Dr. Shashikantha Karinka

Climate change is scientifically incontrovertible. What the world urgently needs now are scalable solutions for bending the curve -flattening the upward trajectory of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions and consequent global climate change.

TJPRC, 2013

In general, environment refers to the surroundings of an object. Environmental law is a complex and interlocking body of treaties, conventions, statutes, regulations, and common law that, very broadly, operate to regulate the interaction of humanity and the rest of the biophysical or natural environment, toward the purpose of reducing the impacts of human activity, both on the natural environment and on humanity itself. The topic may be divided into two major subjects: (1) pollution control and remediation, (2) resource conservation and management. Laws dealing with pollution are often media-limited - i.e., pertain only to a single environmental medium, such as air, water (whether surface water, groundwater or oceans), soil, etc. - and control both emissions of pollutants into the medium, as well as liability for exceeding permitted emissions and responsibility for cleanup. India having 18% of the world's population on 2.4% of world's total area has greatly increased the pressure on its natural resources. Water shortages, soil exhaustion and erosion, deforestation, air and water pollution afflicts many areas. India‘s water supply and sanitation issues are related to many environmental issues. Environmental degradation seriously threatens economic and social progress even at the global level. Increasing craze for mega cities and high tower buildings without considering the width of the roads and parking areas have been causing further congestion and damages to the environment thereby degrading the environment much faster than economic growth.

Globalizations, 2019

This paper argues that past research has overlooked how the way problems and solutions are framed contribute to a prevailing gap in the global governance of climate and energy. Empirically, this paper investigates the frames of energy and climate change as expressed in key documents from the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and International Energy Agency (IEA). Partly in contrast to past research, this paper finds (1) that there is a growing similarity in how the IPCC and IEA frame climate and energy; (2) that the IEA has gone from ignoring to acknowledging climate change and the transformation to a low-carbon energy system; and (3) that there is a prevailing difference in emphasis, whereas the IPCC only marginally discuss energy, while the IEA is still mainly talking about energy needs and fossil fuels even if climate change and renewables have entered their agenda.

The Legal Analysis of the Role of Paris Agreement in Development of State Responsibility and Sustainable Practices in International Climate Change Law Analytical Review, 2020

The rapid change in the planetary climate became one of the most relevant challenges for the 21st century.2 Increasing temperature levels are affecting almost all spheres of life and endangering political, economic, social and civil security. In the unstable realities, without proper management, cooperation and implementation of effective solution climate change provokes increased economic struggles, international and local political pressure (threatening peace and security) and puts human rights at a higher risk of violation.3 Urgent actions for climate change adaptation and associated risks mitigation has been declared as the 13th Sustainable Development Goal Agenda for 2030 by the UN General Assembly Resolution.4 At the same time, international law has failed to an effective attribution of responsibility of the states to take action for the sake of adaptation by the Kyoto Protocol. In 2015, during the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris 196 countries signed the Paris Agreement (PA) for keeping the planetary temperature degrees not higher than 2 degrees Celsius.5 The treaty came into force a year later, but has captured attention of researchers due to uneven legal nature and enforceability with regards to the effectiveness of the adoption. This paper describes the elements of concern, issues the presupposition of the PA and argues the aspects of the latest within the system of international climate change law, studies the correlation between the legal mechanisms and efficacy of the PA, compares and challenges the concepts developed within the document in the context of international climate law. Through the analysis of the concepts developed or neglected within the UN Climate Change Framework, the paper discusses the material and procedural state obligations, their practical effects on the situation. Relying on the Republic of Kazakhstan example, paper issues the practical domestic attribution to the state responsibility within the Agreement and compares the existing approaches to the management of climate change in international law. Paper proves the problematic aspects of climate change regulation and for maintaining peace and security, it also offers to provide complex urgent solution put into action, challenging the international law.

International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 2019

Once a wise man said if you want to rule the world, you need to control the energy. After the first discovery of oil and gas most of the producing countries starts to exploit those countries which do not have any nonrenewable resources like oil, gas, coal etc. As we all know need of these resources to generate electricity, produce heat, power life, move objects, and to run heavy machines in the industries for the development of developing countries. the formation of these non-renewables resource is not a one-day process it took so many years to convert fossil into fuel. When the bodies of humans, animal plants are decomposed under the soil bed for so many years and this bed is covered by different layers of soil, then the fossil converts into fuel. This fuel is explored and by refining process it will become petrol, diesel and gas which we are using for different purposes. As we understand that this generation of nonrenewable process is too much long and requires so many years to generate and that is why these resources are very limited and for around 200 years, we are exploiting these resources for our use and now it will come at the point of extinction. That is why we need to shift from nonrenewable to renewable resources.

Published by the Regents of the University of California, 2019

As part of a climate education effort led by UC San Diego climate scientist V. Ramanathan, this textbook explains climate change solutions in a clear and accessible way. The book shows how environmental justice and the environmental humanities are central to confronting climate change. It advocates social movements to push for implementation of the solutions we already have, from policies and market instruments to technologies and ecosystem restoration. This free digital textbook is an open educational resource (OER) published by the Regents of the University of California under a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0). Abstract: Climate change is an urgent problem. Because it is causing new weather extremes and fatal catastrophes, climate change is better termed climate disruption. Bending the curve to flatten the upward trajectory of pollution emissions responsible for climate disruption is essential in order to protect billions of people from this global threat. Education is a key part of the solution. This book lays out ten solutions that together can bend the curve of climate warming below dangerous levels. These solutions fall into six categories: science, societal transformation, governance, economics, technology, and ecosystem management. Four themes emerge from the book: * There is still time to bend the curve. The time to act was yesterday, but if proper actions are taken now, there is still time to avoid disastrous changes. We have to pull on three levers: The carbon lever to achieve zero net emissions of carbon dioxide before 2050; the short-lived climate pollutants lever to drastically reduce concentrations of other major climate pollutants; and the atmospheric carbon extraction lever to remove massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. * Bending the curve will require interdisciplinary solutions. Climate change requires integrating approaches from the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, so this textbook—unlike most on climate change solutions—does just that, with chapters written by experts in climate science, social justice, economics, environmental policy, political science, energy technologies, ecology, and religion. Bending the curve also requires preservation and restoration of ecological systems. * Bending the curve requires a radical shift in attitude. This shift requires change in behavior, change in our attitudes towards each other, and change in our attitude towards nature. Climate justice has to be an integral part of the solution. * Technology, market mechanisms, and policy need to be a part of the solution. New market mechanisms and other policies are required to spur technological innovations and to scale clean technologies globally.

Management and Economics Research Journal

Multilateral arrangements have been a talking thing for decades now. As the globalization process unleashed nations’ potential to converge on matters of concern, there has been a spiraling increase in agreements and arrangements. Climate change is the buzzword in multilateral arrangements now. In the recent past, startling changes in environment have caught the attention of countries, both developed and developing, to take a call of action. The present discourse seeks to understand multilateral arrangements’ itinerary in facing global climate change.

Advances in Geo-Energy Research

Certain gases that are capable of trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere are known as "greenhouse gas" and are important for helping to regulate temperature. Major greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, chlorofluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide. Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide as a combustion product and atmospheric concentrations have increased dramatically over the past two centuries. The heat trapped by this additional greenhouse gas is changing climates, melting ice sheets and glaciers in polar regions, raising sea levels, and affecting ocean currents. Climate change can be mitigated by preventing the emission of additional fossil fuel combustion products to the atmosphere and reducing existing greenhouse gas levels back to pre-industrial revolution concentrations. This requires switching energy production to sustainable, nonfossil sources and applying carbon capture, use, and storage technology on the fossil fuel combustion that remains. The implementation of direct air capture technology to reduce existing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere can further remediate climate impacts. Captured carbon dioxide can be stored in plant tissues, soils, deep underground in geological repositories, or as solid materials like concrete or carbonates to keep it from reentering the atmosphere. Although non-carbon energy sources have recently become more cost-competitive with fossil energy, technological advancements and government policies are still needed to overcome the inherent economic advantages of fossil fuels. A global strategy must be developed to convince people that the higher cost of clean, sustainable energy is a price worth paying to replace fossil fuels and prevent a major environmental calamity.