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Empathy at play: Embodying posthuman subjectivities in gaming

2017, Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies

In this article, we address the need for a posthuman account of the relationship between the avatar and player. We draw on a particular line of posthumanist theory associated closely with the work of Karen Barad, Rosi Braidotti and N. Katherine Hayles that suggests a constantly permeable, fluid and extended subjectivity, displacing the boundaries between human and other. In doing so, we propose a posthuman concept of empathy in gameplay, and we apply this concept to data from the first author’s 18-month ethnographic field notes of gameplay in the MMORPG World of Warcraft. Exploring these data through our analysis of posthuman empathy, we demonstrate the entanglement of avatar–player, machine–human relationship. We show how empathy allows us to understand this relationship as constantly negotiated and in process, producing visceral reactions in the intra-connected avatar–player subject as well as moments of co-produced in-game action that require ‘affective matching’ between subjecti...

Empathy at Play: Embodying Posthuman Subjectivities in Gaming Wilde, P & Evans, A Author post-print (accepted) deposited by Coventry University’s Repository Original citation & hyperlink: Wilde, P & Evans, A 2017, 'Empathy at Play: Embodying Posthuman Subjectivities in Gaming' Convergence, vol (in press), pp. (in press) https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354856517709987 DOI 10.1177/1354856517709987 ISSN 1354-8565 ESSN 1748-7382 Publisher: Sage Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. This document is the author’s post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it. Convergence !" Fo # $ ! & % '( ! ) * * ! & & -.* &' % & ! *+ * %/ ,* ) * & ! * ! & *$ %% ! %, ! & , ! ! ' $ ! ) % + % $ , ! & ! % $ ! ! $ 0 ,# 1 %* 1 % % # ! 2 ! // & ' * , % % 3 % % '( ) *% / ! ' % ' $ ! & % ! % / *$ ! & , & ! / & * %$ ! % , & ! , ! 4 & ! ! / ! , % ,/ & ! -. + % , + , 53 / ! % ! /! , ! & & ! * $ % & ! / & , ) *& ! ! & ! + ! $! $ & ! $ % % ! ! / % % * % /) ! % ) '( * $ & & , % % / & ! 6 7 ,, ) & ! /4 ' $ '( ) % &' % % 3 + / ! ! , ! ) ! 3 % ! / & * )% / ! 8 * ! ! % , & w ie ev rR ee rP ! "' % ,+ https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 1 of 62 Fo ! rP ''( )* +! , - & # ! & " & " ! . ) " & w ie ev & & rR & & " # $%& ee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence ''( )* & Convergence /0 Fo / 23$3; 0 7 ! / & - # /7 ev 0 1 # /23$26 1 1 # /23$26 & w 0 0 ie 0 23$$; " " 23334 =56 : ( rR & 6 9 6 ee " 2338 ! 23$= 23$24 $5%6 * & < 1 " rP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 2 of 62 ! " & A 0 1 /23$24 $5>6 A https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence 4 -? @ Page 3 of 62 A# : " -B C D 0 0 E# /0 1 # /23$24 $FF6 # 0 1 < 1 23$24 $F86 & -? @ ! 4 - / 4 ! Fo 233G; * ! 233%6 # /23$24 $FF6 9 . 0 & / 6 ee ! " rR & ! B E /' 7 /: 23356 ! < /233G6 ! " w " 233$6 ie " & ev & 4 ! /23$=6 ! 1 & rP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence / 6 0 ! 4 ! https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence /23$26 Convergence /< 233>6 / / . 23$26 $>>>6 ! " ! Fo " ! H rP " ) rR ee " ! & ( & 23$G w E/ 6 7 ! ) $>>F; / " E & B / B ie " & " ev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 4 of 62 : $>>$6 23$$6 & ! # https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence - Page 5 of 62 B E " ! / " 23$G; & 2335; 23$G6 " & " / " " Fo & 6 9 # /23$26 - 0 - # ! ! rP ! # ! ee / rR ! < /$>>$4 $F%6 # 23$2; : " : 233%6 : -? @ ! ev 4 / 23$G; $>>>6 7 " ! # /: " - w & ie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence 23$24 G86 : " B E B E : https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence " Convergence " & 9 B E 0 & " - & & Fo 8>&=36 4 #/ # /: 23$G4 ! ! - rP 233F4 26 " - ? @ /23$=4 26 . : , rR B # * " & / ! (# & " /233$6 ! w 7 : $>>$6 ! I ! ie " AE ev * ! 9 ee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 6 of 62 J / /7 : 23356 233>6 & ! ! / & 6 /I 233G6 0 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence # ! Page 7 of 62 /I 233G6 : (# # /233$6 ! Fo 0 < /23$24 =6 K ! -? @ K rP " /23$=6 ! # ( ! ee ! ! ! # /23$=6 & rR , & " /233%4 2=>6 * /233%6 # ! & * : " w * ie ev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence /23$$4 2=86 - ! K: / # 6# : /233>6 ! https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence ! Convergence ! B / E B 233G; 0 23$26 9 E : 0 : " 1 # /23$26 " . rP ! ! " 23$G6 & " ! - ee / < Fo ( . ie ev ! w : # & rR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 8 of 62 ! " https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence & : Page 9 of 62 & " : $%& Fo ! 6 ! ! ee 23$3; J " / ! " /+ # rP $>>>6 " B " " E ! & & 4 9 A 23$$4 25F6 ! w ie : # /7 & ev 4 4 " & rR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence " - & , 9 4 ! https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence /L ' Convergence $>%%6 ( + ! ! Fo 9 B rP < B E /23$G4 F%6 , ee E B - E ' rR " " # < 7 B E & " " & /23$$4 =6 ev & ! ie - /7 23$$4 56 - # 7 /23$$4 =6 w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 10 of 62 ! # & : - # 7 # /23$$6 ! " https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence !# Page 11 of 62 M +, 7 # /23$$6 9 - & & # , & : 7 - # B # " " E rP 4 6 /23$$6 # - # : Fo & ee " / & " 6 : ev & 6 ! rR & ! 9 " ie & : " & B B E " ! w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence EN 9 & https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence ! Convergence : " 9 ! 2333; 7 * / $>F=; 23$$6 ! & : N B E Fo - : # /' & & 7 6 ! , :L / 6 # /23$36 " B & w : ie ev : ! ! rR & ' I /23$36 - & & ! E ! ee ! / B 23$G4 G$%6 23$G4 G$%6 9 : # /' rP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 12 of 62 E4 ! # < " - #/ 23$34 G$6 7 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence :L Page 13 of 62 & - # & # # /' # 23$G4 G$F&G$%6 ( ! & ! ! M+ < ; . : # ( M BE , E B ! + # B E B & E E + ie ev ! ! 1 # /23$26 rR B# 0 ee + & rP Fo / 23$36 I & w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence ! ( < & https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence ! & Convergence " 0 1 # /23$26 & ! Fo + ! 4 rP " /' 23$G6 ! /7 , ee 23336 9 / " & " B E6 ! # ! ! ! 0 233=4 226 E w # /0 E ) B 4 -? @ ; B ie / )7 6 ev : # rR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 14 of 62 ! + & B E https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence 4 Page 15 of 62 " # $ % $ " $ " ! & " " " &" " $ ( ee ; + # ' # & ! # /23$$6 - # w ie $ ! # /23$$4 F6 ! ev &" 9 - # $ & # & &" 7 - rR E : 7 ! ! # /23$24 %26 B " " '" rP ! " $ Fo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence ! & & ! & # & & - https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence # Convergence , # ?K@ : / 6 # /7 ! 23$$4 56 0 4 ( + Fo # " , & & ! ! # /7 rP 23$$4 >6 * ! & # ev , 9 rR ee 4 ! ; & ie ! w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 16 of 62 " ( )& *+ $ $ " ( ) $ , https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence % Page 17 of 62 - " $ % " % 9 & ! ) Fo + : B E ! rP ! 4 : ee + 9 & & / 7 #/ ! 4- 23$24 $G&$86 : $ - w & # /23$$6 " 23$36 ie # /23$26 ! ev . & rR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence % https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence # & % Convergence " " % $ ! % $ : ! / Fo B + # E6 ! AC /23$=4 5=6 rP 4 A B ! B E : & E B A# B ! 9 E : B E , , M M B w ! ie M E ! ev B & A E rR ! - A: ee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 18 of 62 E ! & & 9 & https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 19 of 62 : ! ) + ! ! " $ $" # $ . ( Fo " % $ % # " % - " $ % $ " $ / 23$G; " *) & w ie ! ! " ev $>>>6 $ rR N( ! % ee % *) " " " # $ $ # rP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence : B " ! ) ''( )* ! ! & : https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence E Convergence B E /7 9 ! 233>; 23356 B " E B & & + < ! E / / " & 6 6 & Fo & & rP + 9 & & " , rR ee % " " $ $ % $ / ev # % $ 0 ie % - $ w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 20 of 62 111 + % 2 $ " 3 % % https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 21 of 62 0 - - 4 9 ! rP B E H B+ ! E BE ee BE : & - /233=4 2$=6 N ! " rR " " $ Fo N # ' ! : & & " & ie ev & " " / w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence " 5 - & 6 " ! & & https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence : Convergence & " 4 ! & ! & & & / 23356 B " E& " " Fo 4 rP ! " $ 6 $ 9 - - $" % 6 @ A" - ! $ " % + 2:;;<4 :=> $ 8 rR - % " , 7 " ee :<?3 - - - ev 9 B 0 ! 0 ! & w & E ie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 22 of 62 " ! 4 : - # & " ?K@ / https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence & 6 Page 23 of 62 : & / #/ - ! & 4 ) # " - & & rP - 233F4 GG6 " 23$24 >6 # /23$26 Fo - " 9 + 6; + + ! / / 6 rR ee " ! & & & w ie ev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence 9 B E ! " " ! https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence " & Convergence ! & & ( " " & . 4 Fo B " E ! B & ! ! ee ( ( M rP . E / rR & 6 / 6 B ! ) + ! 0 & ( ! / & 6 , / 23$G; 23$36 E ! w # B ie < E ev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 24 of 62 4 - https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 25 of 62 ! & / & # 23$24 $F86 : ! ! BE B E B+ Fo N E : : rP 7 ee & & rR + " M & ev : E # /233F4 GG6 ! B E 9 w B ! ie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence - B E & . & https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence # Convergence 0 23$= ! 9 - # - #/ 23$24 ! 6 ! rP Fo ) * " # C /23$=6 ( " ' 0 ( 23/26 4MM ! /233F6 C D % I 4J C /23$36 G C F % + 4J H * 40 ! 40 C /23$=6 4 H /23$G6 + + + $! ! I $C H $I C I 4) ) 40 $ ) 7 $8/264 =&$= w I /23$26 " 0 < ) C 23 2 =8GG 4E ' /23$36 J B ie < M$3 =2$3M 5 H & ev C C 49 rR ee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 26 of 62 ) https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence ! J 4 Page 27 of 62 0 /23$26 J 8 7 ) 4 6+ 4 + ) 7 !9 /23386 49 0 4) J '7 9 / ' ' * 6 >&22 4 * 65 C/ +! I C 4C O0 7 Fo '* /233>6 7 7 8/$64 8F&FG 7 ) /23336 0 ' 4D ) 9 /23$$6 H + + 0 4 < % * (! H : /23$$6 : F 6 /23$$6 ! 4 ) * 4: ) (! 4 (! /233>6 : * 7 * )/ ) L 7 4 (! * 79 /$>>>6 H % ! 40I H 8 % https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence 4 4 I F & 8/264 $3F& 8 + 2F/G64 25$&2FG J 6! G&$% I w C /233F6 ' 4H % $$8 J 9 H 7 5/G64 2=>&25> ) 7 F I ie 7 )/ + ev 7 9 + rR 7 I ee 7 7 rP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence I 4 Convergence + 7 9 :+ H ? 9) /23$36 9 M ! < 4MM M, M M 0 4B ' /233G6 4 8/264 $3F&$$8 * + /233=6 : ! MGGG=FM$M%2&< ) / (! 6+ G F * O7 $F & H 4* H 7 % 4: 7 I 4 H 7 + $55 0 /23$G6 40F 4 $ / 6 0 I $ (! 4 7 ) $F J8 w 4< 0 ie /23356 H ' + I 23%&223 I 8 4) G/G&864 2=G&25G J 4+ /$>>>6 5 /$>>>6 I ev 4' < J /$>>$6 8 H 7 F I 4L C $0 rR C) /233%6 L I 4 ee * I 4MM ' %F&$32 F 4= 9I J /233>6 I % 8 " 23$2 9 rP < 4E & F 2>&G$ C P< , #A + F ' B M$=%>MG3>= /23$26 " < 49 ( @ $2 /$6 Fo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 28 of 62 2G/F&%64 $=>& 4 % ) https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence ' 4 Page 29 of 62 'I /23336 ! 7 C H . 9 9/ + / I F % I H 0 /$>>F6 K 4G I C L ) 4 8 4' ' ) 0 I + I + =/264 2&$3 4* $0 . / 6 O7 2$&G= 9 w 4 4B 7 F ie ! 4< 4' < 0 ) 228&2G% C : H -" 47 4 ' J 0/ 6+ + F + 9/ F 7 F < 4( 9 ) I $/$64 52&5F https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence 6 4 >8&$3% /23356 I 4 9 ev 49 H + /23$26 L 0 $0 4 * " 7 + /233=6 7 ) 4B $=F&$F3 4 0 L F F 4 7 /$>F=6 + 0 H . rR ) + /233$6 ) C 4 >/264 G$=NG2F 9 /233$6 0 (# 7 ee ' 7 I + ) /23$G6 + C 7 ' 4 ' G 9 ! rP ' 6+ F F 4) 0 ' /233G6 9 4" 6 /23$26 F /23$26 ! I % ) Fo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence J * Convergence 0 : /23$=6 : 0 + * G I 4" % $! $ ) J H 1 C /23$26 J ) 4( 7 + H I F F/264 $58&$%8 : :I /23356 : :I /233>6 : : /233%6 7 9 -H /233F6 F I 4 /23$$6 7 47 $D 7 4' :) 4 8 , C/ $ + 4 ) /23$=6 : + 0 C $! % B + S I * ! L B J J 0 4 * ? I Q F I ! ! B 6 @ (! $ '/ $ " )/ 4 40 R R I B 4H ) F ! 7 ! + /23356 < 4 ) 6! &J 7 C 4H M 7 ) 65 w C /$>%%6 + 7 28>&25G 4 ' : F 4: 4GG&8F 0 /23$$6 0 R $ 4 ie : I 9 % I ev , $0 * Q /23$26 8 $ 4' :) 8/864 GG$&GG> rR : 48 7 O7 I H L + F F 4B : 9 I ee : ) I rP : 4! Fo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 30 of 62 ) 4" 4$G>&$8> : $/864 GG%&G5$ https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence 4 Page 31 of 62 Fo ! rP " $ %&# # # ''( )* +! # rR ee # # " " # # ! ! . , - $ # ev # ) " # w ie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence ''( )* https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence Fo /0 rP 1 " 9 / 7 2338 # : 23%%; < 23%3; 0 6 ! 23%= " 23%24 %5&6 * ee ! / 6 rR ( # # " $ /7 23334 =56 0 0 1 1 $ /23%26 # 1 $ /23%26 ie 0 0 " ev ! w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 32 of 62 " # 0 1 /23%24 %5>6 4 -? @ A A https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 33 of 62 A$ : " 4 -B /0 1 23%24 %F86 0 C D Fo 1 $ /23%24 %FF6 $ 0 1 /23%24 %FF6 ! 4 - /23%26 / < 233G; * ! $ /23%24 %FF6 9 . B E /' 7 ! < 233%6 w 23356 ie # " ev rR # ! /: 1 / 23%=6 # ! 0 # ee ! " " E$ 4 6 ! ! -? @ 233&6 # / 0 # rP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence /233G6 " ! " / 6 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence 0 /23%26 ! 4 Fo 23%26 /< ! 233>6 / / . %>>>6 ! " ! H rP " ! ee " ) ev rR " " ! B E ie # ( # " # # B E/ 6 7 / w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 34 of 62 23%G ! ) %>>F; %>>%6 # # https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 35 of 62 / - " : 23%%6 ! $ B " Fo ! # " / 23%G; 2335; " " 9 E 23%G6 rP ! " # " / " # 6 $ /23%26 - ee ! 0 ! - ! / 23%2; : 233&6 : -? @ ie ev /%>>%4 %F&6 $ $ ! ! < " : ! 4 23%G; # %>>>6 7 " ! w / $ /: $ rR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence " 23%24 G86 : " https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence B E B E : " " # 9 B E 0 # $/ rP Fo # " # # ! ! B E 23%G4 8>#=36 4 ee - $ /: 233F4 26 " rR # ? @ 9 . , /23%=4 26 $ * , B " ! " : # / " /233%6 ! ! I %>>%6 w ($ AE * ! : ie * - ev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 36 of 62 ! 7 # " J / : 23356 6 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 37 of 62 /7 233>6 ! # / /I 233G6 0 /I 233G6 $ ! # rP : ! < ($ /23%24 =6 K rR ! ! $ ( ! /23%=6 ev ! ! ! , ie $ /23%=6 # # w " * $ /233%6 -? @ K " 6 ee ! 0 ! Fo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence /233&4 2=>6 * /233&6 " $ $ # https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence * : ! /23%%4 2=86 - ! K: Fo / 6$ : /233>6 ! / B E ! ! rP B < 233G; 0 23%26 9 E : 0 " 1 $ /23%26 rR : ee - " $ /0 . ! " ! 23%26 ) ! " ev - $/ # # 23%G6 w ie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 38 of 62 . ! # # https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 39 of 62 ( : : ! rP Fo " # ee " : rR %&# $ ! ! / 6 " ! ! " %>>>6 " " w 23%3; J ie " /+ " ev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence # B " # E ! # 4 9 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence 4 # A ! : /7 4 - Fo 23%%4 25F6 $ " # , rP 9 4 ! /L %>&&6 ( + 9 B E ie < ! ev rR ! /23%G4 F&6 , w B ' ee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 40 of 62 E B E - " ' " # " " $ < https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 41 of 62 # ! B E 7 /23%%4 =6 # ! - /7 23%%4 56 - 7 Fo ! $ /23%%4 =6 $ # : - !$ rP $ 7 $ /23%%6 ! " ee M +, 7 $ /23%%6 rR 9 " $ , - 7 $ $ : /23%%6 $ - $ " " # # - # : ie B - ev E 4 6 w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence # " 6 ! / # 6 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence " : # ! # 9 " # : Fo ! " # rP B B E " EN ! 9 # ee : " 9 ! %>F=; 2333; 7 # * 23%%6 ! : $ /' B E - 23%G4 G%&6 : $ /' 9 23%G4 G%&6 ! # # : ' I 7 # # ! ! # 6 EE w ! B ie - # ev N / / rR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 42 of 62 ! , https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 43 of 62 ! : :L / 6 : /23%36 # $ /23%36 Fo " < 4 B # $ $/ $ $ 0 1 $ /23%26 ie ev # . ( 9 ! : M M+ BE , + + < w ! $ ! # ! # rR 23%G4 G%F#G%&6 ( ! :L " ee $ /' ! - 23%34 G%6 7 # E4 rP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence < ! ; $ B EE B$ E https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence ! $ E B # Fo / - E B + 23%36 7 J . /23%34 2%6 B E rP $ I # ! ee ! ( < # " 0 # rR 1 $ /23%26 # ! + ! w ie ev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 44 of 62 4 " /' ! 23%G6 , https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 45 of 62 /7 23336 9 ! $ / " )7 6 6 B E ) Fo : # 0 B ! " rP / E B % ! E6 4 -? @ ; $ /0 ee 226 ! # + B # $ 4 < % $ $ 233=4 ! ! ev " E ! rR " $ " ! & " " " &" " $ '" " ! w " ie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence " $ % https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence " # $ % $ " $ " ! " & Fo " " " &" " ! ! " '" ! " $ rP ( $ ee ( $ /23%24 &26 - - $ rR $ B E ; + : $ ! # ev ' $ ! #" $ # 9 ! 7 $ /23%%4 F6 0 23%= ! # $ # 2 $ /23%%6 - $ $ # ! w 7 #" # ie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 46 of 62 # # ! https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 47 of 62 $ , ! 4 : $ ?K@ / 6 $ /7 23%%4 56 0 , # ( rP Fo + # $ " ! ! $ /7 23%%4 >6 * 9 ! # $ ; , 4 ! ! # w ie ev rR ee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence " ) *& +, $ $ https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence $ " ) * - . " % $ % " % % Fo 9 # ! ) rP + : B E ! : ee # 4 # " 9 ! rR + # ev . / 23%36 7 $ /23%26 # $/ ! 4- - $ # w ! $ /23%%6 # ie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 48 of 62 23%24 %G#%86 : $ % https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 49 of 62 " " % $ ! % $ Fo : / B + ! rP E6 $ AC A$ 4 B ! /23%=4 5=6 A AAE : B B- E$ ! B- # 9 rR ! # E E$ : ! A ee ! B E ev , B E B E : M M ! ie M B E w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence G ! , G # # 9 - $ - $/ 23%24 ! 6 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence 9 # : + ! ! ) ! " $ $" / rP Fo $ ) # # $ +* " $ % % " # % % " " " % " rR # . $ " ee $ " $ " % $ N) %>>>6 ! +* / ! w ! $ ie ev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 50 of 62 23%G; # https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 51 of 62 : E B " ! ) ''( )* ! : # ! B E /7 rP Fo # 9 ! 233>; ! E " 23356 B E / / # # " 6 rR + < # + ev 9 # B # 6 # : ee # " - " % " w ie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence $ $ % $ # % 0 $ 1 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence % $ . , % . " $ % rP 3 222 Fo 4 % . 1 5 " $ 9 ! ev B rR ee E H B+ E BE : # N ! " w N $ ' BE /233=4 2%=6 - " ! ie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 52 of 62 ! : # # " # https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 53 of 62 # " " 6 6 # " . . 0 : # # " 4 # # # # " " " 7 " : . . , 3(;;<5 (=> @ A" $" ! % 7 . . (<?4 4 9 $ $ " w . % % 8 23356 ie $ " / ev ! $ ! rR E# # ee ! " rP ! B " / Fo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence . . https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence 9 B E 0 # # " 4 0 - ! $ ! ! rP : ! Fo # " ?K@ # / : # / # . + " + 6; + ! / / " 6 w 9 # ie . $ " ev . ) ! rR # 4 233F4 GG6 " 23%24 >6 $ /23%26 $/ 6 ee 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 54 of 62 # # # https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 55 of 62 ! ! 9 " B Fo E # # ! " " ee rP ! ! # # ( # B " E ( M " ie ev " . 4 # rR ! # ! w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence ! # . ( B E https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence / # 6 / 6 B < E B ! $ ) 0 rP ! , 23%G; 23%24 %F86 ! BE B E B+ E : # N ie ev : 23%36 rR $/ # ee ! : ! 6 / - # ( / 4 # + ! # E ! Fo 7 w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 56 of 62 # # https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 57 of 62 + " M # : Fo 9 ! B E ! B E ee rP $ /233F4 GG6 - . 0 23%= ! 9 - $ - B $/ E # # rR 23%24 ! $ 6 ! ) * w ie ev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence " # https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence C /23%=6 ( " ' 0 ( 4MM ! 23/26 /233F6 C C D % I C 4J < # M%3 =2%3M 6 H C < ! , $! ) 7 ) 4) I 40 $I ! J / * 4 66 7 * +! I 7 C 7 , I 1 , I ) 9 /23%%6 H 4C F 4H w ' 5D 6 ie ) /23336 1 4 >#22 8/%64 8F#FG 7 C/ ev '* /233>6 7 J ' ' O0 7 0 rR 4) 9 ) $ 4 , '7 H %8/264 =#%= ) /23386 49 4J I H 4 7, % , ee /23%G6 , ) 7 !9 C F $C 5 9 + rP 51 C /23%=6 0 /23%26 J ! * 51 H C ) I /23%26 " 0 B 23 2 =8GG 5E ' /23%36 J C /23%36 G 7 49 Fo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 58 of 62 + 4 < + % (! 7 4 (! H 9 * ) )/ 6! G#%& https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence 5 Page 59 of 62 7 7 9 * )/ (! H 7 * 4: 5/G64 2=>#25> ) ) 7 79 /%>>>6 H 7 9 :+ H ? % ! M,M M 2>#G% C # 9 % , M%=&>MG3>= " F I 23%2 9 5 4MM ' /233G6 4 $1 ' F ) / B C) /233&6 L % 9 # 4= 8 ! G I 4) , # I H I 8/264 %3F#%%8 * 4 w * 4 5E (! 6, , I &F#%32 F 9 ie 5B 8/264 %3F# MGGG=FM%M&2#< 9I J /233>6 F ev 0 P< I 4 I I 49 ( $A + * 4 H F ' (! rR ! 7 4MM /23%26 " < 51I @ %2 /%6 < < * 9) /23%36 9 M L ee + 7 rP C /233F6 ' 2F/G64 25%#2FG J % /233>6 : %%8 J 5 ) : /23%%6 : F 6 /23%%6 ! Fo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence + I F G/G#864 2=G#25G https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence /233=6 : I 4L C 4' < J /%>>%6 9 O7 5, 4< %55 9 5 ' 7 , H . I : ) L 4 5G C 5 9 I 8 5B $1 4 * 4 : 4' F 4 ' ) %=F#%F3 F I H L % 7 1 J 0/ 6, ) ." 47 , H w F 0 /%>>F6 K F 4 ie , 2G/F#&64 %=># ' >/264 G%=NG2F /233%6 ) C % " 9 /233%6 1 ($ J9 I ) /23%G6 + ' 7 $F ev I ) ! 5 ' G C ) 1 ' /233G6 9 6, F 4) 7 4 5" 6 /23%26 F /23%26 ! ' % 4 rR 9/ , / I ) 9 , ee H / 6 (! H $ C 4* 8 7 1 $ ) 'I /23336 ! I % 4: 7 51F ' . H rP 0 /23%G6 /%>>>6 0 23&#223 I /23356 H 7 J $F /%>>>6 6 H * Fo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 60 of 62 8 228#2G& I 4< + https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Page 61 of 62 7 /%>F=6 + 0 49 H , + /233=6 7 C + /23%26 L : F ) ' 0 7 F < 4 5B 4( %/%64 52#5F : /23%=6 , * G I : :I /233>6 : : /233&6 8 ) 4( 7 + 6 F 9 ) .H , I I F 59 5B 4 I $ J % $! F $ ) J I 7 F 8/864 GG%#GG> $1 $ I F 4 4: * H I C/ 4' :) 7 6 F $ $ w 47 F/264 4' :) O7 I /23%%6 7 * ie : ) H 5! /233F6 F 9 9/ ev :I /23356 : 9 rR : 4 2%#G= , 5" %58#%&8 I . $1 9 H 1 C /23%26 J : O7 ee : 0 / 6 >8#%3& /23356 I 0 ! 4' < rP 0 =/264 2#%3 4* 5 0 F 4 Fo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Convergence " 51 28>#25G https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence Convergence : Q /23%26 9 - 9 % $D 7 : L 9 , $ 5 4 ' C /%>&&6 , ! '/ 1 B + L B J J S 66 8 C 4H * ? I Q B @ (! , M ! 7 5 ) ) 4 R R )/ I B 7 6! #J ! ) + /23356 < F ! 4H ee I C 5 * $! % 0 ! rP ) /23%=6 : : - I 4GG#8F 0 /23%%6 1 R 4 Fo ) 5" 4%G>#%8> : 4 %/864 GG&#G5% w ie ev rR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Page 62 of 62 https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/convergence