Adequacy

From 2009 to 2014, school districts in Oklahoma faced the challenge of educating a growing population of students to high academic standards and increased accountability while state aid has been restricted to flat or negative levels annually. These circumstances have left many stakeholders concerned about the adequacy of education funding in Oklahoma.
There is no evidence of empirical research into the issue of school funding adequacy in Oklahoma between the years of 2005 and 2015. Therefore, this study presents new knowledge about how district spending correlates with student achievement as an indication of the level of Oklahoma education funding adequacy. The results and conclusions provide perceptions of the current financial condition to assist the reader in judging whether changes are necessary to improve fiscal support for schools.
This study incorporated the Successful School District model of analysis and binary logistic regression to discover how instructional and administrative expenditures related to high levels of academic achievement. The analysis compared two groups of school districts that were demographically similar yet displayed varying degrees of academic achievement in order to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in their spending.

This qualitative quantitative descriptive-analytical study aimed to describe the non-obligatory shifts employed in three English Disney animated films dubbed into MSA by applying Toury’s (1995/2012) normative model and shifts introduced in the course of his applied case studies. The researcher described and analyzed preliminary, initial and operational norms (non-obligatory shifts) employed on the level of three textual segments: the lexical-semantic, the stylistic, and the prosodic. The researcher compared those shifts with the original choices in the English versions of three selected Disney animated films. In the light of Toury’s theory (1995/2012), the current study investigated the hypothesis that the accepted socio-cultural, ideological, and linguistic norms of the Arabic culture directed the choices of the non-obligatory shifts chosen by the Arabic dubbers of English Disney animations dubbed into MSA. This investigation was conducted in application to three case studies, namely, Tangled (2010), Frozen (2013) and Big Hero 6 (2014).  In order to decide the most frequently used shifts in the process of dubbing, the frequency rate of each non-obligatory shift was calculated to determine the highest frequently used shift. The study came to the conclusion that there is a direct relationship between the non-obligatory shifts (operational norms) applied during dubbing on the one hand and the socio-cultural, ideological, and linguistic norms imposed by the target culture on the other hand. Those target culture norms governed not only the operational choices but also the preliminary choices of the three selected Disney animated films dubbed into MSA. Affected by the preliminary and operational norms, Arab dubbers’ tendency towards producing acceptable rather than adequate translations decided the initial norms.

Since the advent and integration of information technology into power industry, the complexity of modern power systems and advances in the power industry toward restructuring, the system models and algorithms of traditional reliability assessment techniques are becoming obsolete as they suffer from nonrealistic system models and slow convergence (even non-convergence) when multi-level contingencies are considered and the system is overstressed. To allow more rigor in system modeling and higher computational efficiency in reliability evaluation procedures, this paper proposes an analytically-based security-constrained adequacy evaluation (SCAE) methodology that performs bulk power system reliability assessment and gave an in depth analysis of the concept of the state of the art in bulk power system reliability assessment. Bulk power system reliability assessment is an important procedure at both power system planning and operating stages to assure reliable and acceptable electricity service to customers.

Post-editing of machine translation (MT) is now increasingly implemented in the human translation workflow after studies in both industry and academia have demonstrated the efficacy of this practice. Post-editing still involves open questions, however, such as how best to train post-editors and how to estimate the effort required by post-editing tasks. In attempting to address some of these questions, many previous studies investigate the post-editing process, but less research has focused on the post-edited product. This chapter examines the link between the process and product of post-editing by checking to see how post-editing effort data related to the quality of post-edited texts, assessed in terms of fluency (linguistic quality) and adequacy (translation accuracy). A statistical analysis indicated that the association between editing operations and the fluency of post-edited texts is dependent on the quality of the raw MT output. Interestingly, a negative association was observed between the number of eye fixations on the text and the quality of the post-edited translations. The chapter shows empirical evidence supporting the distinction between the concepts of translation fluency and adequacy, and postulates that automatic processes play a central role in post-editing performance.

Foreign exchange reserves are the foreign currency cash or any international reserve asset held by the monetary authority of the country. A country must accumulate an adequate level of foreign exchange reserves so that the country can meet its all external obligations. At the same time, it is also important to ensure proper management and utilisation of foreign exchange reserves for the economic development of the nation. During the period of COVID-19 pandemic, a significant rise in foreign exchange reserve has been observed. So, the study is done to analyse the trends and adequacy level of foreign exchange reserves of India. The study also aims to analyse the effective way of utilising the foreign exchange reserves which can boost up the economy. The study is based on the data collected from secondary sources such as annual reports, monthly bulletins of RBI, official website of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India, IMF and World Bank. The study revealed that in the month of March 2020 India’s stock of foreign exchange reserves declined significantly and from the month of April 2020 the trend shifted upwards and shows some positive growth. It has also been observed that the country is holding a sufficient amount of foreign exchange reserves which is much higher than the adequacy level. So, the government should take the full advantage of growing excess foreign exchange reserves and a portion of its reserves for the economic development of the nation during or after the pandemic crisis.

This article deals with the investigation of the presence of linguistic prejudice in teaching practice, in which, supposedly, high school teachers would be presuming students' performance from the use or lack of use of the standard language in speech within the school environment.  The research and the production of this work was based on Marcos Bagno’s work, a relevant name on the debate on linguistic prejudice, besides other works of sociolinguists and articles on the problem of linguistic prejudice in the classroom, from what it was made a methodology that consists of the application of a questionnaire interview. The analysis of results, opened to the several possibilities of reading produced from the ambiguity and contradiction of the results, made it possible to find positive and negative points as well as new possibilities of research around the same subject. It was concluded, however, that the tendency in school environment is marginalizing the use of the language that does not meet educational standard language and pointing it as the ideal model to be reached, what reinforces the central hypothesis of this work.

Confronting persistent and widening inequality in educational opportunity, advocates have regarded the right to education as a linchpin for reform. In the forty years since the Supreme Court relegated that right to the domain of state constitutional law, its power has surged and faded in litigation challenging state school finance systems. Like so many of the students it is meant to protect, however, the right to education has generally underachieved, in part because those wielding it have not always appreciated its distinctive forms and function. Deconstructed, the right to education held by children has been formulated doctrinally as both a claim-right, imposing affirmative duties on the state to act, and an immunity, disabling certain state action. These two strands — oft-manifested as the claim-right to educational “adequacy” and an immunity entailing “equality” of educational opportunity — once considered irreconcilable are actually interlocked by the right’s core, historical f...

Power system is very complex and tedious task to study the reliability of whole system. In this work we are concentrating only on the reliability evaluation of the generation system. The reliability analysis of the generation system is applied in numerous ways. These ways are differing in time consumption and technology. Compared to simulation technique Markov technique has additional benefits. In this work using Markov process, Frequency and Duration of system, transient and steady-state probabilities are calculated for Bhoruka Power Corporation of Gadag.

Foreign exchange reserves are the foreign currency cash or any international reserve asset held by the monetary authority of the country. A country must accumulate an adequate level of foreign exchange reserves so that the country can meet its all external obligations. At the same time, it is also important to ensure proper management and utilisation of foreign exchange reserves for the economic development of the nation. During the period of COVID-19 pandemic, a significant rise in foreign exchange reserve has been observed. So, the study is done to analyse the trends and adequacy level of foreign exchange reserves of India. The study also aims to analyse the effective way of utilising the foreign exchange reserves which can boost up the economy. The study is based on the data collected from secondary sources such as annual reports, monthly bulletins of RBI, of icial website of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India, IMF and World Bank. The study revealed that in the month of March 2020 India’s stock of foreign exchange reserves declined significantly and from the month of April 2020 the trend shifted upwards and shows some positive growth. It has also been observed that the country is holding a suf icient amount of foreign exchange reserves which is much higher than the adequacy level. So, the government should take the full advantage of growing excess foreign exchange reserves and a portion of its reserves for the economic development of the nation during or after the pandemic crisis.

O artigo investiga quais os meios mais adequados à tutela dos bens ambientais: a via do Judiciário, em face do Direito Penal; e/ou a via administrativa, mediante o Direito Administrativo Sancionatório. O estudo conclui que a intervenção penal deve ser evitada sempre que houver outro meio menos repressivo, que seja apto a garantir eficazmente a tutela ambiental.