Royal Jelly as a Supplement for Young Football Players

Joksimović, A. et al.: Royal jelly as a supplement for young football players Sport Science, 2 (2009) 1: 62-67 ROYAL JELLY AS A SUPPLEM EN T FOR YOUN G FOOTBALL PLAYERS Ale k sa nda r Jok sim ović 1 , D a n ie l St a n k ović 1 , I va na Jok sim ović 2 , Sla vk o M oln a r 3 a n d St a n im ir Jok sim ović 1 1 3 Facult y of Sport and Physical Educat ion, Niš, Serbia 2 Clinical Cent er in Niš, Serbia Facult y of Sport and Physical Educat ion, Novi Sad, Serbia Original scient ific paper Abst r a ct I n direct applicat ion of scient ific discoveries t o good qualit y t raining process, royal j elly as a supplem ent is applied as a crit erion of posit ive change in t he phase of adapt at ion and exhaust ion of young foot ball players' bodies. Research carried out w it h 25 FC “ Red St ar” Belgrade foot ball players, 12 years old, separat ed in 2 groups. Experim ent al group ( 15) t ook t he supplem ent daily for t w o m ont hs. The cont rol group ( 10) did not use t he supplem ent . All t he exam ines during t he t wo m ont hs had a regular regim e of t raining ( 4 t im es per w eek) and t hey com pet ed in t he youngest Belgrade league. I t were observed 13 m orphological charact erist ics in init ial and final m easuring. On t he basis of t he research result s it could be concluded t hat foot ball players from experim ent al group who used royal j elly had st at ist ically significant increase of body height and m uscle com ponent , and decrease of fat com ponent in final m easurem ent com paring t o t he init ial. Also, t he result s show st at ist ically significant increase in circum ference above knee and circum ference of lower leg in experim ent al group on t he end of t he experim ent al t reat m ent . The exam inees from experim ent al group had higher average values in body height , body m ass, m uscle and bone com ponent , and lower average value in fat com ponent . Ke y w or ds: royal j elly, nut rit ion supplem ent , m uscle, fat and bone com ponent . I n t r odu ct ion Physical act ivit y is an int egral part of a person's life and it is a const ant bat t le of m an and his environm ent which st art s at his birt h. The int ensit y of t he bat t le grow s as m an m at ures and for every age t here are specific charact erist ics. At a cert ain level of developm ent and t raining a st ressful react ion appears which is const ant and has it s developm ent phases: alarm phase, adapt at ion phase and phase of ex haust ion. The t ask of people em ployed in sport s is t o t each and prepare t he body for creat ing st ronger defense m echanism s for new st ress agent s. The quest ion is raised how t o involve a young body int o a sport s act ivit y and not t o dist urb his biological developm ent and, sim ult aneously, t o achieve t op result s which sport requires. The body not involved in sport s sat isfies t he requirem ent s of norm al m ent al and physical developm ent by daily food int ake. However, if t he candidat e perform s increased physical act iv it y, regular and daily food int ak e cannot be enough for bot h requirem ent s food supplem ent s are needed, and t hose are vit am ins, m inerals, essent ial am ino acids and an array of ot her biologically act ive subst ances whose t ask is t o sat isfy prev iously m ent ioned requirem ent s. 62 Nowadays m arket offers t housands of rem edies which are supposed t o help young at hlet es. Their cont ent and qualit y vary, from com m on wat er t o horm onal rem edies w hich can som et im es do great er dam age t o t he body t han good. One of t hose rem edies is royal j elly which has posit ive effect on t he body of an at hlet e and can be used for m edical purposes and in m edicine it is used from pediat rics t o geriat rics. The st ruct ure of royal j elly can be used in m any body st at es which we call nonphysiological: im provem ent of heart funct ion, st rengt hening of im m une syst em , im provem ent of m ent al st at e and m ood, st rengt hening and increase of body resist ance, regulat ion of adrenal gland funct ion under st ress, depression relief, fat igue, neurosis, insom nia and t he likes, st im ulat ion of funct ioning of gland wit h int ernal secret ion, regulat ion of funct ioning of all organs and t issues, im provem ent of convalescent s recovery et c. Num erous scient ific analy sis ( Ardry, 1956; Howe et al., 1985; Ot ani et al., 1985; Takenaka, 1984 and 1987; Schm it zov a et al. 1998) show t hat royal j elly cont ains all of t hese subst ances for which we lobby and which should be t aken in any form ; t hey resorb rapidly and are t aken t o basic unit s – cells by t ransport m echanism . Joksimović, A. et al.: Royal jelly as a supplement for young football players Sport Science, 2 (2009) 1: 62-67 At t hat level bioact ive act ions t ake place. Som e research ( Johansson & Johansson 1958; Bonom i 1983; Prosperi & Ragazzini 1956; Dest rem 1956) followed t he effect s of use of royal j elly on a sam ple of adult s ov er a cert ain period. The following was det erm ined: im provem ent of heart funct ion and blood vessels, bet t er ex cit at ion of nervous syst em , fast er relief of fat igue, short ening of recovery t im e and ot her param et ers which are significant for achieving result s in foot ball. Johansson's research shows t hat roy al j elly has posit ive effect on int est inal flora and t his ant im icrobial act iv it y can be explained by PH value act ivit y. The effect of som e com ponent s on endocrinal glands or t heir int ake and ent ering t he enzym e syst em which affect s t he m et abolism was invest igat ed by Bonom i in 1983 em phasizing t he posit ive effect . Prosperi and Ragazzini ( 1956) argue t hat royal j elly affect s t he basic st at e, increases body m ass, eryt hrocyt es, hem oglobin ( 80- 100 m g daily) . According t o Dest rem in 1956 royal j elly achieves good effect s w hen 20 m g is inj ect ed every day or every ot her day. Takohashi et al. ( 1983) point out t he appearance of allergic cont act derm at it is caused by roy al j elly in pat ient s which are sensit ive t o it . Ardry ( 1956) t hinks t hat royal j elly influences t he body by st im ulat ing t he gland wit h int ernal secret ion, especially t he adrenal gland. The subj ect of research is royal j elly as t he supplem ent in t he preparat ion period w it h young foot ball players, sevent h and eight h grade prim ary school st udent s and t heir m orphological charact erist ics. The basic concern of t his research is how efficient t he applicat ion of royal j elly is as a supplem ent in t he preparat ion period for m orphological charact erist ics developm ent at t he end of experim ent al period in t he process of t raining work wit h experim ent al group. The general aim is t o det erm ine t he efficiency of applicat ion of royal j elly as a supplem ent for t he dev elopm ent of m orphological charact erist ic in t he experim ent al group. A specific goal is t o det erm ine t he difference at t he end of t he experim ent in m orphological charact erist ics bet w een experim ent al and cont rol group. Based on t he subj ect , t he m at t er and t he aim of t he experim ent t he following t asks were set : a) t o det erm ine m orphological charact erist ics on init ial and final m easurem ent s in experim ent al and cont rol group; b) t o det erm ine t he differences in m orphological charact erist ics bet w een init ial and final m easurem ent in ex perim ent al and cont rol group; c) t o det erm ine t he differences in m orphological charact erist ics bet ween experim ent al and cont rol group at t he end of experim ent al t reat m ent . M e t h ods Sam ple of exam ines Research w as done on a sam ple of 25 young foot ball players from „ Red St ar“ foot ball club in Belgrade, 12- year- olds separat ed int o t w o groups. Experim ent al group consist ed of 15 exam ines who were t aking royal j elly supplem ent five t im es a week for t wo m ont hs. Cont rol group consist ed of 10 young foot ball players who were not t aking royal j elly . All exam ines were during t wo m ont hs of experim ent exposed t o regular t raining ( 4 t im es a w eek) and com pet ed wit hin t he Belgrade league. Variables sam ple Research w as planned so as t o regist er values of 13 charact erist ics in observat ion of all exam ines at t he beginning of research and aft er t wo m ont hs in order t o assess whet her t here is change in values of observed charact erist ics wit hin all of t he research groups as well as w het her t here is difference in values of observed charact erist ics bet ween experim ent al and cont rol group. The following charact erist ics of observ at ion were m onit ored: body height ( BH) , body m ass ( BM) , m uscle com ponent ( MC) , bone com ponent ( BC) , fat com ponent ( FC) , diam et er of elbow ( DE) , diam et er of wrist ( DW) , diam et er of knee ( DK) , diam et er of ankle ( DA) , circum ference above elbow ( CAE) , circum ference of forearm ( CFA) , circum ference above knee ( CAK) , circum ference of lower leg ( CBK) . Ant hropom et ric m easurem ent s of m orphological charact erist ics are t aken from Kurelić et al 1975. Det erm ining bone com ponent Mat eigka calculat es bone com ponent according t o form ula: Skelet on m ass in gram s = body height * K1 * D 2 ; Body height in m m ; K1 ( const ant ) = 1.2; D = ( diam et er of elbow + diam et er of knee + diam et er of wrist + diam et er of foot j oint ) / 4. Relat ive bone com ponent is calculat ed according t o form ula: Relat ive bone m ass = skelet on m ass in gram s * 100 / body m ass. Det erm ining m uscle com ponent Mat eigka calculat es m uscle com ponent according t o t he following form ula: Muscle com ponent = r 2 * body height * K; r = m ean value of radii calculat ed from circum ference of body segm ent s, and it is calculat ed according t o form ula: r = ( ( CAE+ CFA+ CAK+ CBK) / 25.12) –( ( SCAE+ SCFA+ SCAK+ SCBK) / 8) , where t he abbreviat ions m ean as follows: CAE – circum ference above elbow, CFA – circum ference of forearm , CAK – circum ference above knee, CBK – circum ference of lower leg, SCAE – skin crease above elbow , SCFA – skin 63 Joksimović, A. et al.: Royal jelly as a supplement for young football players Sport Science, 2 (2009) 1: 62-67 crease of forearm , SCAK – skin crease above knee, SCBK – skin crease of lower leg, K ( const ant ) = 6,5. Relat iv e m uscle com ponent is calculat ed according t o form ula: Relat iv e m uscle m ass = m uscle m ass in gram s * 100 / body m ass Det erm ining fat com ponent Mat eigka calculat es m ass com ponent according t o form ula: Mass com ponent = d * TP * K2 ; d = m ean value of m easured skin creases ( abov e elbow , forearm , above knee, low er leg, back and st om ach) div ided by 12. TP = surface of body in cm 2 , ( nom ogram for calculat ion of surface of body Barou and Rozm ari 1975, 179, pict ure 8- 6.) ; K2 ( const ant ) = 0.13. Relat ive fat com ponent is calculat ed according t o form ula: Relat ive m ass com ponent = fat com ponent in gram s * 100 / body weight . Met hod of dat a processing Research of effect s of royal j elly applicat ion as supplem ent in young foot ball players preparat ory period was carried out wit hin 32 t raining sessions over a t wo- m ont h period for t he ex perim ent al group, which has used royal j elly as supplem ent five t im es a week . The cont rol group had 32 t raining sessions as well over a t wo- m ont h period, sim ult aneously wit h t he experim ent al group. The operat ional plan and program w it h bot h groups of exam ines w ere t he sam e and t hey were drawn up in t he foot ball club. Wit h bot h exam ine groups t wo m easurem ent s of m orphological charact erist ics w ere perform ed at t he beginning and at t he end of t he experim ent . Wit h t he goal of get t ing st at ist ical analysis of research result s a dat abase was form ed using st at ist ical program SPSS 11.5 for Windows. Cent ral and dispersive param et ers of at t ained ant hropom et rical m easurem ent result s for experim ent al and cont rol group w ere calculat ed. Differences in ant hropom et rical m easurem ent s of experim ent al and cont rol groups w ere det erm ined by St udent 's T- t est for dependant and independent sam ples. Re su lt s Table 1. Descript ive st at ist ical indicat ors of experim ent al group exam ines in 1st and 2nd m easurem ent and differences bet w een 1st and 2nd m easurem ent V a r ia ble s BH BM MC BC FC DE DW DK DA CAE CFA CAK CBK BH I BH I I BM I BM I I MC I MC I I BC I BC I I FC I FC I I DE I DE I I DW I DW I I DK I DK I I DA I DA I I CAE I CAE I I CFA I CFA I I CAK I CAK I I CBK I CBK I I AV G N SD SE 152,46 154,13 42,95 43,30 41,22 43,35 19,74 19,47 16,87 14,10 6,35 6,38 4,91 4,97 9,37 9,28 6,40 6,76 21,79 22,40 20,51 20,67 44,61 47,20 31,45 32,65 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 6,29 6,79 6,45 6,51 3,18 2,16 1,56 1,28 4,90 3,71 0,63 0,56 0,42 0,34 0,57 0,60 0,81 0,26 1,72 1,39 1,12 1,00 4,50 3,86 2,04 2,07 1,62 1,75 1,66 1,68 0,82 0,55 0,40 0,33 1,26 0,95 0,16 0,14 0,11 0,88 0,15 0,15 0,21 0,68 0,44 0,35 0,28 0,25 1,16 0,99 0,52 0,53 AV G- D t df p - 1,66 6,74 14 0 ,0 0 0 - 0,35 1,21 14 0,246 - 2,13 2,67 14 0 ,0 1 8 0,27 1,03 14 0,322 2,76 5,84 14 0 ,0 0 0 - 0,029 0,16 14 0,878 - 0,053 0,93 14 0,370 0,087 0,50 14 0,625 - 0,353 1,87 14 0,083 - 0,61 1,03 14 0,132 - 0,15 1,00 14 0,335 - 2,59 2,38 14 0 ,0 3 2 - 1,20 3,24 14 0 ,0 0 6 AVG = average, N = num ber of ent it ies, SD = st . deviat ion, SE = st . error, AVG- D = difference average, t = t - t est value, df degrees of freedom , p = probabilit y 64 Joksimović, A. et al.: Royal jelly as a supplement for young football players Sport Science, 2 (2009) 1: 62-67 Table 2. Descript ive st at ist ical indicat ors of cont rol group exam ines in 1st and 2nd m easurem ent and differences bet ween 1st and 2nd m easurem ent V a r ia ble s BH BM MC BC FC DE DW DK DA CAE CFA CAK CBK BH I BH I I BM I BM I I MC I MC I I BC I BC I I FC I FC I I DE I DE I I DW I DW I I DK I DK I I DA I DA I I CAE I CAE I I CFA I CFA I I CAK I CAK I I CBK I CBK I I AV G N SD SE 158,12 158,82 42,62 42,62 43,52 42,50 21,34 19,59 12,19 12,73 6,53 6,30 4,85 4,82 9,47 9,47 6,87 6,97 20,52 20,82 19,32 19,75 43,02 43,62 31,50 31,42 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 4,69 5,02 3,54 3,42 3,09 1,66 0,56 1,19 4,46 3,42 0,34 0,33 0,10 0,09 0,25 0,46 0,36 0,21 1,25 1,45 0,39 0,59 1,98 0,25 1,47 0,51 2,35 2,51 1,77 1,71 1,54 0,83 0,28 0,60 2,23 1,71 0,17 0,16 0,05 0,05 0,12 0,22 0,17 0,10 0,62 0,72 0,19 0,29 0,99 0,12 0,73 0,25 AV G- D t df p - 0,50 2,45 9 0,092 0,00 0,00 9 1,000 1,01 0,90 9 0,437 1,75 3,03 9 0,056 - 0,53 - 0,70 9 0,535 0,22 0,984 9 0,398 0,02 0,52 9 0,638 0,00 0,00 9 1,000 - 0,10 0,56 9 0,613 - 0,30 0,59 9 0,595 - 0,43 1,35 9 0,118 - 0,60 0,58 9 0,605 0,07 0,10 9 0,924 AVG = average, N = num ber of ent it ies, SD = st . deviat ion, SE = st . error, AVG- D = difference average, t = t - t est value, df degrees of freedom , p = probabilit y Table. 3. Test ing significance of difference bet ween experim ent al and cont rol group Variables BH BM MC BC FC DE DW DK DA CAE CFA CAK CBK t - t est for undependent sam ples t df p X, ¯ - 1,664 23 0,114 - 5,66 0,095 23 0,926 0,32 - 1,290 23 0,214 - 2,30 - 1,973 23 0,065 - 1,59 1,723 23 0,103 4,68 - 0,518 23 0,611 - 0,17 0,295 23 0,771 0,06 - 0,364 23 0,721 - 0,11 - 1,108 23 0,283 - 0,47 1,361 23 0,191 1,26 2,054 23 0,056 1,19 0,674 23 0,509 1,58 - 0,048 23 0,962 - 0,05 D iscu ssion a n d con clu sion I n Table 1 it is not iceable t hat t he average values of body height , body m ass and m uscle com ponent in t he experim ent al group have increased, t he average value of fat com ponent has decreased while t he average value of bone com ponent has rem ained alm ost t he sam e as at t he beginning. The values of St udent T- t est show t he exist ence of high st at ist ically significant increase of body height ( = 1,66cm ) and st at ist ically significant decrease of fat com ponent value ( = 2,76% ) aft er t he t wom ont h consum pt ion of t he subst ance. St at ist ically significant increase of m uscle com ponent value was det erm ined ( = 2,13% ) , whereas t here is no st at ist ical significance in value of body m ass and bone com ponent . Result s also indicat e t hat t here are no bigger changes of values in circum ference of elbow , arm w rist , knee and ankle in exam ines who have used royal j elly. I n Table 2 it is evident t hat t here are no bigger changes of values in body height , body m ass, m uscle and fat com ponent at t he final in com parison t o init ial m easurem ent wit h cont rol group. Also, t here are no changes in diam et er and circum ference m easures. Result s of St udent T- t est indicat e t hat t here is no st at ist ically significant difference of exam ined t rait s in t he experim ent al group. Also, it can be seen t hat t here has been a st at ist ically significant increase of circum ference above knee ( = 2,59cm ) and circum ference of lower leg ( = 1,20cm ) in exam ines who have used t he subst ance. Table 3 shows t he result s of St udent T- t est for independent sam ples. By com parison of result s at t he end of research in t he experim ent al and cont rol group t here are no st at ist ically significant difference in m easured variables. 65 Joksimović, A. et al.: Royal jelly as a supplement for young football players Sport Science, 2 (2009) 1: 62-67 However, t he exam ines in t he experim ent al group had, aft er t he t wo- m ont h subst ance consum pt ion on average 1,58 cm great er circum ference of lower leg t han t he exam ines of t he cont rol group. I n m odern foot ball, in t he condit ions of high int ensit y gam e, longer int ervals of endurance and short er int ervals of rest , high requirem ent s of ant hropological charact erist ics are set especially for m ot or and funct ional abilit ies and m orphological charact erist ics. The developm ent of list ed ant hropological charact erist ics has effect uat ed in t he process of t raining work in line wit h individual abilit ies and foot ball players' charact erist ics. A num ber of scient ist s ( Jerković, 1986; Pet rić, 1994; Hadžić, 2005; Joksim ović, 2007.) point out t hat for ant hropological charact erist ics developm ent of foot ball players proper m et hodical form at ion of t raining is crucial ( planning, program m ing, cont rol, m et hods for t he developm ent of abilit ies and ot her fact ors) . There are alm ost no research st udies which recom m end subst ances t o help y oung foot ball players for t he developm ent of abilit ies and t rait s and proper biological developm ent of body. I n t he last few years som e researchers ( Bonom i, 1983; Takahashi et al., 1983) point out t hat t he royal j elly subst ance has posit ive effect on t he body of a foot baller and it am eliorat es t he growt h and developm ent of t he body . I n t he last few years in t he developm ent of foot ball gam e t here have been changes in t he m anner and t he syst em of t he gam e which caused t he st ruct ure of t he t raining process t o be innovat ed by a new and m ore rat ional cont ent of work . The m odern gam e requires m ore dynam ics and universal abilit y of t he player in t he phase of defense and offence ( Joksim ović, 2007) . That kind of gam e requires a great er physical abilit y from t he foot baller which cannot be sat isfied t hrough regular and every day diet . Such cases require so called supplem ent s and t hose are vit am ins, essent ial am ino acids and ot her biologically act ive subst ances, whose aim is t o sat isfy t he requirem ent s of diet in st renuous t raining process of young foot ball players. Wit h regar d t o lengt h of experim ent al t reat m ent ( 2 m ont hs) , bigger differences in m orphological charact erist ics couldn’t happen. On t he basis of t he research result s it could be concluded t hat foot ball players from experim ent al group who used roy al j elly had st at ist ically significant increase of body height and m uscle com ponent , and decrease of fat com ponent in final m easurem ent com paring t o t he init ial. Also, t he result s show st at ist ically significant increase in circum ference above knee and circum ference of lower leg in experim ent al group on t he end of t he experim ent al t reat m ent . The exam inees from experim ent al group had higher average values in body height , body m ass, m uscle com ponent , and lower average value in fat com ponent . Re fe r e n ce s Ardry, R. ( 1956) . Cont ribut ion l’et ude de la gele royal ( I , I I , I I I ) . Annales Pharm aceut iques Francaise, 14, 97. Barou, H., & Rozm ari, M. ( 1975) . Merenj e u fizičkom vaspit anj u. ( Measurem ent in phy sical educat ion) 179, pict ure 8- 6. Bonom i, A. ( 1983) Acquisizioni in t em a di com posizione chim ica e di at t ivit a' biologica della pappa reale. Apit alia, 10 ( 15) , 7- 13. Dest rem , H. ( 1956) Ex perim ent at ion de la gelee royale d'abeille en prat ique geriat rique ( 134 cas) . Revue Francaise Geront , 3. Hadžić, R. ( 2005) . Predikt ivna vrij ednost bazičnih m ot oričkih sposobnost i na rezult at e sit uacionom ot oričkih sposobnost i fudbalera uzrast a 14- 16 godina. ( Predict ive value of basic m ot or skills t o t he result s of t he sit uat ional- m ot or abilit ies of players aged 14- 16 years) Sport Mont . Zbornik radova, 219- 226. Howe, S.R., Dim ick , P.S., & Bent on A.W. ( 1985) . Com posit ion of freshly harvest ed and com m ercial royal j elly . Journal of Apicult ural Research, 24 ( 1) , 52–61. Jerković, S. ( 1986) . Relacij e izm edj u ant ropom et rij skih, dinam o- m et rij skih i sit uaciono- m ot orickih dim enzij a i uspj eha u fudbalskoj igri. ( Relat ions bet ween ant hropom et ric, dynam o- m et ric and m ot or dim ensions wit h success in foot ball gam e) Dokt orska disert acij a. Zagreb: FFK. Johansson, T., & Johansson, M. ( 1958) . Royal j elly. I I Bee world, 39, 254- 277. Joksim ović, A. ( 2007) . Fudbal t ehnika i m et odika. ( Foot ball t echnics and m et odics) . Niš: Fakult et sport a i fizičkog vaspit anj a. Kurelić, N., Mom irović, K., St oj anović, M., Št urm , J., Radoj ević Đ.,& Viskić- Št alec, N. ( 1975) . St rukt ura i razvoj m orfoloških i m ot oričkih dim enzij a om ladine. ( St ruct ure and developm ent of m orphological and m ot or dim ensions of yout h) . Belgrade: I nst it ut za naučna ist raživanj a Fakult et a za fizičko vaspit anj e. Ot ani, H., Oyam a, M., & Tokit a, F. ( 1985) . Polyacrylam ide gel elect rophoret ic and im m unochem ical propert ies of prot eins in royal j elly. Japanese J. Dairy Food Science 34, 21–25. 66 Joksimović, A. et al.: Royal jelly as a supplement for young football players Sport Science, 2 (2009) 1: 62-67 Pet rić, D. ( 1994) . Ut icaj sit uaciono- m ot oričkih i kognit ivnih dim enzij a na uspeh u fudbalskoj igri. ( I nfluence of sit uat ional- m ot or abilit ies and cognit ive dim ensions of success in foot ball gam e) Dokt orska disert acij a. Novi Sad: Fakult et fizičke k ult ure. Prosperi, P., & Ragazzini F. ( 1956) . Applicazioni cliniche della gele’e roy ale in cam po pediat rico. Riv. Clin. Pediat , 58 ( 3) , 319. Schm it zova, J., Klaudiny, J., Albert , Š., Schroder, W.,Schreckengost , W., Hanes, J., Judova, J., & Šim ut h J. ( 1998) . A fam ily of m aj or royal j elly prot eins of t he honeybee Apis m ellifera L. CMLS Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 54, 1020- 1030. Takahashi, M., Mat suo, I ., & Ohkido, M. ( 1983) . Cont act derm at it is due t o honeybee royal j elly . Cont act derm at it is, 9 ( 6) , 452. Takenaka T. ( 1984) . St udies on prot eins and carboxylic acid in royal j elly. Bull. Fac. Agric., 24, 101–149. Takenaka, T. ( 1987) . Nit rogen com ponent s and carboxylic acids of royal j elly . I n Chem ist ry and biology of social insect s ( edit ed by Eder, J., Rem bold, H.) . Munich, Germ an Federal Republic, Verlag J. Papem y, 162- 163. M ATI ČN I M LI JEČ KAO SUPLEM EN T KOD M LAD I H N OGOM ETAŠA Sa že t a k U neposrednoj aplikacij i naučnih saznanj a u kvalit et nom t renažnom procesu m at ični m lij eč kao suplem ent prim j enj en j e kao krit erij um pozit ivne prom j ene u fazi adapt acij e i iscrplj enost i organizm a m ladih fudbalera. I st raživanj e sprovedeno sa 25 fudbalera FK “ Crvena Zvezda” Beograd, st arih 12 godina podj elj enih u dvij e grupe. Eksperim ent alna grupa( 15) uzim ala j e preparat m lij eča svakodnevno dva m j eseca. Kont rolna grupa( 10) nij e korist ila preparat m lij eča. Svi ispit anici u t oku dva m j eseca im ali su redovan režim t reninga ( 4 put a nedj elj no) i t akm ičili su se u okviru pionirske Beogradske lige. U inicij alnom i finalnom m j erenj u praćeno j e 13 m orfoloških obilj ežj a. Na osnovu dobij enih rezult at a m ože se zaklj učit i da fudbaleri eksperim ent alne grupe koj i su korist ili m at ični m lij eč u finalnom m j erenj u u odnosu na inicij alno im aj u st at ist ički značaj no povećanj e t j elesne visine i m išićne kom ponent e, a sm anj enj e m asne kom ponent e. Takođe, prisut no j e i st at ist ički značaj no povećanj e obim a nat kolj enice i pot kolj enice kod eksperim ent alne grupe na kraj u eksperim ent alnog perioda. I spit anici eksperim ent alne grupe su im ali prosj ečno veće vrij ednost i u t j elesnoj visini, t j elesnoj m asi, m išićnoj kom ponent i i košt anoj kom ponent i, a m anj u prosj ečnu vrij ednost m asne kom ponent e. Klj u čn e r ij e či: m at ični m lij eč, suplem ent , m išići, m ast i kom ponent e kost i Received: February 09, 2009. Accept ed: May 26. 2009. Correspondence t o: Assist . Prof. Aleksandar Joksim ović, Ph.D. Universit y of Niš Facult y of Sport and Physical Educat ion Čarnoj evića 10A, 18000 Niš, Serbia Phone: + 381 ( 0) 18 510 900 E- m ail: aleksandarj @ffk.ni.ac.rs 67