Whither Global Governance? An Approach to the World Politics

Trends and Transformations in World Politics Trends and Transformations in World Politics Edited by Özgür Tüfekçi and Rahman Dağ LEXINGTON BOOKS Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Lexington Books An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 86-90 Paul Street, London EC2A 4NE Copyright © 2022 by The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Tüfekçi, Özgür, editor. | Dag, Rahman, editor. Title: Trends and transformations in world politics / edited by Özgür Tüfekçi and Rahman Dağ. Description: Lanham: Lexington Books, [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021062024 (print) | LCCN 2021062025 (ebook) | ISBN 9781793650238 (cloth) | ISBN 9781793650245 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: International relations—Political aspects. | International relations—Economic aspects. | Geopolitics. Classification: LCC JZ1242 .T75 2022 (print) | LCC JZ1242 (ebook) | DDC 327.101—dc23/eng/20220204 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021062024 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021062025 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Contents Introduction Rahman Dağ and Özgür Tüfekçi 1 PART I 27 Chapter One: From Stasis to Change: The Structural Context of the Second Cold War Richard Sakwa 29 Chapter Two: NATO—The Urgent Need of Adaptation (Again) in a Changing World: Revitalization of Political Dimension, Southern Flank, and China Factor Luis Tomé 47 Chapter Three: Effect of Cases on the Rivalry Between National Sovereignty and Intervention Ekrem Ok & Özgür Tüfekçi 81 Chapter Four: The Bear has Taken the Honey: Predictability of Putin’s Russia Sónia Sénica 99 Chapter Five: How Eurasian Integration of China’s Belt and Road Initiative Defends a Multipolar World Order Andrew K P LEUNG 117 Chapter Six: Whither Global Governance? An Approach to the World Politics Özgür Tüfekçi and Rahman Dağ 137 v vi Contents PART II 151 Chapter Seven: Trends and Transformation in world Politics through the Eyes of the Leading IR Scholars Rahman Dağ and Özgür Tüfekçi 153 Conclusion Rahman Dağ and Özgür Tüfekçi 269 About the Editors and Contributors 281 Chapter Six Whither Global Governance? An Approach to the World Politics Özgür Tüfekçi and Rahman Dağ The world has increasingly become more complex, more globalized, and more vulnerable in the twenty-first century. In this new global order, one should comprehend and explore political, economic, social, environmental, institutional, and cultural processes and changes globally. On the one hand, the international community has witnessed the gloomiest and darkest hours in recent world history because the existing global governance structures have deepened many political, structural, and moral crises. The absence of a strong international order has resulted in the 9/11 attacks, the 2003 war in Iraq, the 2007 global financial crisis, and the failure of the climate change negotiations in Copenhagen. On the other hand, world wealth has increased, and the social and economic well-being of many nations has improved. In this process, the roles of the nation-state and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have become more intertwined. One can observe the critical role of international and transnational organizations in every issue area of international politics. International organizations (IOs) and global governance are important global instruments to make the world a more peaceful and better place, protect human lives, and improve the environment. In this sense, global governance has emerged as a “purposive system of rules that operate at the global level” (Biersteker, 2015: 158). In the meantime, globalization has become a subsidiary tool used to set a trend of intensification in economic, political, institutional, cultural, social, and digital relations among countries since the late twentieth century. It has been marked by increasing economic, environmental, and institutional interdependence and deepening economic integration between countries worldwide. The main trends of increasing economic integration are as follows: the internationalization of production, trade, and 137 148 Chapter Six UN to collect and interpret information needed further enhancement (Taylor, 2001: 349–50). It is unequivocal that the UN system needs improvements to provide well-functioning global governance. Nevertheless, improving the governance of the society of states could be carried out by the UN itself. Finding ways for the better governance of international society could take a long time, but surely states need to accept that their sovereignty has been altered. 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Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown and Co.). Keohane, R., (1989). International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Boulder: Westview Press). Whither Global Governance? An Approach to the World Politics 149 Milner, H. V., and Moravcsik, A., (2009). Power, Interdependence, and Nonstate Actors in World Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press). Morgenthau, H., (2005). Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education). Reimann, K. D., (2006). “A View from the Top: International Politics, Norms and the Worldwide Growth of NGOs,” International Studies Quarterly, 50(1), 45–67. Rittberger, V., Zangl, B., and Kruck, A., (2011). International Organization (New York: Palgrave Macmillan). Rosenau, J. N., (1992). “Governance, Order and Change in World Politics,” in Rosenau, J. 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He holds a master’s degree in International Studies from the University of Sheffield and a PhD in Sociology and International Relations from Coventry University. His primary research interests are (Turkish) Eurasianism, nation-building, theories of nationalism, geopolitical studies, rising powers, and regionalism. He published a monograph titled The Foreign Policy of Modern Turkey: Power and the Ideology of Eurasianism (2017) and co-edited Domestic and Regional Uncertainties in the New Turkey (2017), Eurasian Politics and Society: Issues and Challenges (2017), and Politics of Conflict and Cooperation in Eurasia (2018). He is also the editor in chief of The Rest: Journal of Politics and Development. Rahman Dağ is associate professor in the Department of Politics and Public Administration at Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University. He obtained his bachelor’s degree from Istanbul Yeditepe University and then his master’s degree from the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. He was awarded a doctorate of philosophy from the University of Exeter’s Institute of Arabic and Islamic Studies. The core point of his thesis is the ideological roots of pro-Kurdish and pro-Islamist political movements determining the perceptions between them. In addition, he is now acting as head of the CESRAN International Turkey desk and works as an associate professor at Adiyaman University in Turkey. Richard Sakwa joined the University of Kent in 1987, was promoted to a professorship in 1996, and was head of the School of Politics and International Relations between 2001 and 2007. In 2010, he once again took over as head of school until 2014. While completing his doctorate on Moscow politics during the Russian Civil War (1918 to 1921), he spent a 281 282 About the Editors and Contributors year on the British Council scholarship at Moscow State University (1979 to 1980) and then worked for two years in Moscow in the Mir Science and Technology Publishing House. Before moving to Kent, he lectured at the University of Essex and the University of California, Santa Cruz. Sakwa is an associate fellow of the Russia and Eurasia Programme at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House; honorary senior research fellow at the Centre for Russian, European and Eurasian Studies at the University of Birmingham; and since September 2002, a member of Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences. Luis Tomé is a professor at the Autonoma University of Lisbon in Portugal, where he is currently director of the Department of International Relations and the Observatory of Foreign Relations. He has also been a visiting professor at the Portuguese Military University Institute, the National Defense University, and the Higher Institute of Police Sciences and Homeland Security, as well abroad at La Sapienza University of Rome, the Academy of Social Sciences and Technology in Angola, the East Timor National Defense Institute, and the Middle East Technical University in Turkey. From November 2015 to October 2017, Luis Tomé was special advisor for International Relations and Fighting Terrorism of the Portuguese minister of home affairs. Previously, he was a NATO-EAPC researcher for two years (author of the 2000 report “Russia and NATO’s Enlargement”) and advisor to the vice president of the European Parliament (1999 to 2004). Tomé earned a PhD in International Relations from the University of Coimbra, a master’s degree in Strategy from the Technical University of Lisbon, and a bachelor’s degree in International Relations from Autónoma University of Lisbon. His main areas of research and expertise are International Relations, Geopolitics, and Security Studies, with a particular focus on Euro-Atlantic, Asia-Pacific, and Eurasia regions. He is the author and co-author of a dozen books and numerous articles and essays. Luis Tomé has been a regular speaker at high-level conferences and workshops in the country and abroad and a frequent commentator on security and international politics for the media. Sónia Sénica is a researcher at the Portuguese Institute of International Relations. She was coordinator of a research project at the Luso-American Development Foundation (2016), a participant in the course “Diplomatic Protocol” of the École Nationale d’Administration in Paris (2008), a postgraduate in “Theory and Diplomatic Practice” at the Lusíada University of Lisbon (2004), a participant in the course “Russia and the Contemporary World” at the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign About the Editors and Contributors 283 Affairs in Moscow (2003), and guest lecturer with several participations in the national and international media. Andrew K. P. Leung is a prominent international and independent China strategist. Over forty years’ experience in senior Hong Kong government positions; twice handed over to Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam as director-general of social welfare and director-general London; China Futures fellow, Massachusetts Berkshire Publishing Group; brain trust member, IMD Lausanne Evian Group; Gerson Lehrman Group council member; Thomas Reuters expert; senior analyst with Wikistrat; elected member of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs; advisory board member, European Centre for e-Commerce and Internet Law; think tank research fellow, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai Campus; visiting professor, London Metropolitan University Business School; honorary president, China Hong Kong Economic and Trading International Association; formerly governing council member, King’s College London; advisory board member, China Policy Institute of Nottingham University; and visiting professor, Sun Yat-sen University Business School (2005 to 2010). In the 1980s, he oversaw Hong Kong’s industrial transmigration into mainland China and helped launch the Quality Campaign and Technology Centre. He was invited by the US government for a month-long visit in 1990 to brief Fortune 50 CEOs personally, including one-on-ones with Steve Forbes of Forbes magazine, on China post-1989. In 2002, he was invited by Prince Andrew for a private briefing leading to HRH’s first official visit to China as UK’s ambassador for trade and investment. He advised on cross-cultural management in Lenovo’s take-over of IBM Computers, and he was invited as editor at large for an international consultancy on China’s energies. He is a regular contributor, commentator, and speaker on China at international conferences and an interviewee on prominent international TV channels worldwide, including BBC, Sky, CNN, ABC, Aljazeera, RT, TRT, Times Now, Chanel News Asia, CGTN, National Geographic, etc. His topics include trade, finance, economics, geopolitics, international relations, science and technology, sustainable industrial development, and green cities. He has graduate qualifications from the University of London, postgraduate qualifications from Cambridge University, PMD from the Harvard Business School, and solicitors’ qualifying examination certificate from the Law Society, London. He has been included in UK’s Who since 2002 and was awarded Silver Bauhinia Star (SBS) in July 2005 on Hong Kong Honors List. Ekrem Ok is the staff director of CESRAN International. He is currently a lecturer in the Department of Foreign Trade at Agri Ibrahim Cecen University in Turkey. He holds a master’s degree in international relations from the 284 About the Editors and Contributors Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey. He is also a PhD candidate in the Department of International Relations at Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey.