Perception: An Interdisciplinary Essay (second update)

PERCEPTION AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ESSAY Hans Kuijper The author, who graduated in Sinology from Leyden University, and in economics from Erasmus University Rotterdam, is a retired civil servant (Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Hague). He has long been fascinated by the matter-mind problem, and can be contacted at j[underscore]kuijper[at]online[dot]nl. ‘The tree, moving some to tears of joy, is in the eyes of others only a green thing that stands in the way’ (William Blake) ‘Beauty is in the eye of the beholder’ (Margaret Wolfe Hungerford) INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 1) Three kinds of readings aroused my interest in perception: • Readings about aesthetics; • Readings about cybernetics; • Readings about informatics. 2) I will not deal with optics, being the scientific study of light, the phenomenon that is visible to the human eye and responsible for the sense of sight. The developments in the sciences of electricity, magnetism and optics, begun in earnest at the beginning of the 17Th century, converged into, and culminated with, the work of James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879). Acceptance of the ‘electromagnetic field theory’ was the result of this convergence, Its role as a major paradigm in physical science is currently stronger than ever. PHILOSOPHY OF PERCEPTION Perception is a subject philosophers and scientists have been discussing for ages. Historically, systematic thought about perceiving was the province of philosophy. Indeed, perceiving remains of interest to philosophers, and many issues about the process that were originally raised by philosophers are still of current concern. Our awareness of the world we inhabit is awareness from a certain spatial point of view at any point in time. It is constantly changing, though perhaps only in small ways, either because the world changes within the range of our awareness of it or because our orientation towards it changes, or because of both at once. Just as ‘here’ implies an awareness of the world as extending in space away from my point of view on it, so ’now’ implies a sense of the past, and of my awareness of it (memory), and a sense of the possible or probable future (imagination, expectation). It is important to realise that a subject’s experience of the world is both something in the world, a part of the world and its history, and genuinely an experience of the world and hence one of the sources of knowledge about the world (the other sources being reason, testimony and – according to some Indian philosophers – comparison). Perceptual knowledge is knowledge acquired by or through the senses. We cross intersections when we see the light turn green, head for the kitchen when we smell the roast burning, squeeze the pear to determine its ripeness, and climb out of bed when we hear the alarm ring. In each case we come to know something by some sensory means. In each case the resulting knowledge is somehow based on, derived from or grounded in the sort of experience that characterises the sense modality in question. Seeing that a piece of fruit is rotten differs from smelling, or tasting, that it is rotten, not in what is known, but in how it is known. In each case the information has the same source – the rotten piece of fruit – but it is, so to speak, delivered via different channels and coded in different experiences. It is important to avoid confusing perceptual knowledge of facts (e.g. that a fruit is rotten) with the perception of objects (e.g. a rotten fruit). It is one thing to see, smell, or taste a rotten apple, quite another to know (by seeing, smelling, or tasting) that the apple is rotten. For philosophers, the question is not how we see (a question they leave to physiologists and neuroscientists to answer), but how we perceptually know (if, indeed, we do). Much of our perceptual knowledge is indirect. We see, by the gauge, that we need gas; see, by the newspaper, that our team has lost; see, by her expression, that she is nervous. This sort of knowledge is particularly prevalent in the case of vision, but it occurs in every sense modality. We install a bell so that we can hear (by the bell) that someone is at the door. When we obtain knowledge in this way, it is clear that unless one sees – hence, comes to know – something about the gauge (that it reads ‘empty’), the newspaper (what it says) and the person’s expression, one would not see (hence, know) what one is described as coming to know by perceptual means. If one can’t hear that the bell is ringing, one cannot – not at least in this way – hear that one’s visitor has arrived. Indirect knowledge is sometimes described as inferential, but this is misleading. At the conscious level there is no reasoning, no passage from premise to conclusion. Indirect knowledge, though logically derivative, is psychologically immediate. This immediacy, which does not mean that learning is not required, makes indirect perceptual knowledge a species of perceptual knowledge. Philosophical debate about sense-perception usually focuses on the contrast between appearance and reality. Sometimes things appear as they are, sometimes not; sometimes appearances are deceptive, sometimes not. Whenever we see something, it looks a certain way to us. Likewise, whenever I hear something, it sounds a certain way; and so on. However, looks, sounds etc. can be deceptive. For instance, from a particular angle a round table looks elliptical; when my ears are blocked things sound far away. But there is nothing in the ‘illusory’ look, or sound, that tells me that it is illusory; it is indistinguishable from a ‘veridical’ one, obtained in other circumstances. In other words, I cannot ‘read off’ the properties of an object merely from the ‘look’ it has when I perceive it. Indeed, there may be no object at all, even though it looks as though there were (mirages, hallucinations). This argument drives a wedge between perceptual knowledge and the physical world; it defines the interface between epistemology and ontology/metaphysics. If our senses can mislead us, how are we to know that things are as they appear, unless we already know that our senses are presenting things as they are? Objects can vary in their appearances. How something looks to me depends on the spatial and temporal point of view from which I see it. How things appear depends on the physical, mental, social, and cultural conditions under which I perceive. The same object may appear differently to different observers. One may perceive different aspects of an object, and, in doing so, differ from others. It is sense-perception that has typically raised the largest and most obvious philosophical problems, which may be said to fall into two categories: the problems related to the epistemology-ontology/metaphysics dichotomy, and the problems falling directly under the heading of philosophy of mind, a field of research becoming increasingly incorporated into the rapidly developing cognitive science, that, interrelating with biotechnology, nanotechnology and information technology, also includes linguistics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, education, neuroscience and artificial intelligence (a branch of computer science). The second category of problems are in a sense prior to the problems that exercised many empiricists (as opposed to rationalists) in the first half of the 20th century. They are problems about how perception is to be construed and how it relates to such aspects of the mind’s functioning as sensation, consciousness, concepts (and other things involved in our understanding of things), representation, desire, belief and judgment, memory and imagination, emotion, action, and causal processes. PHYSIOLOGY OF PERCEPTION The way we act and react depends on complex neural processing. Many basic life-supporting neural patterns, such as those controlling respiration and circulation, are similar in all individuals. Some differences in the nervous system of individuals are genetically endowed; the rest are due to environmental encounters and experiences. The nervous system is one of the two major regulatory systems of the human body, the other being the endocrine system, which it intricately interrelates with. The nervous system is organised into the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, having two divisions: the afferent division, sending information about the environment to the central nervous system, and the efferent division, sending signals from the central nervous system to other parts of the body. Neurons of the afferent division have sensory receptors that respond to stimuli in both the external and internal environment (sensory and visceral stimuli respectively). Each type of receptor is specialized to respond to one type of stimulus. For example, receptors in the eye are sensitive to light, receptors in the ear to sound waves, and warm receptors in the skin to heat energy. The information detected by receptors is conveyed to the central nervous system, where it is used for a variety of purposes. At the most basic level, afferent input provides information (of which the person may or may not be aware) for the central nervous system to use in directing activities necessary for survival. Central processing of sensory information gives rise to our perception of the world we inhabit. Sensory stimuli can have a profound impact on our emotions. Marcel Proust’s monumental À la recherché du temps perdu is a testimony to it. The smell of a perfume, the taste of a piece of chocolate, the sensuous feel of silk, the sight of a loved one, reading a book, hearing bad news, listening to music – sensory input can gladden, sadden, arouse, calm, anger, frighten, or evoke any other emotion. Physiologists seem to agree on the view that the world, as we perceive it, is not reality. Our perception is the conscious awareness of surroundings derived from interpretations of sensory inputs; it is different from what is really ‘out there’, for several reasons. First, humans have receptors that detect only a limited number of existing energy forms. We perceive sounds, colours, shapes, textures, smells, tastes, and temperature, but are not informed of magnetic forces, polarised light waves, radio waves, or X-rays because we do not have receptors to respond to the latter energy forms. What is not detected by receptors, the brain will never know. Our response range is limited even for the energy forms for which we do have receptors. For example, it has been estimated that dogs, in general, have an olfactory sense ranging from one hundred thousand to one million times more sensitive than a human’s (in some dog breeds the olfactory sense may be up to 100 million times greater than a human’s). Second, the information channels to our brain are not high-fidelity recorders. During precortical processing of sensory input, some features of stimuli are accentuated and others are suppressed or ignored. Third, the cerebral cortex manipulates the data, comparing the sensory input with other incoming information as well as with memories or past experiences to extract the significant features – for example sifting out a friend’s words from the hubbub of sound in a school cafeteria. Optical illusions illustrate how the brain interprets reality. Thus our perceptions do not replicate reality. Other species, equipped with different types of receptors and sensitivities, and with different neural processing, perceive a markedly different world from what we perceive. PERCEPTION, LANGUAGE, AND MUSIC Traditionally, five senses are distinguished: seeing (vision), hearing (audition), taste (gustation), smell (olfaction), and touch (tactation). They have been extensively treated in the literature and allegorically represented by the 19th century Austrian painter Hans Makart (Die fünf Sinne). The word ‘feeling’ is not only used to describe the physical sensation of touch but also to describe such experiences as feeling of warmth (thermoception) and feeling of pain (nociception). The perceptibility of language (Sprachwahrnehmbarkeit) and music (Musikwahrnehmbarkeit) deserves a special mention. Just as the vocal organs have evolved to facilitate the production of speech, so the auditory system seems ‘tuned’ to receive speech patterns. When we hear sounds, we hear them as either speech or non-speech; there seems to be no middle ground. No matter how hard we try, we cannot hear speech as a series of acoustic hisses and buzzes, but only as a sequence of speech sounds. This observation has motivated the field of speech perception. Even after many years of research, the phenomenon of speech perception is little understood. It is strongly related to phonetics and phonology, branches of linguistics which in turn are integral to the structure and use of language. Linguistics, a subfield of semiotics (which itself is part of social psychology), is closely connected not only with logic and argumentation theory but also with the study of culture. If we distinguish between speaking – listening – understanding and writing – reading – understanding, the analogy between the two kinds of language perceptibility becomes immediately clear. Since Plato’s time, the relationship between language and music (‘the wordless language’ about which Michell Serres recently wrote a superb book) has intrigued many thinkers, the predominant view being that the two are independent faculties. In the 1970s, researchers in linguistics, psychology, musicology, neuroscience, computer science and sister disciplines started meeting with increasing frequency to share ideas pertinent to a greater understanding of the mental processes involved in the perception and cognition of music. This group included such towering figures as Donald Broadbent, Noam Chomsky, Ulric Neisser and Herbert Simon. They took the ‘cognitive revolution’ of the late 1950s and 1960s as their common ground, and were drawn to the language-music interface as one way to explore the extent to which different mental abilities are processed by separate brain mechanisms. PSYCHOLOGY OF PERCEPTION In perceiving, psychologists distinguish between bottom-up and top-down processes. The former is also known as data-driven process because the perception process is taken to begin with the sensory stimuli. That is to say, the process goes in one direction from – to give an example – the retina to the visual cortex, with each successive stage in the visual pathway carrying out an ever more complex analysis of the input. ‘Top-down process’ refers to the use of contextual information in pattern recognition. For example, understanding a text/talk (part) is easier when its surrounding text/talk (whole) is given. Context is a notion that can be used in two different ways: the verbal context, consisting of the words that come just before and after a word or sentence and that help to understand its meaning (e.g. the meaning of ‘mad’ depends on its context), and the political, social, historical etc context, consisting of the situation, events, actions, or information related to something and helping to understand it (e.g. the political context of an election). The operational principle of the Gestalt school of psychology is that the brain is holistic, with a self-organising tendency. The human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts. For a human observer, the image is not a collection of pointillist photoreceptor responses (pixels in computer vision terminology), but a coherency. Contrary to the behaviorists, who try to understand the elements of cognitive processes, Gestalt psychologists seek to understand their organisation. Considering the whole as being other (not: more) than the sum of its parts, and drawing a clear distinction between Gesamtheit (aggregate) and Ganzheit (wholeness), they emphasise the form-generating capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and forms. Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), one of the founders of Gestalt psychology (along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler), insisted that the Gestalt is perceptually primary, defining the parts of which it was composed, rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts, a position taken by Christian von Ehrenfels (member of the epoch-making Brentano School). Complexity scientists in the West are currently inching to the wisdom of the Yijing (book of changes): the parts and the whole are intimately interconnected; they are inseparable from, and non-subordinatable to, each other. Quite simply, it takes two to tango! Contrary to popular belief, our perceptions do not replicate reality. We perceive the world not only through our senses but also through a network of symbols, through a system of things representing other things, through culture for short. Culture, meaning everything in which the human mind is involved, is a mental universe, embodied in the ‘world outside’ — in religion, in art, in philosophy, in science, and in Lebenswelt. It is a tight web of meanings created by humans living together, politically, economically, and socially. Culture is as basic as our physiology. Without culture, we would not be human beings. ‘Data’ are not ‘things that are given’ but things made, fabricated, managed, massaged, manipulated, or falsified. Verum ipsum factum (the true is the made), Giambattista Vico, opponent of Descartes and precursor of complexity thinking, aptly wrote. The senses per se grasp no facts. ‘Les faits ne parlent pas’ (Henri Poincaré). Percepts are bound up with concepts, which are vertiginously complex entities, The mind is not passive in receiving sense impressions. ‘The innocent eye is a myth’ (Ernst Gombrich). ‘We cannot have a view of the world that does not reflect our interests and values’ (Hilary Putnam). Perceiving, the intricate mechanism that guides our actions to navigate the world, is tainted by imagination and illusion. Perceptions are erroneous. We are all indoctrinated if not deceived. ‘Wahrnehmung ist Falschnehmung’ (Franz Brentano). Our observations are always theory-laden. Telescopes, microscopes, camera’s, sensors and detectors, no matter how sophisticated these man-made tools are, do not observe. ‘Information extraction’ and ‘data mining’ are not natural events but human, i.e. culture-bound activities. It may thus be concluded that Immanuel Kant’s Ding an sich will never be known, and that Roger Penrose’s Road to Reality is endless. Uncertainty is ubiquitous, whatever its kind. Ignorance (avidyā) reigns supreme. PUBLICATIONS ON PERCEPTION The Structure of Visual Working Memory, special issue of Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics (forthcoming); Perception Inspired Video Processing, special issue of IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing (forthcoming); Mohan Matthen (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Perception (forthcoming); Dustin Stokes a.o. (eds.), Perception and its Modalities (forthcoming); David Bennett and Chris Hill (eds.), Sensory Integration and the Unity of Consciousness (forthcoming); Ophelia Deroy (ed.), Sensory Blending (forthcoming); José Silva and Mikko Yrjönsuuri (eds.), Active Perception in the History of Philosophy: From Plato to Modern Philosophy, 2014; Viki McCabe, Coming to Our Senses: Perceiving Complexity to Avoid Catastrophes, 2014; Brian Moore, Auditory Processing of Temporal Fine Structure, 2014; Matthew Fulkerson, The First Sense: A Philosophical Study of Human Touch, 2014; Bence Nanay, Between Perception and Action, 2014; Sera Khandro, Refining our Perception of Reality, 2014; Dylan Dodd and Elia Zardini (eds.), Scepticism and Perceptual Justification, 2014; Marcelo Bertalmío, Image Processing for Cinema, 2014; Julia Simmer and Edward Hubbard (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Synesthesia, 2013; Christopher Scoates, Bruno Eno: Visual Music: Synaesthesia in Art and Music since 1900, 2013; Keith Wilson, Representationalism and Anti-representationalism about Perceptual Experience, 2013; Brian Moore a.o., Basic Aspects of Hearing: Physiology and Perception, 2013; Simon Lacey and Rebecca Lawson (eds.), Multisensory Imagery, 2013; Robert Audi, Moral Perception, 2013; Pascal Belin a.o. (eds.), Integrating Face and Voice in Person Perception, 2013; Yukiko a.o. (eds.), Eye Gaze in Intelligent User Interfaces, 2013; Madalina Diaconu, Phänomenologie der Sinne, 2013; Rolf Bader (ed.), Sound – Perception – Performance, 2013; Marc Greenlee a.o. (eds.), Aisthesis: Wahrnehmungsprozesse und Visualisierungsformen in Kunst und Technik, 2013; Brian Moore, An Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing, 2013; Ian Howard, Perceiving in Depth, Vol. III, Other Mechanisms of Depth Perception, 2012; Ian Howard and Brian Rogers, Perceiving in Depth, Vol. II, Stereoscopic Vision, 2012; Ian Howard, Perceiving in Depth, Vol. I, Basic Mechanisms, 2012; Gary Hatfield and Sarah Allred (eds.), Visual Experience: Sensation, Cognotion, and Constancy; 2012; Trevor Pinch & Karin Bijsterveld (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies, 2012; Lucia Ronchi, On the Interacting Visual and Non-Visual Effects, 2012; Micah Murray & Mark Wallace (eds.), The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes, 2012; Carlos López-Larrea (ed.), Sensing in Nature, 2012; Raphaël Gély, Imaginaire, perception, incarnation, 2012; Anne Cutler, Native Listening: Language Experience and the Recognition of Spoken Words, 2012; Madalina Diaconu, Sinnesraum Stadt: Eine multisensorische Anthropologie, 2012; Sarah Byers, Perception and Moral Motivation in Augustine, 2012; Nicholas Wade and Michael Swanston, Visual Perception: An Introduction, 2012; Jeremy Wolfe and Lynn Robertson (eds.), From Perception to Consciousness, 2012; Jeremy Wolfe a.o., Sensation & Perception, 2012; Michael Serby and Karen Chobor (eds.), Science of Olfaction, 2012; Aesthetics and the Senses, special issue of Essays in Philosophy, 13:2 (2012); Eric Heller, Why You Hear What You Hear, 2012; Pattern Perception and Computational Complexity, special issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367:1598 (2012); William Ittelson and Samuel Kutash, Perceptual Changes in Psychopathology, 2012; Oliver Sacks, Hallucinations, 2012; Robert Snowden a.o., Basic Vision: An Introduction to Visual Perception, 2012; Gesualdo Zucco a.o. (eds.), Olfactory Cognition, 2012; James Stone, Vision and Brain: How We Perceive the World, 2012; Warrick Brewer a.o. (eds.), Olfaction and the Brain, 2012; Colin Ware, Information Visualization: Perception for Design, 2012; Friedrich Barth a.o. (eds.), Sensory Perception: Mind and Matter, 2012; Susan Hallam a.o. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Music Psychology, Part II, 2011; Ashton Acton (ed.), Issues in Perception, Cognition, Development, and Personality, 2011; Mark Tatham and Katherina Morton, A Guide to Speech Production and Perception, 2011; Johannes Roessler a.o. (eds.), Perception, Causation & Objectivity, 2011; Horst Bredekamp and John Krois (eds.), Sehen und Handeln, 2011; Madalina Diaconu a.o. (eds.), Senses and the City, 2011; Madalina Diaconu a.o. (eds.), Sensorisches Labor Wien: Urbane Haptik- und Geruchsforschung, 2011; Manuel Ferre a.o. (eds.), Springer Series on Touch and Haptic Systems, 2011 ff.; Mark Smith (ed.), Studies in Sensory History, 2011 ff.; Francesca Bacci and David Melcher (eds.), Art & The Senses, 2011; Claudia Mitchell, Doing Visual Research, 2011; Henkjan Honing, Musical Cognition: A Science of Listening, 2011; Jadunath Sinha, Indian Psychology: Perception, 2011; Troy Jollimore, Love’s Vision, 2011; John McDowell, Perception as a Capacity for Knowledge, 2011; Liliana Albertazzi a.o. (eds.), Perception Beyond Inference, 2011; William Thompson a.o., Visual Perception from a Computer Graphics Perspective, 2011; Hans-Werner Hunziker, Magie des Hörens: Unbewusste Strategien des Hörwahrnehmung, 2011; Christopher Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, 2011; Gordon Shepherd, Neurogastronomy, 2011; Fotios Talantzis a.o., Audio-Visual Person Tracking, 2011; Zaira Cattaneo and Tomaso Vecchi, Blind Vision: The Neuroscience of Visual Impairment, 2011; Charles Travis, The Silence of the Senses, 2011; Fiona MacPherson (ed.), The Senses, 2011; Christophe Lalanne, Formes et mouvements: de la perception à l’action, 2011; Georg Bertram a.o., Expérience et réflexivité: perspectives au-delà de l’empirisme et de l’idéalisme, 2011; Irène Deliège and Jane Davidson (eds.), Music and the Mind, 2011; Mirjam-Christina Redeker, Wahrnehmung und Glaube, 2011; Robert Audi, Epistemology, 2011 (chapter 1 and 2); Bill Brewer, Perception and Its Objects, 2011; Susanna Siegel, The Contents of Visual Experience, 2011; Ronald DeVere and Marjorie Calvert, Navigating Smell and Taste Disorders, 2011; Walter Hopp, Perception and Knowledge: A Phenomenological Account, 2011; Franco Lepore a.o. (eds.), Enhancing Performance for Action and Perception, 2011; Stephan Herzberg, Wahrnehmung und Wissen bei Aristoteles, 2011; Person Perception, special issue of British Journal of Psychology, 102:4 (2011);  David Forsyth and Jean Ponce, Computer Vision: A Modern Approach, 2011; Luciano Boi a.o. (eds.), Rediscovering Phenomenology: Phenomenological Essays on Mathematical Beings, Physical Reality, Perception and Consciousness, 2010; John Hendrix and Charles Carman (eds.), Renaissance Theories of Vision, 2010; Tom Troscianko and Alasdair Smith (eds.), Perception, 2010; Jan Dirk Blom, A Dictionary of Hallucinations, 2010; Mary Peterson and Elizabeth Salvagio, 'Figure-ground perception', Scholarpedia, 2010; Objects and Sound Perception, special issue of Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 1:1 (2010); Mitja Perus and Chu Kiong Loo, Biological and Quantum Computing for Human Vision, 2010; Komarine Romdenh-Romluc, Merleau-Ponty and Phenomenology of Perception, 2010; Bonnie Blotgett, Remembering Smell, 2010;  Francine Dolins and Robert Mitchell (eds.), Spatial Cognition, Spatial Perception, 2010; Emily Balcetis and Daniel Lassiter (eds.), Social Psychology of Visual Perception, 2010; Mari Riess Jones a.o. (eds.), Music Perception, 2010; Semiotics of Perception, special issue of Biosemiotics, 3:3 (2010); Randy Gibb a.o., Aviation Visual Perception: Research, Misperceptions and Mishaps, 2010; Dale Purves and R. Beau Lotto, Why We See What We Do Redux, 2010; Oliver Sacks, The Mind's Eye, 2010; Richard Whitt, Evidentiality and Perception Verbs in English and German, 2010; Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig (eds.), Artificial Intelligence, 2010 (chapter 24); Lalit Wankhade and Balaji Dabade, Quality Uncertainty and Perception, 2010; Nivedita Gangopadhyay a.o. (eds.), Perception, Action, and Consciousness, 2010; Bruce Goldstein (ed.), Encyclopedia of Perception, 2010; Bruce Goldstein, Sensation and Perception, 2010; William Fish, Philosophy of Perception: A Contemporary Introduction, 2010; István Czigler and István Winkler (eds.), Unconscious Memory Representations in Perception, 2010; Mark Changizi, The Vision Revolution, 2010; Enrique Lopez-Poveda a.o. (eds.), The Neurophysiological Bases of Auditory Perception, 2010; Sharyn Udall, Sensory Crossovers, 2010; Bozena Kostek, Perception-Based Data Processing in Acoustics, 2010; Lawrence Rosenblum, See What I’m Saying, 2010; Bence Nanay, Perceiving the World, 2010; Maria Petrou and Costas Petrou, Image Processing: The Fundamentals, 2010; John Frisby and James Stone, Seeing: The Computational Approach to Biological Vision, 2010; Isabel Gauthier a.o. (eds.), Perceptual Expertise: Bridging Brain and Behavior, 2010; Richard Szeliski, Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications, 2010; Richard Fay and Arthur Popper (eds.), Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, 2009 ff.; Paul Boersma and Silke Hamann (eds.), Phonology in Perception, 2009; Stanislas Dehaene, Reading in the Brain, 2009; Jack Lyons, Perception and Basic Beliefs, 2009; Matthew Nudds and Casey O'Callaghan (eds.), Sounds and Perception, 2009; Steven Schwartz, Visual Perception, 2009; Richard Cytowic and David Eagleman, Wednesday is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia, 2009; Lawrence Weiskrantz, Blindsight, 2009; Clotilde Calabi, Filosofia della percezione, 2009; Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright, Practices of Looking, 2009; Casey O’Callaghan, Sounds, 2009; Michael McCloskey, Visual Reflection: A Perceptual Deficit and Its Implications, 2009; Hugh Foley and Margaret Matlin, Sensation and Perception, 2009; Anna Menini (ed.), The Neurobiology of Olfaction, 2009; Christopher Hawkes and Richard Doty, The Neurology of Olfaction, 2009; Gary Hatfield, Perception and Cognition: Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology, 2009; William Fish, Perception, Hallucination, and Illusion, 2009; George Mather, Foundations of Sensation and Perception, 2009; Saskia van Dantzig, Mind the Body: Grounding Conceptual Knowledge in Perception and Action, 2009; Willem de Vries (ed.), Empiricism, Perceptual Knowledge, Normativity, and Realism, 2009;  Frank Jackson, Perception, 2009; Richard Schantz (ed.), Wahrnehmung und Wirklichkeit, 2009; Athanassios Raftopoulos, Cognition and Perception, 2009; Simo Knuuttila and Pekka Kärkkäinen (eds.), Theories of Perception in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy, 2008; Chogyam Trungpa, True Perception: The Path of Dharma Art, 2008; Roy Sorensen, Seeing Dark Things, 2008; Rasmus Jensen, Perception and Action, 2008; Jamie Ward, The Frog Who Croaked Blue: Synesthesia and the Mixing of the Senses, 2008; Claus Bundesen and Thomas Habekost, Principles of Visual Attention, 2008; Brian Moore a.o. (eds.), Perception of Speech: From Sound to Meaning, 2008; Rolf Kuehni, Coloe Vision and Technology, 2008; Christopher Smith, Biology of Sensory Systems, 2008; Klaus Röhring, Vernunft und alle Sinne, 2008; Aniruddh Patel, Music, Language, and the Brain, 2008; Elizabeth Loftus a.o., Eyewitness Testimony, 2008; Jean-Luc Lannoy, Langage, perception, movement, 2008; Hannes Matthiessen, Direkte Wahrnehmung und die fünf Sinne, 2008; Michel Serres, The Five Senses: A Philosophy of Mingled Bodies, 2008; Duco Schreuder, Outdoor Lighting: Physics, Vision and Perception, 2008; Jeffrey Zacks, 'Event perception', Scholarpedia, 2008; Martin Grünwald (ed.), Human Haptic Perception, 2008; William Yost and Richard Fay (eds.), Auditory Perception of Sound Sources, 2008; Zygmunt Pizlo, 3D Shape: Its Unique Place in Visual Perception, 2008; William Yost and Richard Fay (eds.), Auditory Perception and Sound Sources, 2008; Mark Smith and Tristan Palmer, Sensing the Past: Seeing, Hearing, Smelling, Tasting, and Touching in History, 2008; Brusa Gianfranco, La percezione del valore, 2008; Pedram Azad a.o., Computer Vision, 2008; James Fulton, Hearing: A 21st Century Paradigm, 2008; Simon Ings, A Natural History of Seeing: The Art and Science of Vision, 2008; Jana Holsánová, Discourse, Vision, and Cognition, 2008; Face Perception, special issue of Journal of Neuropsychology, 2:1 (2008); J. Tombran-Tink a.o. (eds.), Visual Transduction and Non-Visual Light Perception, 2008; Simo Knuuttila and Pekka Kärkkäinen (eds.), Theories of Perception in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy, 2008;  Adrian Haddock and Fiona Macpherson (eds.), Disjunctivism: Perception, Action, Knowledge, 2008; Brian Moore (ed.), Cochlear Hearing Loss: Physiological, Psychological and Technical Issues, 2007; Stephen Pattison, Seeing Things: Deepening Relations with Visual Artefacts, 2007; Mark Textor and Mary McCabe, Perception – Historical and Systematic Perspectives, 2007; Alfredo Paternoster, Il filosofo e i sensi: Introduzione alla filosofia della percezione, 2007; Andrew Duchowski, Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice, 2007; Ildar Batyrshin a.o. (eds.), Perception-Based Data Mining and Decision Making, 2007; Michael Madary, The Perspectival Content of Perception, 2007; Cretien van Campen, The Hidden Sense, 2007; Thomas Baldwin (ed.), Reading Merleau-Ponty: On Phenomenology of Perception, 2007; Wayne Gray (ed.), Integrated Models of Cognitive Systems, 2007 (Part III);  Guy Orban, La vision, mission du cerveau: les trois révolutions des neurosciences, 2007; Mike May, Sensation and Perception, 2007; Sara Heinämaa a.o. (eds.), Consciousness: From Perception to Reflection in the History of Philosophy, 2007; Daniel Levitin, This is Your Brain on Music, 2007; Martina Plümacher and Peter Holz (eds.), Speaking of Colors and Odors, 2007; Mary Peterson a.o. (eds.), In the Mind’s Eye, 2007; John Zebrowski (ed.), New Research on Social Perception, 2007; Paul Coates, The Metaphysics of Perception: Wilfrid Sellars, Perceptual Consciousness and Critical Realism, 2007; Ryan Nichols, Thomas Reid’s Theory of Perception, 2007; Ernst Dickmanns, Dynamic Vision for Perception and Control of Motion, 2007; Siegfried Zielinski, Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means, 2006; Bruno Breitmeyer and Haluk Öğmen, Visual Masking: Time Slices Through Conscious and Unconscious Vision, 2006; Paolo Santangelo (ed.), From Skin to Heart: Perceptions of Emotions and Bodily Sensations in Traditional Chinese Culture, 2006; Keng-hong Pak, The Development of Visual Chunking Skills in Perception of Chinese Characters, 2006; Robert Schmidt and Hans-Georg Schaible (eds.), Neuro- und Sinnesphysiologie, 2006; Susana Martinez-Conde a.o. (eds.), Visual Perception, 2006; Robert Schwartz, Visual Versions, 2006; David Parrish, Nothing I See Means Anything: Quantum Questions, Quantum Answers, 2006; Benjamin Pape, Zum Problem der Hierarchie der Sinne, 2006; Günther Knoblich a.o. (eds.), Human Body Perception From the Inside Out, 2006; Stephen Handel, Perceptual Coherence: Hearing and Seeing, 2006; Carole Biggam a.o. (eds.), Progress in Colour Studies, 2006; George Mather, Foundations of Perception, 2006; Francisco González-Crussi, On Seeing, 2006; A. 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(eds.), Pitch: Neural Coding and Perception, 2005; Elizabeth Styles, Attention, Perception and Memory, 2005; Mohan Matthen, Seeing, Doing, and Knowledge: A Philosophical Theory of Sense-Perception, 2005; David Howes (ed.), Empire of the Senses: The Sensual Culture Reader, 2005; Kerry Brougher a.o. (eds.), Visual Music, 2005; Virginia Owens, And the Trees Clap Their Hands: Faith, Perception, and the New Physics, 2005; Diane Pecher and Rolf Zwaan (eds.), Grounding Cognition: The Role of Perception and Action in Memory, Language, and Thinking, 2005; Gregg Ten Elshof, Introspection Vindicated, 2005; Lynn Robertson and Noam Sagiv (eds.), Synesthesia: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience, 2005; Arthur Smith, The Problem of Perception, 2005; Randolph Blake and Robert Sekuler, Perception, 2005; Andrea Stocken, Die Kunst der Wahrnehmung, 2005; Catherine Howe and Dale Purves, Perceiving Geometry, 2005; Susana Martinez-Conde a.o. (eds.), Visual Perception, 2005; Beate Hampe and Joseph Grady (eds.), From Perception to Meaning, 2005; Nicholas Wade, Perception and Illusion: Historical Perspectives, 2005; Ralf Schnell (ed.), Wahrnehmung, Kognition, Ästhetik, 2005; Bruce Goldstein (ed.),  Blackwell Handbook of Sensation & Perception, 2005; Stephen Phillips and N.S. Ramanuja Tatacharya, Epistemology of Perception: Gaṅgeśa’s Tattvacintāmaṇi, 2004; Melvyn Goodale and David Milner, Sight Unseen: An Exploration of Conscious and Unconscious Vision, 2004; Alva Noë, Action in Perception, 2004; Eckhard Freuwört, Vernetzte Sinne, 2004; Amit Atad, Perception: Neural and Mental Representations, 2004; Colin McGinn, Mindsight: Image, Dream, Meaning, 2004; Hal Pashler a.o. (eds.), Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology, Vol. I, 2004; Christian Kaernbach a.o. 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(eds.), The Roots of Visual Awareness, 2003; Barry Maund, Perception, 2003; John Findlay and Iain Gilchrist, Active Vision: The Psychology of Looking and Seeing, 2003; Dale Purves and R. Beau Lotto, Why We See What We Do Redux, 2003; Rainer Mausfeld and Dieter Heyer (eds.), Colour Perception: Mind and the Physical World, 2003; Heiko Hecht a.o. (eds.), Looking into Pictures, 2003; Yvette Hatwell a.o. (eds.), Touching for Knowing, 2003; Akimichi Kaneko (ed.), The Neural Basis of Early Vision, 2003; Leo Chalupa and John Werner (eds.), The Visual Neurosciences, 2003; Stanley Coren a.o., Sensation and Perception, 2003; Manfred Fahle and Mark Greenlee (eds.), The Neuropsychology of Vision, 2003; Alexandra Wettlaufer, In the Mind’s Eye, 2003; Paula Droege, Caging the Beast: A Theory of Sensory Consciousness, 2003; Karl Gegenfurtner, Gehirn und Wahrnehmung, 2003; Laurence Harris and Michael Jenkin (eds.), Levels of Perception, 2003; Jacques Bouveresse and Jean-Jacques Rosat, Philosophie de la perception, 2003; Mary Peterson and Gillian Rhodes (eds.), Perception of Faces, Objects, and Scenes, 2003; Pierre Jacob and Marc Jeannerod, Ways of Seeing: The Scope and Limit of Visual Cognition, 2003; André Delorme and Michelangelo Flückiger, Perception et réalité, 2003; Daniel Long and Dennis Preston (eds.), Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. II, 2002; Ian Howard and Brian Rogers, Seeing in Depth, Vol. II, Depth Perception, 2002; Ian Howard, Seeing in Depth, Vol. I, Basic Mechanisms, 2002; Jeffrey Andre a.o., Visual Perception: The Influence of H.W. 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(eds.), Probabilistic Models of the Brain: Perception and Neural Function, 2002; Margaret Livingstone, Vision and Art: The Biology of Seeing, 2002; Wolf Singer, Der Beobachter im Gehirn, 2002; Christopher Tyler, Human Symmetry Perception and its Computational Analysis, 2002; Ronald Boothe, Perception of the Visual Environment, 2002; Steven Lehar, The World in Your Head, 2002; Jesse Prinz, Furnishing the Mind: Concepts and Their Perceptual Basis, 2002; Arthur Smith, The Problem of Perception, 2002; John Bullinaria and Will Lowe (eds.), Connectionist Models of Cognition and Perception, 2002; Hans Adler and Ulrike Zeuch, Synästhesie: Interferenz – Transfer - Synthese der Sinne, 2002; Norman Cook, Tone of Voice and Mind, 2002; Wolfgang Prinz and Bernhard Hommel (eds.), Common Mechanisms in Perception and Action, 2002; Janette Atkinson, The Developing Visual Brain, 2002; Liliana Albertazzi (ed.), Unfolding Perceptual Continua, 2002; Renata Bartsch, Consciousness Emerging: The Dynamics of Perception, Imagination, Action, Memory, Thought, and Language, 2002; Paul McKevitt a.o. (eds.), Language, Vision and Music, 2002; Alva Noë (ed.), Is the Visual World a Grand Illusion?, 2002; Alva Noë and Evan Thompson (eds.), Vision and Mind, 2002; Reinier Plomp, The Intelligent Ear: On the Nature of Sound and Perception, 2002; Dieter Heyer and Rainer Mausfeld (eds.), Perception and the Physical World, 2002; Vincent Eltschinger, Dharmakirti sur les mantra et la perception du supra-sensible, 2001; Harvey Schiffman, Sensation and Perception: An Integrated Approach, 2001; Jonathan Crary, Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle and Modern Culture, 2001; A. Mark Smith, Alhacen’s Theory of Visual Perception, 2001; Giacomo Della Riccia a.o. (eds.), Data Fusion and Perception, 2001; Dominique Keller a.o. (eds.), Percevoir: monde et langage, 2001; Christian Casanova and Maurice Ptito (eds.), Vision: From Neurons to Cognition, 2001; Arthur Spanier a.o. (eds.), Food Flavors and Chemistry, 2001; Martin Grünwald and Lothar Beyer (eds,), Der bewegte Sinn, 2001; Steven Yantis (ed.), Visual Perception: Essential Readings, 2001; Michael Huemer, Skepticism and the Veil of Perception, 2001; Carol Krumhansl, Cognitive Foundations of Musical Pitch, 2001; Sam Rakover and Baruch Cahlon, Face Recognition, 2001; Lothar Kleine-Horst, Empiristic Theory of Visual Gestalt Perception, 2001; Austen Clark, A Theory of Sentience, 2000; Randall Nelson (ed.), The Somatosensory System, 2001; James Elkins, How to Use Your Eyes, 2000; Barry Stroud, The Quest for Reality: Subjectivism and the Metaphysics of Colour, 2000; Bryce Johnson, The Semiotics of Perception, 2000; Mu Soeng, Diamond Sutra: Transforming the Way We Perceive the World, 2000; Semir Zeki, Inner Vision: An Exploration of Art and the Brain, 2000; David Regan, Human Perception of Objects, 2000; Paul Slovic (ed.), The Perception of Risk, 2000; Steven Davis (ed.), Color Perception, 2000; Pierre Livet (ed.), De la perception à l’action, 2000; Barbara Landau a.o. (eds.), Perception, Cognition, and Language, 2000; Rainer Guski, Wahrnehmung, 2000; Paul Rookes and Jane Wilson, Perception: Theory, Development and Organisation, 2000; Gerald Sommer and Yehoshua Zeevi (eds.), Algebraic Frames for the Perception-Action Cycle, 2000; Theodore Parks (ed.), Looking at looking: An Introduction to the Intelligence of Vision, 2000; Dennis Sporre, Perceiving the Arts, 2000; Shaogang Gong a.o., Dynamic Vision: From Images to Face Recognition, 2000; Michael Levine, Fundamentals of Sensation and Perception, 2000; John Foster, The Nature of Perception, 2000; Yvette Hatwell a.o. (eds.), Toucher pour connaître, 2000; Fred Dretske, Perception, Knowledge, and Belief, 2000; Dennis Preston (ed.), Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, Vol. I, 1999; Niall Griffith and Peter Tod, Musical Networks: Parallel Distributed Perception and Performance, 1999; Karl Gegenfurtner and Lindsay Sharpe (eds.), Color Vision: From Genes to Perception, 1999; Maurice Hershenson, Visual Space Perception: A Primer, 1999; Henri Cartier-Bresson, The Mind’s Eye, 1999; Gisa Aschersleben a.o.(eds.), Cognitive Contributions to the Perception of Spatial and Temporal Events, 1999; Peter Bexte, Blinde Seher, 1999; Peter Barten, Contrast Sensitivity of the Human Eye, 1999; Mark Williams a.o., Visual Perception and Action in Sport, 1999; Bill Brewer, Perception and Reason, 1999; Brent Berlin and Paul Kay, Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution, 1999; Stephen Palmer, Vision Science: Photons to Phenomenology, 1999; Jean Decety (ed.), Perception and Action: Recent Advances in Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1999; Jörg Tellkamp, Sinne, Gegenstände und Sensibilia, 1999; Martin Lean, Sense-Perception and Matter, 1999; Carsten Siebert, Qualia ̶ Das Phänomenale als Problem philosophischer und empirischer Bewußtseinstheorien, 1998; Werner Backhaus a.o. (eds.), Color Vision: Perspectives from Different Disciplnes, 1998; Srinivasa Rao, Perceptual Error: The Indian Theories, 1998; Arien Mack and Irvin Rock, Inattentional Blindness, 1998; Donald Hoffman, Visual Intelligence: How We Create What We See, 1998; Jacques Ninio, La science des illusions, 1998; Geoffrey Underwood (ed.), Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception, 1998; Roger Carpenter and John Robson (eds.), Vision Research, 1998; Robert Rodieck, The First Steps in Seeing, 1998; Mary Anne Caws, The Eye in the Text, 1998; Julian Hochberg (ed.), Perception and Cognition at Century’s End, 1998; Stijn Oomes, Human Visual Perception of Spatial Structure, 1998; J. 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Ayer, 1979; James Gibson, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, 1979; Thomas Sebeok (ed.), Sight, Sound, and Sense, 1978; Maria Sassi, Le teorie della percezione in Democrito, 1978; Lawrence Marks, The Unity of the Senses: Interrelations among the Modalities, 1978; Richard Walk and Herbert Pick (eds.), Perception and Experience, 1978; Peter Machamer and Robert Turnbull (eds.), Studies in Perception, 1978; Robert Livingston, Sensory Processing, Perception, and Behavior, 1978; C. Wade Savage, Perception and Cognition, 1978; Emanuel Leeuwenberg and Henri Buffart, Formal Theories of Visual Perception, 1978; Stuart Anstis a.o. 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Wyburn, Human Senses and Perception, 1964; Samuel Tolansky, Optical Illusions, 1964; James Edie, The Primacy of Perception, 1964; Robert Wright, The Science of Smell, 1964; Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Le visible et l'invisible, 1964; James White, G.E. Moore and Gilbert Ryle on Sense-Perception, 1963;  Wilfrid Sellars, Science, Perception and Reality, 1963; J.L. Austin, Sense and Sensibilia, 1962; David Armstrong, Perception and the Physical World, 1961; D.W. Hamlyn, Sensation and Perception: A History of the Philosophy of Perception, 1961; Ernst Gombrich, Art and Illusion, 1960; Georg von Békésy, Experiments in Hearing, 1960; Maurice Merleau-Ponty, L’Œil et l’esprit, 1960; William Grey Walter, The Neurophysiological Aspects of Hallucinations, 1960; David Armstrong, Berkeley’s Theory of Vision, 1960; Romano Guardini, Die Sinne und die religiöse Erkenntnis, 1958; Donald Broadbent, Perception and Communication, 1958; Robert Francès, La perception de la musique, 1958; Roderick Chisholm, Perceiving: A Philosophical Study, 1957; Paul Humphreys and John Smythies, Analysis of Perception, 1956; Gary Stahl, Critical Comments on G.E. Moore’s Theory of Sense Perception, 1956; Rudolf Arnheim, Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Mind, 1954/2004; Wolfgang Metzger, Gesetze des Sehens, 1953; Friedrich von Hayek, The Sensory Order, 1952; W.V.O. Quine, ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’, The Philosophical Review, 60 (1951); Harold Prichard, Knowledge and Perception, 1950; James Gibson, The Perception of the Visual World, 1950; Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie de la perception, 1945; Matthew Luckiesh, Light, Vision, and Seeing, 1944; Edwin Boring, Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology, 1942; Alfred Ayer, The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge, 1940; Kurt Koffka, Principles of Gestalt Psychology, 1935; Charles Hartshorne, The Philosophy and Psychology of Sensations, 1934; Michael Oakshott, Experience and its Modes, 1933; Edwin Boring, The Physical Dimensions of Consciousness, 1933 (chapters 2-8); Henry Price, Perception, 1932; Ernst Cassirer, Die Philosophie der symbolischen Formen, 1923-1929; Wolfgang Köhler, Gestalt Psychology, 1929; Edgar Adrian, The Basis of Sensation: The Action of the Sense Organs, 1928; Max Wertheimer, Drei Abhandlungen zur Gestalttheorie, 1925; G.E. Moore, Philosophical Studies, 1922 (chapters II, V and VII); Matthew Luckiesh, Visual Illusions, 1922; Edgar Rubin, Visuell wahrgenommene Figuren, 1921; George Stratton, Theophrastus and the Greek Physiological Psychology before Aristotle, 1917; C.D. Broad, Perception, Physics, and Reality, 1914; Bertrand Russell, Our Knowledge of the External World, 1914; Willliam James, Some Problems of Philosophy, 1911 (chapters 4-6); Wilhelm Schapp, Beiträge zur Phänomenologie der Wahrnehmung, 1910; Edmund Parish, Hallucinations and Illusions: A Study of the Fallacies of Perception, 1897; Henri Bergson, Matière et mémoire, 1896 (ch. 4); Edmund Husserl, Wahrnehmung und Aufmerksamkeit, 1893-1912; F.H. Bradley, Appearance and Reality, 1893 (Book I, chapters 1 and 5); Kazimierz Twardowski, Idee und Perzeption, 1892; Goswin Karl Uphues, Wahrnehmung und Empfindung, 1888; Ernst Mach, Die Analyse der Empfindungen und das Verhältnis des Physischen zum Psychischen, 1886; Carl Stumpf, Tonpsychologie, 1883/1890; Gustav Fechner, Revision der Hauptpuncte der Psychophysik, 1882; James Sully, Illusions, 1881; Johannes Rehmke, Die Welt als Wahrnehmung und Begriff, 1880; William Clifford, Seeing and Thinking, 1879; John Rayleigh, The Theory of Sound, 1877/8; Wilhelm Wundt, Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie, 1874; Franz Brentano, Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt, 1874; Hermann Helmholtz, Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, 1867; Ernst Mach, Einleitung in die Helmholtz’sche Musiktheorie, 1866; Hermann Helmholtz, Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen, 1863; Wilhelm Wundt, Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung, 1862; William Whewell, On the Philosophy of Discovery, 1860 (Chapters 19-21); Gustav Fechner, Elemente der Psychophysik, 1860; Alexander Bain, The Senses and the Intellect, 1855; Alexandre Brière de Boismont, Des hallucinations, 1845; Arthur Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, 1844 (Book I); R.H. Lotze, Metaphysik, 1841 (Book III); Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Zur Farbenlehre, 1810; G.W.F. Hegel, Phänomenologie des Geistes, 1807 (chapter II); Thomas Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, 1785 (second essay); Immanuel Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781 (chapter on transcendental deduction); Thomas Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind, 1764; Étienne de Condillac, Traité des sensations, 1754; David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748; David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature; 1739 (Book I); Gottfried Leibniz, La Monadologie, 1714; George Berkeley, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, 1710; George Berkeley, An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision, 1709; Gottfried Leibniz, Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain, 1704;  John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1689; René Descartes, Principia philosophiae, 1644 (Parts I, II, IV); René Descartes, Meditationes de prima philosophia, 1641 (6th meditation). Journals Annual Review of Psychology (section ‘perception’) (1950 -); Vision Research (1961 -); Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (1962 -); Perception & Psychophysics (1966-2009); Perception (1972 -); Chemical Senses (1974 -); Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (1975 -); Hearing Research (1978 -); IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (1979 -); Sensor Review (1981 -); Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology (1981 -); Music Perception (1983 -); Seeing & Perceiving (1985 -); Visual Studies (1986 -); Journal of Sensory Studies (1986 -); International Journal of Computer Vision (1987 -); Visual Neuroscience (1988 -); Ecological Psychology (1989 -); Visual Cognition (1994 -); Journal of Vision (2001 -); Sensors (2001 -); Visual Communication (2002 -); ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (2004 -); Empirical Musicology Review (2006 -); Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (2006 -) Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience (2007 -); Chemosensory Perception (2008 -); Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics (2009 -); i-Perception (2010 -); Frontiers in Perception Science (2010 -); Frontiers in Auditory Cognitive Neuroscience (2010 -); Journal of Eye Tracking, Visual Cognition and Emotion (2011 -). Websites www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/perception; www.de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahrnehmung; www.fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/perception; www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/percepción; www.it.wikipedia.org/wiki/percezione; http://consc.net/mindpapers (Part 3); www.trincoll.edu/depts/ecopsyc/isep/icpa_conferences.html; www.scholarpedia.org/article/category:vision; www.scholarpedia.org/article/categorical_perception; www.scholarpedia.org/article/Gestalt_principles; www.scholarpedia.org/article/category:pattern_recognition; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-problem; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-episprob; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-auditory; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-contents; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia; http://plato.stanford.edu/entris/color; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sounds; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/imagination; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sense-data; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-disjunctive; http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-india; www.theoryofknowledge.net/ways-of-knowing/sense-perception; www.taylorandfrancis.com/books/series/spa; www.gestalttheory.net; www.iep.utm.edu/perc-obj; www.iep.utm.edu/epis-per; www.iep.utm.edu/disjunct; www.iep.utm.edu/qualia; http://lpp.psycho.univ-paris5.fr; http://ione.psy.uconn.edu; http://ifpress.com; www.ditext.com/firth/spt; http://www.lottolab.org; www.michaelbach.de/ot; http://visualfunhouse.com; www.iapr.org; www.isfh.org; www.synesthesie.nl; www.synesthete.org www.synaesthesia.com; www.synesthesia.info; www.synesthesia.com.au; www.uksynaesthesia.com; www.sussex.ac.uk/synaesthesia; www.synaesthesia.ru; www.eurohaptics.com; www.eurohaptics.org; www.isotxvi.com; www.roblesdelatorre.com; www.ru.nl/donders; www.auditory.org; www.musicperception.org; www.musiccognition.info; www.escom.org; www.icmpc.org; www.perception.upenn.edu; www.virginia.edu/~mklab www.eaglemanlab.net; www.psypress.com/books/series/spa www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/cps; http://visiome.neuroinf.jp; http://thecenses.org; www.yale.edu/perception; www.givaudan.com; www.theava.net; www.ecvp.org; www.apcv2013.org; www.visionscience.com; www.visionscience.com/vsConferences; http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~plab www.iff.com; www.cvr.yorku.ca; www.purveslab.net; www.icacommission.org; www.visualcompetence.org; http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/val; http://search.bwh.harvard.edu; http://webvision.med.utah.edu; www.computervisiononline.com; http://wordassociation1.net/FieldWork.html www.iitj.ac.in/ncvpripg: www.quantumperception.net; www.igi-global.com (search: perception); www.philpapers.org (search: perception); www.askphilosophers.org (search: perception); www.academia.edu (search: perception); www.revues.org (search: perception); www.plosone.org (search: perception); www.sciencemag.org (search: perception); www.nature.com (search: perception); http://royalsociety.org (search: perception); www.theassc.org (search: perception); www.pnas.org (search: perception); www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com (search: perception); www.ingentaconnect.com (search: perception); www.jstor.org (search: perception); www.bookfinder.com (search: perception); www.pdcnet.org (search: perception); www.elsevier.com/online-tools/scopus (search: perception). For quick references, see • Neil Smelser and Paul Baltes (eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Elsevier, 2001), under: perception; or • Lynn Nadel (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (John Wiley, 2005), under: - perception - auditory perception - categorical perception - causal perception - color perception - face perception - intermodal perception - motion perception - object perception - space perception - speech perception - time perception - perceptual systems - olfaction and gustation - vision - pattern vision - sensory integration