluting load: solids, organic carbon, nutrients, inorganic salts, metals, pathogens etc. Effective wastewater collection and treatment are of great importance from the standpoint of both; environmental and public health. Sewage/Wastewater treatment operations are done by various methods in order to reduce its water and organic content, and the ultimate goal of wastewater management is the protection of the environment in a manner commensurate with public health and socio-economic concerns. In this article, Sewage/Wastewater treatment techniques, factors affecting selection and design Sewage/Wastewater systems are discussed briefly.

This research was funded by, and implemented within, a UK national research organisation, while the author was the KE and Impact Evaluation Manager responsible for assessing impact on a £15m UK government-funded research programme.

This work was also submitted as the authors MBA dissertation which was accepted and awarded in 2009.

ABSTRACT: A methodology and methods ‘toolbox’ is proposed for conducting impact research and assessment from within research programmes. The emphasis is upon how to clarify and assess the wider impacts from the early stages onwards.

The approach explicitly acknowledges, and attempts to address, the known issues and challenges of impact assessment while drawing upon the resources and opportunities available to research managers and researchers within such programmes.

The study has two triangulating foundations. Firstly, it examines the academic literature to help identify and design the pilot methodology and methods. Secondly it trials these in a real programme to both test and improve them.

The study was conducted over one year within one leading UK research organisation, where two research programmes (and around 60 research projects of £15m total value) were being assessed for their impacts. The study draws upon actual impact management experience and reflection, prospective (ex ante) and retrospective (ex post) assessments, participatory contributions from leading researchers undergoing assessment, and consultation with external users. The findings of this study outline the pilot and its first iteration. Recommendations are made for improvement to the methodology and methods.

A subsequent follow-on bid to UK government incorporating the impacts identified from implementing this methodology, successfully led to a further £15m of government funding.

It is expected the pilot methodology and methods will be applicable to other organisations, conducting and funding such research programmes, required to research and assess the wider research impacts.

Although primary focus of implemetation trials was upon research in physical sciences, technology, high-tech engineering, computing/IT, and environment, the wider literature study, the methodology design and justification, the methods proposed and used, and the resulting general recommendations and lessons are expected to apply more broadly to many other research areas, where the impact is to be found more widely in the society, economy, government or public sector or within organizations, policies, professions or the public.

Interest in this work is expected from research programme managers, impact managers and assessors, management consultants advising in this area, and government funding managers, all seeking to embed a developing approach to understand, capture, and enhance wider impact.

Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects mid-latitude emissions from ancient
lead-silver mining and smelting. The few reported measurements
have been extrapolated to infer the performance of ancient
economies, including comparisons of economic productivity and
growth during the Roman Republican and Imperial periods. These
studies were based on sparse sampling and inaccurate dating,
limiting understanding of trends and specific linkages. Here we
show, using a precisely dated record of estimated lead emissions
between 1100 B.C.E. and 800 C.E. derived from sub-annually resolved
measurements in Greenland ice and detailed atmospheric
transport modeling, that annual European lead emissions closely
varied with historical events including imperial expansion, wars,
and major plagues. Emissions rose coeval with Phoenician expansion,
accelerated during expanded Carthaginian and Roman
mining primarily in the Iberian Peninsula, and reached a maximum
under the Roman Empire. Emissions fluctuated synchronously with
wars and political instability particularly during the Roman Republic,
and plunged coincident with two major plagues in the 2nd
and 3rd centuries, remaining low for >500 years. Bullion in silver
coinage declined in parallel, reflecting the importance of leadsilver
mining in ancient economies. Our results indicate sustained
economic growth during the first two centuries of the Roman
Empire, terminated by the 2nd-century Antonine plague.

The study examined Air Pollution Tolerance Indices (APTI) of four plant species grown along the road side of Bhavan's College campus of Andheri, Mu mbai and compared with unpolluted area of college Botanical garden. The results of the present study indicates that for Pollyalthia longifolia, the percentage increase in APTI values was lo w of 2.64 in winter, moderate of 3.79 in summer, while maximu m of 6.78 in rainy season. For Caesalpinia pulcherrima, the percentage increase in APTI value was low of 5.86 in rainy season, high of 8.18 in summer and still h igher of 8.22 in winter. For Delonix regia, the percentage increase in APTI values varies fro m min imu m of 7.10 in rainy season to maximu m of 24.57 in winter, while in summer the percentage increase was found to be 16.33. In case of Tamarindus indica, the percentage increase in APTI value was found to be 19.59 (maximu m) in winter, 12.71 in rainy, while in summer season it was 11.57 (minimu m). The results of the present study indicate the order of tolerance as Pollyalthia longifolia (4.40 %) > Caesalpinia pulcherrima (7.42 %) > Tamarindus indica (14.62 %) > Delonix regia (16.00 %).

Studies show a direct relationship between occurrence of asthma and
increases of particulate matter in the air. Private transportation is found
to be a significant contributor to this problem. The objective of this
article is to explore this link between air pollution, asthma and vehicular
dependency in order to provide recommendations for health and
transport policy. This article focuses on the survey of literature on the
relationship between vehicular air pollution and asthma; combining it
with the literature on vehicular dependency or ‘car culture’ in the global
context and in The Netherlands. This article exposes the imbalance of
power between patient groups and polluting industries, and the
government failure to protect the weaker party can be explained by
corporate pressures. It will be argued that since air pollution is tied to
the corporate support for the car industry and vested interests in
promoting a ‘car culture’, strategic policy that claims to be concerned
with public health should explicitly link the present pattern of mobility
to public health. This article concludes with a recommendation for
raising environmental health awareness by explicitly linking vehicular
dependency to respiratory health through a combination of holistic and
citizenship education.

This study was carried out to determine the level
of exposure to PM10 and NO2 and its relation to respiratory
health among primary school children living near
petrochemical industry area at Kertih, Terengganu. This
cross sectional comparative study was conducted among 60
children from studied group and 60 children from
comparative group. The respondents were selected based on
inclusive criteria’s for this study. Level of exposure of PM10
was measured using DustTrak Aerosol Monitor while level
of exposure of NO2 was measured using LaMotte Air
Sampling Pump. Questionnaire was used to collect
information on respondent’s socio-demography background
and respiratory symptoms. Lung function test was
performed using Spirometer. Results showed that the mean
concentration of PM10 (79 µg/m3
) and NO2 (3.73 ppm) for
studied group was higher compared to comparative group,
PM10 (49 µg/m3
) and NO2 (0.14 ppm). As overall, reported
respiratory symptoms were significantly higher among
studied group compare to comparative group. Significant
reduction value of FEV1
/FVC% showed that there was
airways obstruction for studied group. Findings from this
study indicated that exposure to indoor PM10 and NO2
concentrations may increase risk of getting respiratory
symptoms and reduction of lung function among primary
school children living near petrochemical industry area.
Index Terms—PM10, NO2
, respiratory symptoms, lung
function, primary school children

The application of public–private partnerships (P3’s) in the transportation sector has grown in popularity worldwide. Despite this important shift in the provision of transportation service, there are clear gaps in knowledge about the impacts of P3 projects, especially on emissions from transportation systems as a whole. Not only should policy makers evaluate the emissions impacts from P3 projects, but they should also think about innovative models that address or charge for emissions into P3 contracts. This addition to P3 contracts could provide a new solution to the long-existing property right paradox: who owns (is responsible for) emissions from transportation systems? This study attempts to fill the research gap by analyzing these innovative models. Using the road network of Fresno, California, as our case study, we offer a number of interesting insights for policy makers. First, average peak emissions costs range from 1.37 cents per mile (the do-nothing case) to 1.20 cents per mile (profit-maximizing cases) per vehicle. Although emissions costs from the P3 projects are lowest for the profit-maximizing cases, the system-wide emissions costs of these cases are highest because of spillover effects. Second, charging project owners for the emissions costs of P3 projects is not an effective way to reduce emissions or the total costs of travel, especially on a VMT basis. Instead, the public sector should
implement emissions-included social cost-based price ceilings. When employing these limits, project owners could still be charged for the emissions costs. Finally, using total travel time as the only objective function for evaluating P3 projects can be misleading. Several P3 projects have shown better outcomes using total travel cost with the inclusion of
emissions and fuel consumption costs, instead of using total travel time as the only objective function.

h during all the months from January to December. Emission factors were found to be maximum during early morning and late night when vehicular density was minimum and found to be minimum during maximum traffic hours. RSPM and SPM concentrations were varying from 150–350 and 250–450 µg/m 3 , respectively, in all the seasons, which was exceeding the National ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) of 100 and 300 µg/m 3 , respectively. However, SO2 and NOx concentrations were ranging from 5–17 and 15–35 µg/m 3 , respectively, found to be within the NAAQS of 80 µg/m 3. ISCST3 model predictions were found to be good agreement with observed NOx and SO2 concentrations and model was underpredicting RSPM and SPM concentrations. CALINE4 model was overpredicting NOx concentration and underpredicting SPM concentrations. However, CALINE4 model predictions were found to be satisfactory with observed SPM concentrations.

This paper presents Multi Objective Trajectory Optimization (MOTO) algorithms that were developed for integration in state-of-the-art Air Traffic Management (ATM) and Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) systems. The MOTO algorithms are conceived for the automation-assisted replanning of 4-Dimensional Trajectories (4DT) when unforeseen perturbations arise at strategic and tactical online operational timeframes. The MOTO algorithms take into account updated weather and neighbouring traffic data, as well as the related forecasts from selected sources. Multiple user-defined operational, economic and environmental objectives can be integrated as necessary. Two different MOTO algorithms are developed for future implementation in ATM systems: an en-route variant and a Terminal Manoeuvring Area (TMA) variant. In particular, the automated optimal 4DT replanning algorithm for en-route airspace operations is restricted to constant flight level to avoid violating the current vertical airspace structure. As such, the complexity of the generated trajectories reduces to 2 dimensions plus time (2D+T), which are optimally represented in the present 2D ATM display formats. Departing traffic operations will also significantly benefit from MOTO-4D by enabling steep/continuous climb operations with optimal throttle, reducing perceived noise and gaseous emissions.

ÖZET Toplamda %70'i denizler ve okyanuslardan oluşan dünyamızda denizyolu taşımacılığının ciddi bir kirletici kaynak grubu olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Hava kirliliği yaklaşımında yenicil ve bütüncül metotların başında kimyasal modeller gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dünya genelinde son senelerde yapılmış deniz taşımacılığı dolayısı ile oluşan kirleticilerin modelleme çalışmalarının derlenmesi, karşılaştırılması ve yorumlanmasıdır. Çalışma kapsamında kullanılan sekiz adet makale vardır ve bu makaleler iki tanesi Türkiye olmak üzere Dünya'nın farklı yerlerinden, farklı dönemlerde ve kısmen farklı modelleme yöntemleri kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır.
ABSTRACT It is estimated that maritime transport is a serious source of pollutants in our world, which is composed of 70% seas and oceans. In the air pollution approach, chemical models are at the beginning of innovative and holistic methods. The aim of this study is to compile, compare and interpret the modeling studies of the pollutants formed due to the maritime transportation in recent years in the world. It has been prepared for different purposes, at different periods and for different modeling methods here. There are eight different articles under this study and all of them are different places of the World. Also two of them are about Turkey.

Air quality indices are used for local and regional air quality management in many metro cities of the world. In the present study, air quality indices have been calculated using the US Environmental Protection Agency procedure to assess the status of ambient air quality near busy traffic intersections in Bangalore, India. The measured 24 h average criteria pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, respirable suspended particulate matter and suspended particulate matter for the period from 1997 to 2005 at three air quality monitoring stations are used for the development of AQIs. The result indicated that the air pollution at all the three air quality monitoring stations can be characterized as 'good' and 'moderate' for SO 2 and NO x concentrations for all days from 1997 to 2004. Analysis of air quality indices values for both forms of suspended matter concentrations during 1999–2005 indicates 91% and 94% of the times days are in category 'good' and 'moderate'. The yearly average air quality indices values of respirable suspended particulate matter and suspended particulate matter concentrations indicated decreasing trend and are coming under the category of 'good' and 'moderate' form the category of 'poor' and 'very poor'.

The aim of this study was to investigate the health risks due to combustor emissions in the manufacturing of Portland cement for the population living in the neighborhood of a cement kiln in Catalonia, Spain. Pollutants emitted to the atmosphere in the course of cement production were modeled. The ISC3-ST model was applied to estimate air dispersion of the contaminants emitted by the cement plant. Air concentrations of NO 2 , SO 2 , PM 10 , metals, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/ Fs), as well as the potential exposure in the vicinity of the facility, were assessed via models based on US EPA guidance documents. PCDD/F and metal concentrations were also modeled for soil and vegetation. Based on these concentrations, the levels of human exposure were calculated. Individual cancer and noncancer risks for the emissions of the cement kiln were assessed. Health effects due to NO 2 , SO 2 , and PM 10 emissions were also evaluated. Risk assessment was performed as a deterministic analysis. The main individual risk in the population was evaluated in a central-tendency and a high-end approach. The results show that the incremental individual risk due to emissions of the cement plant is very low not only with regard to health effects, but also in relation to toxicological and cancer risks produced by pollutants such as metals and PCDD/Fs emitted by the cement kiln. r

Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) has been monitored over a period of 8 months from November, 2016 to June, 2017, considering winter, summer and monsoon seasons at three identified locations along the highway passing through industrial area of Mysuru city, India. The number of 2W vehicles were found to be maximum (13620 nos./d) followed by 4W (4654 nos./d), HDV (2410 nos./d) and LDV (2024 nos./d). During weekdays the peak traffic volumes were observed at 08:00–10:00 hours and 17:00–20:00 hours. All the monitored pollutant concentrations were found to be well within National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in all the seasons, except during winter season PM 10 and PM 2.5 at receptor R1 were found to be exceeding the NAAQS. The comparison between observed values with Industrial source complex short term model 3 (ISCST3) and California line source model 4 (CALINE4) predictions showed ISCST3 model prediction found to be good agreement with observed NOx and SO 2 concentration, however, CALINE4 model prediction was good agreement with observed PM 10 concentration. It was also observed that, NOx and PM 10 was contributing ~86% and ~68% from line sources and ~14% and ~32% from point sources, respectively, however, SO 2 was contributing ~67% from point sources and ~33% from line sources. The statistical analysis of ISCST3 model was found to be within the acceptable values, indicating a good agreement with the observed pollutant concentrations.

This work deals specifically with the use of a neural network for ozone modelling in the lower atmosphere. The development of a neural network model is presented to predict the tropospheric (surface or ground) ozone concentrations as a function of meteorological conditions and various air quality parameters. The development of the model was based on the realization that the prediction of ozone from a theoretical basis (i.e. detailed atmospheric diffusion model) is difficult. In contrast, neural networks are useful for modelling because of their ability to be trained using historical data and because of their capability for modelling highly non-linear relationships. The network was trained using summer meteorological and air quality data when the ozone concentrations are the highest. The data were collected from an urban atmosphere. The site was selected to represent a typical residential area with high traffic influences. Three neural network models were developed. The main emphasis of the first model has been placed on studying the factors that control the ozone concentrations during a 24-hour period (daylight and night hours were included). The second model was developed to study the factors that regulate the ozone concentrations during daylight hours at which higher concentrations of ozone were recorded. The third model was developed to predict daily maximum ozone levels. The predictions of the models were found to be consistent with observations. A partitioning method of the connection weights of the network was used to study the relative percent contribution of each of the input variables. The contribution of meteorology on the ozone concentration variation was found to fall within the range 33.15-40.64%. It was also found that nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, relative humidity, non-methane hydrocarbon and nitrogen dioxide have the most effect on the predicted ozone concentrations. In addition, temperature played an important role while solar radiation had a lower effect than expected. The results of this study indicate that the artificial neural network (ANN) is a promising method for air pollution modelling. 

This paper presents a summary of the work
done within the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme project ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air
Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants). ECLIPSE had a
unique systematic concept for designing a realistic and effective
mitigation scenario for short-lived climate pollutants
(SLCPs; methane, aerosols and ozone, and their precursor
species) and quantifying its climate and air quality impacts,
and this paper presents the results in the context of this overarching strategy. The first step in ECLIPSE was to create a
new emission inventory based on current legislation (CLE)
for the recent past and until 2050. Substantial progress compared to previous work was made by including previously
unaccounted types of sources such as flaring of gas associated
with oil production, and wick lamps. These emission
data were used for present-day reference simulations with
four advanced Earth system models (ESMs) and six chemistry
transport models (CTMs). The model simulations were
compared with a variety of ground-based and satellite observational data sets from Asia, Europe and the Arctic. It was
found that the models still underestimate the measured seasonality of aerosols in the Arctic but to a lesser extent than
in previous studies. Problems likely related to the emissions
were identified for northern Russia and India, in particular.
To estimate the climate impacts of SLCPs, ECLIPSE followed
two paths of research: the first path calculated radiative
forcing (RF) values for a large matrix of SLCP species emissions,
for different seasons and regions independently. Based
on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20/ was
calculated for each SLCP emission type. This climate metric
was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify
all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air
quality and short-term (20-year) climate impact. These measures together defined a SLCP mitigation (MIT) scenario.
Compared to CLE, the MIT scenario would reduce global
methane (CH4/ and black carbon (BC) emissions by about
50 and 80 %, respectively. For CH4, measures on shale gas
production, waste management and coal mines were most
important. For non-CH4 SLCPs, elimination of high-emitting
vehicles and wick lamps, as well as reducing emissions from
gas flaring, coal and biomass stoves, agricultural waste, solvents
and diesel engines were most important. These measures
lead to large reductions in calculated surface concentrations
of ozone and particulate matter. We estimate that
in the EU, the loss of statistical life expectancy due to air
pollution was 7.5 months in 2010, which will be reduced to
5.2 months by 2030 in the CLE scenario. The MIT scenario
would reduce this value by another 0.9 to 4.3 months. Substantially larger reductions due to the mitigation are found for China (1.8 months) and India (11–12 months). The climate
metrics cannot fully quantify the climate response. Therefore,
a second research path was taken. Transient climate
ensemble simulations with the four ESMs were run for the
CLE and MIT scenarios, to determine the climate impacts
of the mitigation. In these simulations, the CLE scenario resulted in a surface temperature increase of 0.7+-0.14K between the years 2006 and 2050. For the decade 2041–2050,
the warming was reduced by 0.22+-0.07K in the MIT scenario,
and this result was in almost exact agreement with the
response calculated based on the emission metrics (reduced
warming of 0.22+-0.09 K). The metrics calculations suggest
that non-CH4 SLCPs contribute 22% to this response and
CH4 78 %. This could not be fully confirmed by the transient
simulations, which attributed about 90% of the temperature
response to CH4 reductions. Attribution of the observed
temperature response to non-CH4 SLCP emission reductions
and BC specifically is hampered in the transient simulations
by small forcing and co-emitted species of the emission basket
chosen. Nevertheless, an important conclusion is that our
mitigation basket as a whole would lead to clear benefits for
both air quality and climate. The climate response from BC
reductions in our study is smaller than reported previously,
possibly because our study is one of the first to use fully
coupled climate models, where unforced variability and sea
ice responses cause relatively strong temperature fluctuations
that may counteract (and, thus, mask) the impacts of small
emission reductions. The temperature responses to the mitigation were generally stronger over the continents than over the oceans, and with a warming reduction of 0.44K (0.39–
0.49)K the largest over the Arctic. Our calculations suggest
particularly beneficial climate responses in southern Europe,
where surface warming was reduced by about 0.3K and precipitation rates were increased by about 15 (6–21)mmyr􀀀1
(more than 4% of total precipitation) from spring to autumn.
Thus, the mitigation could help to alleviate expected future
drought and water shortages in the Mediterranean area. We
also report other important results of the ECLIPSE project.

This paper describes the application of the air pollution model (TAPM-CTM) for photochemical airshed modelling in the Ho Chi Minh region. The model was developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia, and incorporates both a prognostic meteorological component and photochemical component. Based on the emission inventory developed by Vietnam National University, simulation of meteorological and chemical transport dispersion processes for air quality in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) is performed using TAPM-CTM. The model performance is evaluated using publicly available measured meteorological data at Ho Chi Minh City airport and air quality data as measured by the Hydro-meteorological Center of Southern Region and our research team at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Science. The model is then applied to simulate a 1-month period in the dry season to determine the extent of the photochemical pollution in Ho Chi Minh City and the surrounding areas. The results show that under the north easterly prevailing wind in this period, the high pollution is more likely to be experienced in the south west of Ho Chi Minh in the Long An, Tien Giang, Ben Tre and Vinh Long provinces. It is recommended that monitoring stations should be set up in these provinces to monitor the peak ozone events that are formed due to transport of precursors from Ho Chi Minh City. The results show that TAPM-CTM performed well as applied to the Ho Chi Minh City airshed region and is a promising tool to study scenario emission for air quality management in this city and the surrounding areas.

Highway traffic-induced air pollution is a major concern for health and ecosystem. The SAQIAM was developed to facilitate visualization and interpretation of geographic distribution of air pollution impacts due to highway broadening in East Sikkim. An analytic hierarchy process-based Spatial Air Quality Index (SAQI) was constructed for this purpose. The individual air pollutant maps of CO, NO 2 , SO 2 and suspended particulate matter were prepared using IITLS dispersal model. Model validation and spatial crossvalidation criteria suggested that SAQIAM is a reliable spatial model. Statistical analysis of SAQI showed that it is a reliable index. SAQI maps under various time horizons showed that the pre-project and project-implementation scenarios will have mostly good air quality while post-project implementation scenario will have poor air quality close to the highway. Spatially explicit sensitivity analysis indicates that SAQIAM is robust. SAQIAM has the potential to serve as decision support tool for geovisualization of transport-related project impacts on air quality. Moreover, it can facilitate environmental managers to prioritize mitigation measures by capturing the perception of stakeholders using SAQI.

Introduction: For many years, the historical city of Isfahan in the center of Iran has been faced with heavy transportation traffic. This heavy transportation is introducing large amounts of air pollutants into the city, causing many risks to human health, environment, etc. This study evaluates the fuel-based emission inventory of NOx, SOx, HCs and CO released into the atmosphere of Isfahan by both trains and airplanes. In addition, the emission inventory of PM10, PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds were investigated for Isfahan trains.
Materials and methods: The validated methods of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the European Environmental Agency have been utilized to estimate the emission inventories of trains and airplanes in metropolitan Isfahan. Both methods are based on average emission factors.
Results: The results in 2016 show that, an average of 13,297 tons NOx, 0.13 tons SOx, 691 tons HC, 727 tons VOCs, 329 tons PM10, 319 tons PM2.5 and 1374 tons CO were released into the atmosphere of metropolitan Isfahan by trains every year. Investigations of the airplane emission inventory show that in 2016, an average of 8,076 tons CO2, 3.8 tons HC, 19.4 NOx, 22.8 tons CO and 2.54 tons SOx are released annually into the atmosphere by airplanes in metropolitan Isfahan.
Conclusions: It is concluded that the most important pollutants emitted from railroad systems in Isfahan are nitrogen oxides. Sepahan-Shar suburb, in the southern part of Isfahan, receives the majority of generated pollutants by passing trains. At the present time aircraft are not an effective sources of pollutants in Isfahan.

This chapter presents a method for improving air pollution exposure assessment through integrating the spatial-temporal dynamics of pollution concentration and detailed space-time activity patterns of individuals. Particulate matter concentrations were first estimated with an air dispersion model using data of industrial point source emissions. Using these estimates and an activity-travel diary dataset, two notions of exposure to air pollution were implemented: (a) static exposure evaluated at an individual’s residential location;
and (b) dynamic exposure assessed based on the locations an individual undertake out-of-home activities and trips, including locations en route from one location to another. The chapter then analyzed whether there are significant differences between static and dynamic exposures to particulate matter for individuals of various gender, income, education, and age subgroups. It also examine whether individuals of these subgroups experienced different levels of dynamic exposure to air pollution.

Ozone-inducible (OI ) peptides found in plants contain repeated sequences consisting of a hexa-repeat unit (YGH GGG) repeated 8–10 times in tandem, and each unit tightly binds copper. To date, the biochemical roles for OI peptides are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that the hexa-repeat unit from OI peptides behaves as metal-binding motif
catalytically active in the superoxide generation. Lastly, possible mechanisms of the reaction and biological consequence of the reactions are discussed by analogy to the action of human prion octarepeat peptides.

Studies of environmental impacts of gas flaring in the Niger Delta are hindered by limited access to
official flaring emissions records and a paucity of reliable ambient monitoring data. This study uses a
combination of geospatial technologies and dispersion modelling techniques to evaluate air pollution
impacts of gas flaring on human health and natural ecosystems in the region. Results indicate that gas
flaring is a major contributor to air pollution across the region, with concentrations exceeding WHO
limits in some locations over certain time periods. Due to the predominant south-westerly wind, concentrations
are higher in some states with little flaring activity than in others with significant flaring
activity. Twenty million people inhabit areas of high flare-associated air pollution, which include all of
the main ecological zones of the region, indicating that flaring poses a substantial threat to human health
and the environment. Model scenarios demonstrated that substantial reductions in pollution could be
achieved by stopping flaring at a small number of the most active sites and by improving overall flaring
efficiency.

Air pollution can be defined as the presence in the atmosphere of one or more contaminants in such quality and for such duration as is injurious, or tends to be injurious, to human health or welfare, animal or plant life. It is the contamination of air by the discharge of harmful substances. Industrialization have led to air getting more and more polluted over the years. Industries, vehicles, increase in the population, and urbanization are some of the major factors responsible for air pollution. The following industries are among those that emit a great deal of pollutants into the air: thermal power plants, cement, steel, refineries, petro chemicals, and mines.
Air pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property. It has caused thinning of the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere, which is leading to climate change.

Treatment of sewage wastewater has become an absolute necessity because sewage is main point source pollutant on global scale. An innovative, cheap and effective method of purifying and cleaning wastewater before discharging into any other water system is needed. Wide ranges of wastewater treatment techniques are known which include biological process and physicochemical process. Study has been made to replace the biological treatment of sewage by electrochemical process with consideration to achieve desired water quality. Present study was conducted to investigate the applicability of the electro-coagulation technique for the treatment of sewage wastewater. In this study lab-scale electro-coagulation was carried out for the treatment of raw sewage wastewater at different operating time i.e 15min, 20min, 25min, 30min using Aluminum as Cathode and Mild steel as a Anode, with 15mm and 10 mm electrode spacing, supplying 24v and 10amp. It is observed that the batch which is operated at 10Amp for 30 min has maximum removal efficiency of COD & S.S i.e. 95% & 82% respectively at optimum pH 8.3.

The present study deals with the air pollution caused by Industry and transportation in
urban areas of Pakistan. Rawalpindi and Islamabad, the twin cities of Pakistan were considered for
this purpose. The concentrations of major air pollutants were taken from different location according
their standard time period using Air Quality Monitoring Station. Five major air pollutants were
considered i.e., NO2, SO2, CO, O3and PM2.5. The average mean values for all pollutants were taken
on monthly and four monthly bases. The concentrations of NO2and PM2.5 were exceeding the
permissible limits as define by Environmental Protection Agency of Pakistan. Other pollutants
concentrations were within the standard limits. Geographic Information System was used as a tool
for the representation and analysis of Environmental Impacts of air pollution. Passquill and Smith
dispersion model was used to calculate the buffer zones. Some mitigation measures were also
recommended to assess the environmental and health Impacts because of PM2.5 and NO2.
Keywords; Air Quality Monitoring Network; Multi-pollutant; Industrial area; Road transp

This paper presents new techniques for atmospheric sounding using Near Infrared (NIR) laser sources, direct detection electro-optics and passive infrared imaging systems. These techniques allow a direct determination of atmospheric extinction and, through the adoption of suitable inversion algorithms, the indirect measurement of some important natural and man-made atmospheric constituents, including Carbon Dioxide (CO2). The proposed techniques are suitable for remote sensing missions performed by using aircraft, satellites, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), parachute/gliding vehicles, Roving Surface Vehicles (RSV), or Permanent Surface Installations (PSI). The various techniques proposed offer relative advantages in different scenarios. All are based on measurements of the laser energy/power incident on target surfaces of known geometric and reflective characteristics, by means of infrared detectors and/or infrared cameras calibrated for radiance. Experimental results are presented relative to ground and flight trials performed with laser systems operating in the near infrared (NIR) at 1064 nm and 1550 nm. This includes ground tests performed with 10 Hz and 20 KHz PRF NIR laser systems in a variety of atmospheric conditions, and flight trials performed with a 10 Hz airborne NIR laser system installed on a TORNADO aircraft, flying up to altitudes of 22,000 ft above ground level. Future activities are planned to validate the atmospheric retrieval algorithms developed for CO2 column density measurements, with emphasis on aircraft related emissions at airports and other high air-traffic density environments.

Ozone (O3)‑induced cell death in two suspension‑cultured cell lines of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) derived from Bel‑W3 (hyper‑sensitive to O3) and Bel‑B (highly tolerant to O3) varieties were studied. By exposing the newly prepared cell lines to the pulse of ozonized air, we could reproduce the conditions demonstrating the difference in O3 sensitivity as observed in their original plants, depending on the exposure time. Since O3‑induced acute cell death was observed in the dark, the requirement for photochemical reactions could be eliminated. Addition of several ROS scavengers and chelators inhibited the cell death induced by O3, indicating that singlet oxygen (1O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical and redox‑active metals such as Fe2+ play central roles in O3‑induced acute damages to the cells. As expected, we observed the generation of 1O2 and H2O2 in the O3‑treated cells using chemiluminescent probes. On the other hand, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and some SOD mimics showed no inhibitory effect. Thiols added as antioxidants unexpectedly behaved as prooxidants drastically enhancing the O3‑induced cell death. It is noteworthy that some ROS scavengers effectively rescued the cells from dying even treated after the pulse of O3 exposure, confirming the post‑ozone progress of ROS‑dependent cell death mechanism. Since one of the key differences between Bel‑B and Bel‑W3 was suggested to be the capacity for ROS detoxification by catalase, the endogenous catalase activities were compared in vivo in two cell lines. As expected, catalase activity in Bel‑B cells was ca. 7‑fold greater than that in Bel‑W3 cells. Interestingly, Ca2+ chelators added prior to (not after) the pulse of O3 effectively inhibited the induction of cell death. In addition, increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration sensitive to Ca2+ chelators, ion channel blockers, and ROS scavengers were observed in the transgenic Bel‑W3 cells expressing aequorin, suggesting the action of Ca2+ as a secondary messenger initiating the oxidative cell death. The O3 ‑induced calcium response in Bel‑W3 cells was much greater than Bel‑B cells. Based on the results, possible pathways for O3 ‑dependent generation of the lethal level of ROS and corresponding signaling mechanism for induction of cell death were discussed.

ABSTRAK

WRF-Chem adalah bentuk model WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) yang dikombinasikan dengan perhitungan kimia yang digunakan untuk menyimulasikan emisi, transpor, percampuran, dan transformasi dari gas dan aerosol secara meteorologis. Penelitian ini menggunakan parameterisasi PBL10 (TEMF Scheme) dan PBL99 (MFR Scheme) yang kemudian dibandingkan dengan data observasi dari Stasiun Meteorologi Tabing Padang untuk data kecepatan angin dan dari GAW Kototabang untuk data karbon monoksida. Hasil yang didapat adalah parameter PBL yang paling mendekati keadaan sebenarnya untuk pengukuran kecepatan angin adalah PBL99 (TEMF Scheme). Walaupun begitu, masih perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai pemodelan di daerah Padang.

Kata kunci : WRF-Chem, kecepatan angin, karbon monoksida

ABSTRACT

WRF-Chem is a form of WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) that combined with chemistry calculations which could be used for emission, transportation, mixing, and transformation simulation from gases and aerosols meteorogically. This study uses two parameterization that are PBL10 (TEMF Scheme) and PBL99 (MFR Scheme) which comparated with observation data from meteorological office Tabing Padang for wind speed data and from GAW at Kototabang for carbon monoxide data. The results are PBL99 produced a better prediction model data for wind speed data, although it still need further research to decide which parameterization is suited for modeling at Padang.

Keyword : WRF-Chem, wind speed, carbon monoxide

Some tracer experiments were carried out at Venice
during autumn and winter. The release was made both in the
centre of the city and a few kilometers offshore.The concentration levels inside the city were not homogeneous and pointed out three different behaviours of the airflow depending on the intensity of the local ventilation, as follows:
i) during calm to light air the tracer showed two ways in
crossing the city on two separate paths: the first is through
a very short path determined by the irregular topography; the
second is characterized by a wavy trajectory on a vertical
plane when the air is passing over the city;
ii) during light breeze the tracer follows three different
paths: the first one, as in the previous case, through the
narrowest extension of the city; the second and the third are
determined by the meandering of the Grand Canal;
iii) during fresh breeze the paths are initially the same as
in the preceding case but afterwards, the channeling of the
air masses operated by the Grand Canal causes a strong decrease in the concentration levels.

Air pollution, being especially severe in the fast-growing developing world, continues to post a threat to public health. Yet, few studies are capable of quantifying well how different groups of people in different places experience different levels of air pollution at the global scale. In this paper, we use worldwide Chinese as a lens to quantify the spatiotemporal variations and geographic differences in PM 2.5 exposures using unprecedented mobile phone big data and air pollution records. The results show that Chinese in South and East Asia suffer relatively serious PM 2.5 exposures, where the Chinese in China have the highest PM 2.5 exposures (52.8 mg/m 3 /year), which is fourfold higher than the exposures in the United States (10.7 mg/m 3 /year). Overall, the Chinese in Asian cities (35.5 mg/m 3 /year) experienced the most serious PM 2.5 exposures when compared with the Chinese in the cities of other continents. These results, partly presented as a spatiotemporally explicit map of PM 2.5 exposures for worldwide Chinese, help researchers and governments to consider how to address the effects of air pollution on public health with respect to different population groups and geographic locations.

This study aims to empirically demonstrate the necessity to consider both the spatiotemporal variability of air pollution and individual daily movement patterns in exposure and health risk assessment. It compares four different types of exposure estimates generated by using (1) individual movement data and hourly air pollution concentrations; (2) individual movement data and daily average air pollution data; (3) residential location and hourly pollution levels; and (4) residential location and daily average pollution data. These four estimates are significantly different, which supports the argument that ignoring the spatiotemporal variability of environmental risk factors and human mobility may lead to misleading results in exposure assessment. Additionally, three-dimensional (3D) geovisualization presented in the paper shows how person-specific space-time context is generated by the interactions between air pollution and an individual, and how the different individualized contexts place individuals at different levels of health risk.