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2016, Infection Ecology & Epidemiology
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2 pages
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Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2015
Tularemia is a re-emerging bacterial zoonosis, broadly distributed across the northern hemisphere. In Georgia, there is a history of human tularemia outbreaks dating back to the 1940s. In response to outbreaks, health officials initiated long-term field surveillance and environmental monitoring. The objective of our study was to obtain information from 57 years of field surveys to identify species that play a role in the occurrence Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica in the environment in Georgia. We collected historical data on human outbreaks, field collections, population dynamics of the common vole (Microtus arvalis), and conducted surveys on small mammals and vectors from five regions in Georgia during 1956-2012. Bacterial isolation was conducted using standard culturing techniques, and isolation rates for species were obtained for a subset of years. We used a Spearman rank correlation to test for associations between the density of the common vole and isolation rates. From 1956 through 2012, there were four recorded outbreaks of human tularemia (362 cases). A total of 465 bacterial isolates of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica were obtained from 27 species and environmental samples. The number of isolations was highest in the common vole (M. arvalis; 149 isolates; 32%) and Dermacentor marginatus ticks (132 isolates; 28%); isolation rates ranged between 0-0.91% and 0-0.47%, respectively. Population dynamics of the common vole were not correlated with the isolation rate. Given the history of tularemia re-emergence in Georgia, continued field surveys and environmental monitoring may provide an early indication of outbreak risk in humans. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence of longstanding foci of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica that are likely maintained by the common vole-tick cycle.
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2002
Parasites & Vectors, 2014
Background: Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is a zoonotic agent that remains across much of the northern hemisphere, where it exists in enzootic cycles. In Ukraine, tularemia has a long history that suggests a need for sustained surveillance in natural foci. To better characterize the host-vector diversity and spatial distribution of tularemia, we analyzed historical data from field collections carried out from 1941 to 2008. Findings: We analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution of bacterial isolates collected from field samples. Isolates were characterized by source and dominant land cover type. To identify environmental persistence and spatial variation in the source of isolation, we used the space-time permutation and multinomial models in SaTScan. A total of 3,086 positive isolates were taken from 1,084 geographic locations. Isolation of F. tularensis was more frequent among arthropods [n = 2,045 (66.3%)] followed by mammals [n = 619 (20.1%)], water [n = 393 (12.7%)], and farm produce [n = 29 (0.94%)], respectively. Four areas of persistent bacterial isolation were identified. Water and farm produce as sources of bacterial isolation were clustered. Conclusions: Our findings confirm the presence of long-standing natural foci of F. tularensis in Ukraine. Given the history of tularemia as well as its environmental persistence there exists a possibility of (re)emergence in human populations. Heterogeneity in the distribution of tularemia isolate recovery related to land cover type supports the theory of natural nidality and clusters identify areas to target potential sources of the pathogen and improve surveillance.
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2009
BMC Infectious Diseases, 2008
Background: Tularemia re-emerged in Germany starting in 2004 (with 39 human cases from 2004 to 2007) after over 40 years of only sporadic human infections. The reasons for this rise in case numbers are unknown as is the possible reservoir of the etiologic agent Francisella (F.) tularensis. No systematic study on the reservoir situation of F. tularensis has been published for Germany so far. Methods: We investigated three areas six to ten months after the initial tularemia outbreaks for the presence of F. tularensis among small mammals, ticks/fleas and water. The investigations consisted of animal live-trapping, serologic testing, screening by real-time-PCR and cultivation. Results: A total of 386 small mammals were trapped. F. tularensis was detected in five different rodent species with carrier rates of 2.04, 6.94 and 10.87% per trapping area. None of the ticks or fleas (n = 432) tested positive for F. tularensis. We were able to demonstrate F. tularensis-specific DNA in one of 28 water samples taken in one of the outbreak areas. Conclusion: The findings of our study stress the need for long-term surveillance of natural foci in order to get a better understanding of the reasons for the temporal and spatial patterns of tularemia in Germany.
Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers), 2010
Tularemia is a zoonotic, acute, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. It is a major problem on the Europe and Balkan Peninsula. In Western Bulgaria two new foci originated during the last 10 years. Aims: To study epidemiology, ecology, nosogeography, conflict and prevention of tularemia that originated during 1997-2006 in Bulgaria. Materials and methods: Epidemiological method, Ecological method, Microbiological method, Clinical method, Statistical method. Results: During the last 10 years two endemic foci originated in the physic-geographic regions: Nishav-Borel (near Slivnitsa) and Kraishten (near Pernik) with 40 permanent noso-areas. The study determined that in the Sofia region the number of diseased with tularemia during 1997-2006 is 111 with morbidity 37,16%îîî, and in Pernik region the number of the diseased during the same period is 137 with morbidity 80,38%îîî. Conclusion: In the complex studies of both regions where tularemia developed we found out that the parasite system functioned with its components: a large number of sources and vectors, favourable climatic and geographic conditions and considerable number of factors of the ecologic socio-ecosystem.
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2014
We assessed isolates involved in these outbreaks by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with 2 restriction enzymes and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis of 16 genomic loci of Francisella tularensis, the cause of this disease. Isolates were divided into 3 pulsotypes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and 8 allelic profiles by multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis. Isolates obtained from the second tularemia outbreak had the same genotypes as isolates obtained from the first outbreak. Both outbreaks were caused by genotypes of genetic subclade B.Br:FTNF002-00, which is widely distributed in countries in central and western Europe. Thus, reemergence of tularemia in Spain was not caused by the reintroduction of exotic strains, but probably by persistence of local reservoirs of infection. T ularemia is a zoonosis caused by the gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. F. tularensis is a highly contagious facultative intracellular pathogen and has infectious doses as low as 10-50 bacteria; it is transmitted by inhalation, direct contact with infected animals, or ingestion of contaminated water or food. The number of species susceptible to infection by this agent is higher than for any other known zoonotic pathogen (1). Because of its potential to cause adverse public health effects and mass casualties by bioterrorist attack, the pathogen is 1 of 6 agents listed as a Tier 1 agent by the US Department of Health and Human Services (2). F. tularensis includes 4 subspecies (F. tularensis subsp. tularensis, F. tularensis subsp. holarctica, F. tularensis subsp. novicida, and F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica), which show marked differences in many epidemiologic features, including geographic distribution, virulence, and genetic diversity (3). F. tularensis subsp. tularensis (Jellison type A) and F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (Jellison type B) are major clinical pathogens. F. tularensis subsp. tularensis is the most virulent subspecies and can cause life-threatening disease; its distribution seems to be restricted to North America, although a single report indicated its presence in Europe (4-7). F. tularensis subsp. holarctica causes a less severe disease, and although widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere, it has restricted genetic diversity, which suggests recent emergence and successful geographic spread (5,7-9). Tularemia was first reported in Spain in 1997, when it caused one of the largest outbreaks in humans ever described (10). Overall, 559 cases were confirmed during June 1997-April 1998 in 10 provinces. The outbreak was associated with hunting and handling of hares (Lepus europaeus) in northwestern Spain. The most common clinical form was ulceroglandular tularemia (55.4%); glandular (15.3%) and typhoid forms (6.6%) of the disease also occurred frequently. A second major human outbreak in humans, which affected 507 persons, occurred in the same area in 2007 and 2008, but in a different epidemiologic context. Its timing coincided with a population peak of the common vole (Microtus arvalis), and the most frequent clinical forms of the disease were typhoidal and pneumonic (65% of the cases), which is consistent with infection being acquired through inhalation of F. tularensis (11-13). Sporadic tularemia cases and small outbreaks were reported during 2000-2006 in the interval between the 2 major outbreaks in northwestern Spain (13,14). We report comparative genetic analyses of F. tularensis cultured from humans and animals during the 2 main
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2006
The 1997-2005 tularemia outbreak in Bulgaria affected 285 people. Ten strains were isolated from humans, a tick, a hare, and water. Amplified fragment length polymorphism typing of the present isolates and of the strain isolated in 1962 suggests that a new genetic variant caused the outbreak.
Foco, 2024
Proposta: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar se as edificações habitacionais realizam manutenção nas instalações de prevenção e combate a incêndio e quais são as irregularidades que ocorrem com maior frequência nestas edificações. Método de pesquisa/Abordagens: Inicia-se com a revisão de literatura a respeito do tema, no segundo momento foi realizado buscas dos dados na [empresa A] presencialmente, atendendo a Resolução 510, artigo 1º, parágrafo único, inciso V. Por fim os dados foram analisados, quantificados e apresentados em 2 tabelas e 23 imagens. Resultados: percebe-se que a manutenção de nas instalações de prevenção contra incêndio não é uma prática comum. Das 153 (cento e cinquenta e três) edificações pesquisadas, nenhuma faz manutenção rotineira, 10,45% realizam manutenções preventiva, e 89,55% realizam manutenção corretiva após a ocorrência de algum infortúnio, ou por necessidade de renovação do Auto de Vistoria do Corpo de Bombeiros-AVCB. Contribuições/Originalidade: Esta pesquisa teve como principal contribuição a reflexão sobre a prevenção contra incêndio e pânico, visando auxiliar na redução de risco de incêndio e acidentes nas edificações habitacionais com foco na gestão de manutenção nas instalações de prevenção contra incêndio e na redução das irregularidades das medidas de segurança contra incêndio e pânico. Palavras-chave: Manutenção de edificação; risco de incêndio; prevenção contra incêndio; edificações habitacionais.
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