2008 Elections

This Chapter interrogates the logics and technologies underlying the governance of elections in Africa. It defines elections, their nature and logics. It argues that elections are tools, which integrate electoral processes and systems to deliver on the people's choice of who will govern them. 'Free and fair' presuppose the existence of a 'free and fair' electoral commission, 'free and fair' machineries to run the elections, 'free and fair' systems and procedures for the conduct of those elections. It interrogates the role of stakeholders, before, during and after the elections and argues that elections reflect the independence and sovereignty of any nation. The Chapter presents a 5Vs framework of Volume (how many vote); Velocity (Speed) – the regularity of the elections; Value (the value of the elections as perceived by voters; Veracity (the trustworthiness and authenticity of the systems and outcomes); and Variety (diversity of voters and diversity of political parties). The Chapter argues that the prerequisites to hold free and fair elections include political will from the polity; transparency; a politically educated citizenry capable to act; unity in diversity (there can be many parties and tribes), faith and trust in the electoral systems, political parties and themselves; astute and smart systems and processes and bureaucracy.

Despite the attention given to political blogs in recent campaigns, scholars have often overlooked something without which they could not thrive: readers. Moreover, literature has considered that readers have generally done so without taking account of significant differences between conservative and liberal blogs. This study uses panel data collected during the 2008 U.S. election to examine how conservative, liberal, and non-blog readers differ. Results show little demographic difference between readers and non-readers. However, blog readers consume political media that is aligned with their blog use. Blog readers participate more in politics than non-readers as a result of their blog use, particularly readers of liberal blogs. Finally, blog readers exhibit greater political sophistication than non-readers, and develop greater political interest as a result of blog reading.

The 2008 U.S. election cycle saw an unprecedented amount of polling information provided to the public. Traditional news sources, as well as non-news sources such as blogs, provided both up-to-the-minute coverage of new poll releases and prospective analyses of how elections might turn out based on aggregating poll results.

The advent of peace in Angola, in 2002, raised hopes that the end of the civil war would entail a gradual opening of political space, and allow for increasing democratic plurality and civil liberties. This article argues that the government of José Eduardo dos Santos is actually reinforcing its control over all aspects of social, economic and political life. Although the elections of 5 and 6 September 2008 were considered ‘credible and transparent’ by international observer missions, the MPLA's triumph at the elections did not come as a surprise. This analysis of the voter registration process in 2007 shows how the government of Angola used discourses of democratisation as a resource to consolidate its power, extending its control over associations of civil society, thus paving the way for an overwhelming electoral victory. The article describes the government's strategies during the voter registration process, to see how – in this very specific field – the government's authority is enacted, and how the state extends its control over civil society organisations. It considers how these tendencies fit into the broader discussions about democracy and post-war transitions, and what the implications might be for donor assistance for democratisation.