An Athena Promachos from the acropolis of Sparta

Αη Offirint from Sculpture from Arcadia and Laconia Proceedings of α η international hòΙd at thò Amòrican School of CΙα òòßòα Ι April 10-14, 9Ι 92 conference Studieò at Α theη ò, edited by OIga Palagia and WiIIiam Coulson Oxbow Monograph 30 9 Ι 93 18 Αη Athena Promachos from the Acropolis of Sparta Olga Palagia ryall of the cavea of the by ιhe θ xcavator ßο the lst century A.D. Firsι ιο appear ryere ihe fragments of the so-called Leonidas. The torso, parιs of ttιe cresι of his Corinthian helmet, ýιe left leg, Üιe right foot and α fracÜon of ýιe Ι 25, ιvhile part of rim of his shield \yere excavated ßη 9 his left urm wε § recovered ýε folloιrying year.o The campaign of 1926 revealed the northern remains of Üιe foundaιions of α η archaic building to ιhε south of the Chalkioikos and ιhe reιaiιring Vy'hen Pausanias (3.17.1-3) visited Sparta, he could η ο t coniain his disappointment α t the flatness of the ground ßη what should have been the citadel of α gτ eat ciιy: "The Lakedaimonians", he wroιe, "have η ο acropolis of great height like ιhε Kadmeia at Thebes or Larissa at Argos. There are, ho,wevθ r, loιry hills ßη ιhθ city, and ιhe most promineni is called Üιe acropolis. The sanctuary of Α ιhε η α Poliouchos or Chalkioikos is built here ..."Ι He went ο η τ ο say τ hat ιhe bronze statue of ιhε goddess rvas made by the local sculpιor Gitiadas rryho rryω also responsible for theatre, dated Chalkioikos sanctuary.s These foundations are η ο longer visible. The best part of this building \ryas laιer covered by of the Roman iheatre. The large number ιhε reθ ining α ιγ Ι the bronze reliefs decorating the rryalls of the temple. Giτ iadas is thought ω have been active torvards Üιe end of ιhε 6th century B.C. because of his collaboraÜon with þ ε of Aigina ßη the sancιuary of late archaic sculpior Κ α οΙ η Α ρο οΙ cult statue is recognised ßη α τ Amyklai.2 Giτ iadω ' α coin type issued at Sparta ßη ιhe names of Gallienus and Salonina: it shoιvs α Palladion, spear ßη raised right hand, shield ßη lowered left, legs close togeιher, skirt forming of dedicaÜons to Athena led Woodward tο the conclusion τ hε τ hα ι ßτ ω ο was α sanctuary of Aιhena, ιhough η ο τ Chalkioikos. According to Pausanias (3.17.4), ιhε sanctualy of Aιhena Ergane rvas adjacenι to that of the Chalkioikos.6 Bet,,veen this archaic building and the Chalkioikos sanctuary V/oodward found "several small fragments which must have belonged ω α η archaic Α ιhε η α of barely tιryo-thirds life-size, including drapery Gig. 8), ρα π of α fooi, α Γ ιnger and α snake's head, wiýι open horizontal bands.3 Duτ ing Α . Μ . S/oodward's excavaιrons conducted for ιhε Briτ ish School at Α ýιε η s at ιhε Sparτ an acropolis ßη Ι 26, α varieιy of marble fragmenb came to 1925 and 9 lighτ ßη ιhe area betryeen ihe souιhwest corner of t} ιe peribolos α ιν Ι of ýιε archaic sanctuary Fig. 1. Marble of mouth coloured red, from her aegis. Among reliefmay be menιioned ιwο , fragrnenis from ιhe same α τ ε α each of ιryhich has ρα τ ß of α η Athena-head ßη archaic style Aιhena shield fragment (Α ), Exterior. Sparta Museum 6 Ι 7 Μ 4860. OIga Palagia 6 Ι 8 Fig. 2. Marble shield fragmeιý (Α ), Exterior. Sparta Museum Μ β igs. 2 and 4), one perhaps from α shield of unusually building came two thick secÜon, and from wßιhßη ιhε small pieces of α frieze of lions attacking bulls, ο η rryhich plentiful traces ofcolour (red and blue) had survived. The ferv recognisable archiω ctural marbles, including two of α small comice ν ,ιßth cyma recta, and of antefixes, ρα ιΒ ιν Üι triple fascia, also of Parian marble, α η architraye ß came from rvithin, or jusι ouω ide the west wall of the building, but do notjustify us ßη ascribing them ω it, as small."7 theßτ scale seems ω ο The fragmenω of ιhε so-called Leonidas were promptly Museum ßη Aιhens ßη 1925, ω be taken to ýιe Ν α tßοηα Ι relief fragmenτ s ß η 9 Ι 37.8 The γ το ι refurned ιο Sparta returned to Aýιens, lιyere 1-5), also carried to β igs. Fig. j. Marble shield fτ agment Sparτ a ßη θΙ 69 4860. thanks to the efforts of Angelos Delivorrias.9 The rest of τ hε fragments ßη Parian marble were sτ ored ßη the Sparta Museum along with the potιery αΙ γ from Woodward's ε χ òα ν α ιßοη and undeω cted until they ιvere inyentoried for the Briιish School by Richard Caτ ling traces ßη 9 Ι 92. The pristine surface (with occω ional of colour) of ιhe "Leonidas" and ýιe other sculptured fragments indicates tlιat they could η ο t have stood long above ground: the seyere eailhquakθ of 4Φ B.C. is α possible cause of desrucιion.lo This hypoτ hesis is strengýιened by ιhe fragmentary naiure of ιhe dÝbris. Their findspoi need not associate them rryith the second sanctuary of Athena: they may ryell have rolled downhill from the Chalkioikos precinct. (Α ). n Ι terior. Spafla Museum Μ 4860. Αη Athena Promachos from the Acropolis of Sparta The two relief fragmenω (Α and Β ) carrying '¶ýτ ε η α heads" are ßη fact ρα π of one shield, even ιhough ιheir excavator did not make the associaιion ßη his repoπ (Figs. 1-5)." Two furÜιer fragments, shoιving archaic drapery, make α φ rfect join and rryill be named fragment C (Figs. 6-7). They are of creamy rvhite, coaτ se-grained marble of high quality, probably Parian. Α lÜιough found near the findspot of the fragments of the so-called Leonidas Μ recovered the year before and made of idenτ ical marble, the shield fragments were η ο t connect€ d wiιh ßt by the excavaω r.i2 Not ο η γΙ did the "Leonidas" come wiιh α shield fragment of his own which did not match the nerry finds, but his style rryas also recognized as early classical, rryhile that of the shield fragmenιs is αΙ τ ε archaic. The "Leonidas" is often compared ιryith the ryarriors of ιhe wesι pediment of ιhε ιemple of Aphaia ο η Aigina and daω d c. 480 B.C.13 Ν ο deτ α θ s of ιhe τ τ ο heads ο η ιhe shield like ιhe hα ßτ locks and ihe almond-shaped eyes are echoed eiιher ßη the "Leonidas" himself or ßη the rams' heads ο η his cheek-pieces. This is not the case τ ßιh anoιher shield aπ ibution. If we attempt ιο associate α η fragment from Olympia showing ε ω γΙ classical shield Phrixos ο η Üιe ram to α head of α rryarrior from ýιe same sanctuary, we notice ýιat ιhε patiern of ιhe ram's fleece is repeated ßη the locks of hair oyer Üιe nape of ýιe warrior'S neck.la Judging by its great Üιickness and pronounced curve, fragment Α breaks off just shori of the rim (Figs.1-3).Ι5 tΙ carries relief decoration rryith traces of colour ο η boιh sides. The fragment of α helmeted head ιο right òα η be made ο υ t ο η þ ε convex side. Ο η γΙ ιhε forehead with curls over it and the upper ρα ß of ýιe right eyebrorv surviye. The crest, hanging oyer the forehead, is red, Fig. 4. Marble shieid fτ α gmειt ι 486ο . (Β ), Eπ erior. rryhile the backgτ ound beτ vιeen L69 ßt and the helmet is blue. The ghost of α η inscription, slightly incised, reads from lefι to right before τ hε crest of τ he ]µ Ο Φ Α Μ Α helmeι (Fig. 1).'υ The concave side carries rryhaτ οΙ ο Κ like pointed leaves, painted red (Fig. 3). The qualiιy of Üιe relief here does not match ιhat of τ he exterior and ßτ is not readily inteφ reιed. Woodrryard ιhoughι he could recognize to ρα π of α lion's mane.l7 We ιvould θ χ ρε òτ, however, find superimposed tufts of hair as, for example, ßη Themis' ß Ι οη ο η the noπ h frieze of the Siphnian treasury ßη Delphi and ßη ß Ι οη head water spouts, as, for example, those of the archaic Arτ emision at Ephesos.l8 The appearance of α large-scale ß Ι οη head ßη α shield interior would be rather unusual ßη ιhe archaic period, though there are insθ nces of marine monsters and other animals decoraτ ing shield inτ eriors ßη αΙ τ ε Sτ h-cennrry Α τ ßò vasepainting. Painτ ed shield interiors ß ιτ Üι figural represeniations ßη the 4τ h century appΦ r ο η ιhe Alexander sarcophagus ßη Istanbul.'g Ο η presenι evidence, eittιer α floral ornament or α keω s seem ßο be the mosι likely inEφ retation of this part of our shield.Τ The flatness of fragmenι Β β igs. 4-5) indicates ýια ι it came from nearer τ he centre of τ he shield.2l The exterior carries part of α female head ω lefι, wearing α disc earring and α helmeτ similar to ιhα ι ο η fragment Α . Its crest is more elaboraτ e, placed further back and exτ ending beyond the rear of the cap. Her eye is almond-shaped arιd she hω snail-shell cuτ ls over the forehead, longer curls falling ßη fronτ of ιhε ear. The inside too (Fig. 5) has relief decoration which is as obscure as thα ι of fragment Α (Fig. 3). The botω m end is smooth, while þ ε ω ρ has almond-shaped protrusions separaιed by α flat area, and there is α rryayed relief ß Ιηε η εα τ the ω ρ edge. The relief Fig. 5. Marblò shield fragmeπ Sparta Museuιn Μ 4860. (Β ), Irýerior. Spaιta Museum ι70 Olga Palagia liη e was seen by Woodward as α lock of hair.z2 Further traces of relief decoration, η ο t easily inιeφ reted, survive at the other end. The undulaιing ground, covered wiιh rasp marks, gives ιhe impression of animal flesh, tΙ may more likely Üιε dedicant's namθ .6 But ihe inscription can name Üιe figure, and Hippophama, t} ιe Doric form of ο η γΙ Hippopheme, is α reasonable name for α η Amazon, Apart be possible tο recognise here ρα τ ι of α η animal's anatomy (horse ?). Α shield rryiih α η interior animal frieze running SÜι-cenτ ury along ιhe edge is held by Athena ο η the αΙ ιε Laconian.27 The atpha α η d Α òιιß from the Menelaion.29 The advanced form and regulariιy of the leiters need not suφ rise us, parιicularly ßη α painted inscription. Jeffery's Louvre S 6Ι 77.23 red-figure neck amphora ßη ιhε Fragment C Θ igs. 6_7) is slightly convex and ßω ßι ιherefore comes thickness is comparable ßο thai of Β , from arι adjacent secιion of the shield.Χ The exιerior shows ιhe left edge of ιhe pendent zig-zag folds of α diagonal himaιion carrying traces of red ο η ιhe borders. Α relief band, approximately 0.0208 m wide, presumably the shield-band, runs along the interior against α red background covered with rasp marks β ig. 7). by Among ιhε fragmenΒ ßη Parian marble α τ τ ßbυ τ ε d ihe excavalor tο α η under life-size Aιhena, ýe drapery fragment Sparta Museum Μ 4875δ β igs. 8-9) and the finger Μ 4875 are of identical marble as ths shield fragmenis A-C and may rvell be associated ιyith it. Their to α Statue of scale, ho,wever, indicates ιhα t ιhε γ belonged heroic size. The small snake head Μ 4873 attributed by V/oodward to Aιhena's aegis, is of Parian marble of gτ eyish colour vιith finer grains and may η ο ι belong. The fragment Figs. 8-9 is part of α himaιion wiιh ýιe ghost of paint ο η ihe borders. Its bο tιο m is smooιh and ιhe rear carries drill holes indicating ýιat ýιis section of ιhε drapery was pendent Θ ie. 9). The inscripιion ο η fragmeni Α can ο η γΙ be resιored or more likely Η ]Ι Π Ο Φ Α Μ Α ig. 1). € ι is surely π ο t α dεα ι.Ι The phi is ο ρε η ο η the left but ß Woodward read Η ]ΙΠ Ο ΔΑ Μ tΑ Σ and thought ýιat it wω Η ΠΙ ]Γ _ΙΟ Φ Α Μ Α Fig. 6. Marble shield fτ agmeπ Μ 4860. from α barely disýnguished ρß, ιhε letter-forms are mu are comparable ßο the base dedicated by ιhe Lakedaimonians to Zeus at Olympia, Olympia Museum 43+ 510;Σ limesione stele inscribed Ε Λ Ε Φ Α Σ the α ρ Ι αΙ recalls the cautionary remarks spring to the mind: "Laconian inscripions are ιhus particularly difficult to date by thε ßτ presenιing ω ιhey do α deceptive mixture of forms normally considered as advanced (ω the alpha α dτ ι ι)τ ι with o(hers ryhich, normally hall-marks of the archaic period ... are sιill ßη use ßη ιhε fifth century for formal inscripιions."3o The name Hippopheme is not attesιed elserryhere.3l We tlιus gain α woman's name ν viιh horsy connoiations and the helmet indicates that she is α η Amazon. Previously knorvn names of Amazons with equine rooω include Η ßρρο , Hippolyte, Hippomache, Hipponike and Xanιhippe: α Ι named examples date from ιhε late 6ttι and 5ιh centuries and despite thε ßτ names, η ο t everyone is mounted.32 The evidence of helmeω , name and eaπ ing suggests that \ile ßιrε dealing with Amazons. Their helmets are of Ε ω t Greek (ο η ßαη) τ ype, distinguished by α high forehead piece, α ridge running along the length of the helmet and ending ßη α recιangular projecιion, and α high cresι. The usual cheek-pieces are absent here. East Greek head vases of ýιe letιer-forms α lο η ε , 6th century provide ιhε closesι parallels.33 ηΙ archaic Laconia Ε ω t Greek helmeΒ are frequently worn by small bronzes,Y ιryhile ο η (C), Eπ erior, Sparta Museum Laconian black-figure cups þ ey can be Fig. 7. Marble òhßòΙd fτ α gmε π Μ 4860. (C). ý Ι erior. Spaιta Museum Αη donned by Athena Promachos from the Acropolis of Sparta or Achθ les α t Üιθ ambush of ßη marble comprise ihe statue of α Amazons3s Troilos.36 Examples waπ ior from Samos ßη Berlin of ò. 520 B.C., rryell-known for ßκ affiniιies ω αΙ òο η ßαη small bronzes, and α fragmenι of Üιe sima frieze of Üιe archaic Atemision of Epheω s ßη the BriÜsh Museum, dated to 51µ 480 B.C.3? Enough remains of fragmenιs Β € ig. 4) and C Θ ig. 6) ιο shory that they belong to ihe late archaic period, datable c. 510-490 B.C. Amond-shaped eyes become The widespread ßη the last quarter of ιhe 6th òε η τ υ τ γ .38 slightly bluτ ed, painterly style of Fig. 4 is reminiscent of workshop from the ihe friezes atΕ ibuted ßο α η οΙ η ßαη treasury of Massalia at Delphi, dating from the last decade of the 6th century.39 The ryaved locks falling before the ear and ιhe disc eaπ ing are close to α female figure from the souÜι frieze of the Siphnian treasury, also at Delphi.ao The hairstyle, ßη parιicular, is also found ßη τ ι ßsßοη of Ephesos and the archaic sima frieze of ιhe Α ε m οη AtÜc red-figure vases painted by the Pioneers.al Among late archaic sculptures ßη Parian marble of suggested East Greek origin from the Aιhenian Acropolis, τ hε almond-shaped eyes, disc earrings and snail-shell cuτ ls oyer ιhε forehead can be paralleled ßη ιhe head of the Kore Acropolis Museum 660,α 2 ιvhile the curls and earrings are similar to the Kore Acropolis Museum 682.α 3 The diagonal himaιion ο η fragment C Gig. 6) is of α late archaic type comparable ω Aιhena's from the grganr omachy pediment of ιhe Old Temple of Aιhena ο η ιhe Α τ hε η ßαη Acropolise and ω the archaic sima frieze of the Arιemision of Ephesos.as The fact τ hα t the zig-zag folds do not fall ßη tιryo rows indicaιes α figure ßη profile to right, similar tο Aýιena ο η Acropolis Museum 58l.α 6 the late archaic relief If we try to reconstrucι ιhe shield, fragment Α (Fig, 2) musι be placed ßη ýιe εΙ f ι upφ r side, Β (Frg. 4) ßη ιhε botiom right-hand side and C (Fig. 6) ßη Üιe cenre under the blazon. The Amazons (Α and Β ) face each oýιer from opposiιe ends of ýιe shield but ale arranged ßη ιwo Üers. The figure ιryiιh ýιe Üiagonal hßmα ιßοη ο η C is α yroman but η ο Amazon. She is mosι likely Aιhena, whose presence ßη late archaic Amazonomachies is η ο t suφ rising: she òα η Fig. 8. FragmerιI | 71 encourage her usual proÝgÝ, Heraklesf or atiend Theseus' of Α η τ ßορε .α 8 The facι ýια τ she sτ ands close τ ο þ ε cenEθ of ιhε composiιion suggesB α scene more α Κ ßη tο ιhe rape ýιan to the usual Amazonomachies ιvith Herakles. Not enough remains, horryever, ýο allorry ε ν θ η α hypotheÜcal reconstrucιion. Ν ο more ιhα η tlree figures could be restored rape ßη each register. The height of Üιe head ο η fragment Β (0.06 m) suggesΒ that each Γ ιgure rvas c. 0.40 m high, therefore ιhe diameter of the shield could not have been less than 1.20 m ßο α οΙ ιν room for Üιe blazon. Life-size hoplite shields are normally about 1.0 m ßη diameβ r.a9 Whether the blazon had α gorgoneion belongs enιirely ßη ýιe realm of φ eculaÜon. The size of the shield suggesΒ α minimum height of 2.0 Although \τ ε ale unable m for the figure holding ßτ. ω interpret the reliefs ο η ýιe interior with α η γ certainty, α floral ornament or α marine monsιer near ttιe ω ρ rim and α η animal lower dorryn are not impossible. Enough remains at α η γ raω ω suggest þ α t ιhε interior ω ιτ visible and ιherefore Üιe shield wω held away from the body. The background of the shield exterior rryas blue; ιhε reliefs ο η boιh sides ryere coloured. ρα ßηdιε Suφ rising though ßι may seem, α η Amazonomachy ßη α Spartan context of ιhε archaic period is rather unusual. Α Laconian cup ßη the ν ßαΙ Giulia of the late second quaIter of the 6ιh century wiιh Herakles pursuing α pair of Amazons is the ο η γΙ oýιer example.so According ßο α local legend repoied by Pausanias (3.25,3), the Amazons invaded south Laconia bυ ι ιheir advance rvas checked at ιhe sanctuary of Aπ emis Asιrateia at Pyrrhichos, Α sanctuary of Α ρο οΙ Amazonios lrvas nearby. Ν ο representaιions of ιhis local episode have been recognized, and it is pointless ω speculaιe rryheτ her ßι ιryas inτ ended ο η ιhe shield. The οΙ η ßαη connection, ο η the other hand, is deω cted ßη several aspecΒ of archaic Laconian poeΕ y, music and arτ , including vase-painιing.sl Theodoros of Samos built the Skiω as α meeting place ßη the Agora of Sparta.s2 The mosι famous instance of α η Ε α sτ Greek sculpιor active ßη Spaπ ,a is Baιhykles of Magnesia, responsible for ιhe creaιion of τ he throne of Α ρο οΙ αι Amyklai ßη ιhε mid 6τ h cenτ ury.s3 The Laconian εΙτ -ι forms ο η fragmeni Α (Fig. 2) need η ο t indicaιe ýιe origin of drapery. Sparta Museum Μ 4875. Olga Palagia | 72 since they were probably made by α local of ιhε sculpω r letierer. This was common praciice ßη other areas: AιÜca and Delphi spring ω Üιe mind.sa τΙ is nory impossible to decide rryhether our sculptor was α local man trained ßη α η οΙ η ßαη vlorkshop or α η itinerani mi§ιer. His rryork remains by ιhe Aιhena of the west pediment of ιhε to the unique for Laconia but ιhis may be due ο η γΙ accidents of survival. The use of high quality island by the "Leonidas" marble ßη Laconia is attested not ο η γΙ and the sculptural and architectural dübris found by Woodrvard ο η the acropolis, buι also by ihe staiuetιe of α from Kyihera, AÜιens National Museum 5255.55 ß Ι οη The similariÜes ßη scale and marble betrveen the shield fragments Α and Β and the "Leonidas" prompted Delivorriω tο associate ιhem.56 } Iaving noιiced þ α t "Leonidas"' lefι profile is summarily execuied, he did not give him the shield. Β γ dividing υ ρ his fragments he ryas able ω suggest Üιat the ryarrior was part of α group of fighτ ers and thα τ ιhε shield belonged to α τ hird figure, perhaps Aitιena, ßη ιhε middle. We have already noted, however, ttιat the style of þ e shield belongs to the stα tυ θ previous generaýon.s7 There is η ο shortage of marble statues holding decorated shields ßη ýιis period. Athough the eyidence is highly fragmenθ ry, examples range from τ he miniaιure to are of first-rate quality, made of island ihe colossal. Α Ι marble, and date from c. 50µ 95 B.C. They α Ι belong to Statues of Athena, The smallest comθ S from the Aτ henian Acropolis, preserving part of the gorgoneion ßη of τ hε blazon rryiιh Aιhena's arm ο η τ he inside.s8 ΡΙε η τ γ colour survives both inside and out. For α Ι its small scale, the figure wω pieced. The care lavished ο η the interior Suggests ιhat ßt rryas yisible, with the shield presumably held α α ιν γ from the side and ιherefore probably belonging tο α Promachos type. The gorgoneion recalls α similar shield blazon of Α ιhε η α οη Euphronios ßη Munich.sg Attic red-figure cup by αη Over life-size fragments of α η Α þ εη α ßη òhßωη and diagonal himation, holding her shield before her, rvere found ßη the Agora of the ltalians ο η Delos. She formed Leto, Artemis, Zeus and α voiive gτ ο υ ρ wßιh Α ρο οΙ , Hera.60 Marcadü resω res Üιe goddess ßη α pose inspired Fig. 9. Fτ α gmειι ι temple of ιvith the rim survivθ s, carrying α relief band of fragmenιary animals and monsters, lions, griffins, and ιhε fish tα ßΙ of α Τ τ ßτοη.62 Aphaia.6l Part of ιhε shield More impressive by sheer size is the fragmentary of At} ιena from the sanctuary of Athena honaia at Delphi.63 It is approximately ιιvice life-size and rryas hacked to pieces ßη antiquity. She rvore α helmet, held α shield emblazoned τ γ ßth α gorgoneion ßη her left hand and was striding, left foot forιvard, being presumably of the homachos ρε ιγ . She w.§ accompanied by α colossal snake α ß her side. It is unceriain ryhether this wω the colossal cult statue seen by Pausanias (Ι0.8.6) ßη the 4thcθ ntury temple of Athena Pronaia, possibly represented ο η 2nd-century A.D. coins of Delphi.e Α fragment of the shield ιryith ιhe gorgoneion and Athena's arm, arm-band reverse offers α mε ߧιτ τ θ of the size of and drapery ο η ýιe ιhe statue. Her sleeve or perhaps her diagonal himation falls along ýιe inside of τ hε shield, ßτs original surface indicaιion norry broken. This deail may be taken as α η The visible inιerior \ryas ω the spectator. τ haι τ hßs ωο Delphi example is the largest ßη α series of monumental marble sΕ tues of AÜιena homachos ßη the late 6Üι and instances include fragments of early 5τ h centuries. Ο τ hε τ from Paros, Paros Museum 91, statue α η early clω sical and α η acrolithic sθ tue ßη ýιe ιemple of Aphaia.65 Compaτ ed wßιh the fragmenω of τ hε other marble shields ,rye have examined so far, the Spartan example siands out for the quality of its rryorkmanship and the inscribed freeoriginality of ßω design. tΙ is also the ο η γΙ sθ nding marble shield known at present.þ If our tentaiive restoration of α η Amazonomachy ßη two ιegisiers is correct, τ ν e ßeιτ dealing wiιh α complex composition, α κ ßη to painτ ing. The shield clearly belonged ιο α η excepÜonal eiιher to α statue of Athena. The raised shield ρο ßηω Promachos type or ω α Palladion, reminiscent of Gitiadas' Aιhena as reproduced ßη Roman coin types. If ιhe statue it could originally came from the Chalkioikos sα η òtιffγ , ο η γΙ have been ν ο ιßνε, since Pausanias says thai the cult ι statue by Giιiadω rryω of bronze. Iξ ο η the other hand, ß belonged to ihe oτ her sancιuary, it mighτ well haye been of drapery (rear). Sparta Museum Μ 4875. α cult sιatue. The Amazonomachy ο η the shield hω η ο parallels ßη this period but need not suφ rise us. Aιhena's ßη ιhe scene is reminisceni of ιhε òε η trα Ι ρο sßτßοη pedimenτ ιyiιh τ he raφ of Α η τ ßορε from ιhe òο η τ ε mρο π τ γ Daphnephoros α ß Ereιria.67 Α ρο ο Ι τ emple of The most famous later example, hiÜιerto thought to be ιhε Amazonomachy ο η earliesξ of α η the exterior of Athena's shield, is of course Pheidias' siatue of Athena Parthenos ßη the Parthenon.oE Α late archaic sθ ιue of Εω ι Greek artist, is now shorryn to Sparia's Aýιena, by α η ParÜιenos. prerursor of the be α Acknolvledgements the Truslees of the BriÜsh School at Aτ hens for permission ω publish τ hε fragmenω Sρα τ α Ι am grateful ιο Museum Μ 48Φ and Μ 7 Ι 3 Promachos from the Acropolis of Sparta Α η Α υ ηιΙ α 4875 from Woodryard's excavaÜon and for access to Beazley's leιtβ r l. For facθ itaÜng research ßη reserve thank Theodoros Spyropoulos α η d Stella Raftopoulou (Sparta Museum); Xeni Arapoyanni and (Olympia Museum); εΙ α Β α Κ ο οΙ υ Κ α , Olympia ν ßΚαυιο (Ι926-27) 254 η . Ι coΠ ections Eirene Goura (Delphi Museum); Rosina Κ ο οΙ η ßα and Ismene TrianÜ and Chτ istina Vlω sopoulou (Acropolis Museum); Olga Tzachou-Alexandri and Rosa Proskynito(Athens National Museum). Thanks arθ due to ρο υ οΙ υ Eugene Ladopoulos for the join of fragment C. For advice Ι am grateful to and informaÜon ο η various ρο ßηκ Biers, John Boardman, Richard Caιling, William Wθ ß Ιαm Coulson, Katerina Despoini, Petros Kalligas, David Lervis I am indebted ω Angelos Delivorriω for the photos Figs. 2-5. Α Ι other phoω s are by Üιe author. and Geoffrey rθ ayrvell. Notes Ι For the excavaýons α t ýe sanctuary see G. Dickins, "Ε χ òα γ α ιßοηs at Sparta, ΦΙ 7. The Hieraι of Aýena Chalkioikos", BSA 3Ι 2 Paus. 3.13.7. Ε , Walter-Karydi, Die Aegineιbclu Bildlauε rschule, (ι906/Φ ) Iconography of Pollitt, Τ } ε (Μ α ßηΖ ttυ Sinh Α τι Μ . Ρßρßß Ι, Ι -Ι8; 9 Ι 87) 3 Cε η tιιτ γ of Ancieπ (Cambridge | 9φ ) 3 S, Sιιιdßεπ ι37-54. ,Ι 2 Α -ΑιΙ ε gßιια Laconiaπ 4 Ι Ι 87) 80; J. J. Β ,C. (Oxford 9 Dο òιυ π ιν Ι Greece: Souιces α ιιd 24| . See also ρ. 269. Grunauer-von Hoenchelmann, Diι 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ι 12 Α . Μ . Woodrryard, "Excavations at Sparta, 9Ι 24-28ι Π . Votive Inscriptions from ιhε Acropolis", Β §Α 30 (Ι928-30) 253-4, fig.8. "Leonidas", Sparιa Museum 3365 (ex Aιhens Ν α ιßοηα Ι Museum 36Ι3). Ο η its discovery see Α . Μ . Woodιryard, "Excavaιions α ι Ι 24-25. The Acropolis.", BSA 26 (| 923| δ ) 249-66, pls. Sparta, 9 commorιly described as Ρα ιßαη. l8J0. The marble is of ιhε ρειγ For α suggesιion thα ι ßι comes from α Tainaron quarry see F. Α , Cooper, "The Quaπ ies of Mount Taygeιos ßη ιhε Peloponnesos, Greece" ßη Ν . Herz and Μ . Waelkerιs, eds., CΙassical Marble: Ι 988) Τ e c hnol ogy, Trade (Dordrechι/Bosιon/lpndon G e ο c hc mb ,ιτ 74. 3 Ι ýε ßη 9Ι 25: ιτ ý Fragment of α shield rim found ß 0.005 m. Woodιyard, BSA 26 (Ι9¸ -26) ¸ 8, ιhickness, 0.0Ι6 fιg. 4α ; B:Β r 7º 6β , rLg. 7 , For ýε "lε onidas" see also Β rB τ 77 6-8. ßη arclaischenZeiι (diss. υ . HÝfner, Dα ò Kιrzsιsclaffen Inkorιiens langlotz, Ι 0-7; Ε . Miinster 9 Ι 65) 67;Ι63; Κ ο ρρÝs (supra η . 8) 0 - ΨΙ 5) 1Φ ; υ . Λ 7 atιribuω d ιο ψ αß ιτ ο τ head Olympia Museum Λ 6. Possibly Parian marble but thoughι to be fran Doliana by Α . Ι 3, ρl. 5Ι,4. This head, along CοeιιΖ α ρ, LangJotz (supra η . 13) 4 wiý α simθ ar piece, Olympia Museum Λ 8, aιe ofteιr canpared ω their quality by α η γ the º ε ο ß ιyhictι does η ο t mα ιòh τ ι dα s" ΠΙ @erlin 8Ι 97) 29-30, fie. α standaτ ds. See also G. Treu, Ο γΙ ψ ß .Ι α Κ ε dεα τιιßßιιιο 4 Kwlσ l (Μ α ßΖ τ ι Ζ ιιτ ιιorþ slgriechischeιι Hausmann, ed,, Der Tiibinger WaffenlÜufer (fiibingen | 97º ) | 12; his Collaboraιors (I-ei&n | 98'Ι) Masιer α ιιd J. Dürig, The Ο γΙ mρßα 20, pls. 5J,8,9,1Ι,4 Ι . The attribution has ofιen been suggested: shield fragment O,lympia Museum Miinzprügιng dε r (Berlin 9 Ι 3-4; 9 Ι 6, pls. 28, LVI,6; 29, LVΠ , Ι 78) 0 ιhε Arclnic Period 2 (London -Ι 3; J. Boardman , Greek SòιιΙρtιιε : 9 Ι 9Ι) fig.l25; UMC Π (Ι984) s.v. Athena η ο . Φ (Ρ. Devambez). also found α ι ιhe Α bronzε figurine of Athena Promachos ω ιν 5 Ι 89Þ Η , G. Spartan acropolis: Aýens Ν α ιßοηα Ι lvΙuseum Ι ω ) 6Ι, figs. l7-Ι8, ρl. 5. Niemeyer, Promaclos (Waldsassen 9 Α . Μ . Woodιvard, "Excavaιions α ι Spana, | 924-25", BSA 26 (| 923-¸ ) 249-«, ρl. l7; ßÜ, "Excavatiσ rrs at Sparta. The Acropolis, | 926-η ", Β SA 28 (| 926-2'1) α 5, ρl. 5. Woodιvard, BSA28 (1926-η ) 3943,ý.5. ß ιν th Þe sanctuary of The archaic building is taιtaιively idε rιιified Aιhena Ergane by C. Μ . Sιibbe, "Beobachtungen Ζ υ τ Topographie Sparta", BABesch 64 (Ι989) 94, fig. 30. des aιιιiken Woodιryard, BSA 28 (| 926-Þ) 45. \Moodlyard, BSA '2,6 (| θ 23-25) 258 η . l ; Γ . KoppÝs, º Ü µ ε τ Ü ('Α θ Þν α ι 9 Ι 70) 1ω , κ ρÜν η κ ριþ ν κ εφ α λ þ ν ArclDelι 24 Β Ι (Ι% 9) | 32,3, pls. t24-5. Α . Δε λ η β ο ρ9ιÜs, see BrBr 77618 Θ . For specιrlatiaι ο ιτ the causes of dε sυ ιτ òιßσιι Ι 6. Riemann) and KoppÝs (supra η .8) 0 to \Moodrryard dated 18 October, 1930, mentioned ßη BSA 28 79; Α . Mallu,itz and Η . ν . Helτ marιn, eds., (Athens 9 Ι 8-9, ρl. 96; WalterΙ 80) 3 Ο γΙ mρßι Ι ) 20, pls. 3, 43, figs. 43-6; D,iirig (supra η , 3 τι Karydi (supra .2) 4,6, 0 Ι , 2Ι α . Sparta Museum Μ 48ω . Thickness ranges from 0.045 ω 0.06 m. heighι, 0.06 m. Rasp marks α τ ε visible ο ιτ lhe convex side. Μ α χ . 30, ρl. Π, Die Fιιιιdε 5 Ι Μ α χ. 1-4; BrBr α ιυ height of helma, 0.032 m. Woodιyard, length, 0.16 m. Μ α χ . (supra η . 9) 132-3, (Ι 928-3 0) 2534, fig, 8; Δε λ η β ο ρριÜs 8SA 30 6 Ι 17 Ι 8 ρl. l24. Height of letω rs, 0,05 m. Woodψ ard (supra η , 5 Ι ). Siphnian treasury: F, Willemsen, D ie lθ weιιIω pf,Wasserspeier vom (Berlin 9 Ι 59) ρl. 1; ν . Dach dε s Zeιιsiempels, OlForsch νΙ Friesen des SiphnierBrinknann, "Namensbeinschrifω n α η (Ι985) O Ν 7Ι . Ephesos lyator spouts: Ι ,Ι schatztιauses", BCH | Φ Μ . Mertens-Hom, Die Invvenkopf,Wasserspeier dιs gr iechisc hen Westens im 6, ιη d ρl. l2a-b. 9 Ι Cf. Attic BeaΛ ey 5. αΙ hτ hυ ιιdε τ ι ν . Chr., RM-BH 28, (Ι988) 47, red-figure pelike, Aιhens National Museum 3Ι 33, , ARV | 33'l ,8; Addennaι 3«; l. Boardman, Α ιhε η ßαη Red 9 Ι 89) fig. 326. Classical Period (Ι-α π Üσ ι Graeve, Der Alemndcr,sarl< oplng Alexander sarcφ hagus, ν . ν ο η Fßgιιτε 20 2| Vases: ιhε (Berlin 9 Ι , pls. 69,2; 70,Ι,3; Ι 70) ΦΙ -7; 5 Wε τ Κ sια ιι υ ιιd sε ßιιε 7Ι,3,,72,3. Interior of shield decorated with ιendrils and palmettes: late 5thcenιury Α ω ßò red-figure loutrophoros, Amsιerdam, Allard Piersaι Ι 39,4; AddendÜ 367; Boardmπ ι Museum 2414, Beazley, ARV 3 (supra η . 19) fig. 325. height, 0.063 Sparta Museum Μ 4860. Thickness, 0.028 m. Μ α χ . m. Μ α χ . lengý, 0.Φ m. Height of head, 0.06 m. Height of helmet, of helmet, 0.06 m, Woodrrard (supra η .l5); 0.034 m. lε η gÜι (supra η . 9) l32-j, ρl. lδ ; langlotz (supra η . 13) Δε λ η β ο ρριÜs Τ τ g, | 24, 142, ρl. 5Ι,2; Boardman (supra η . ' 7 Ι 4 OIga Palagia 22 23 Woodιyard, BSA 30 (Ι92ν 30) 2S4, BeaΛ ey, ARV | 344j; Addendι2 367; Boardman (supra η . 19) fig. 24 329,3. Sparta Museum Μ 48Φ . Thickness τ anges fran 0.023 ιο Μ α χ. heighι, 0.08 m. Μ α χ . length,0.06 m. 25 Μ α χ. heighι, 0.065 m. Μ α χ . ιridιh, 34) 292-3, ρl. 26,| ; base Athens Ν α ιßαιαΙ Boardman, fßg. 24l; base Atheιιs Ν α ιßοηα Ι 0.032 m. 0.145 m. Μ α χ . Woodrryard (supra η . l5). See also,SEG Χ ,Ι 658. ýickness, I could ηα see ýe ßοη. 27 L.H. 28 29 30 31 32 39 e Ι ffery,The Local Scripk of Arctaic Greece2 (Ο Τ ο τ d 9 Ι 9| ) 8 Ι 3-2Φ ; 446-8; Τ . Α . Boring, Liιeracy ßη Ancieπ Sρα α τ ι, (òα t. of inscriptions), Mnemoslιne Suφ l. 54 (Ι979) 98-Ι2 Ι Jeffery (supra η , Τ ) | 96;20Ι, η ο . 49,ρ| .3º , ò.500 - 490 B,C, Α . Μ . Woodlyard, "Excavaιions α ι Sparta, 9 Ι 09", BSA 5 Ι (Ι908/Φ ) 86, η ο . 89; Boring (supra π .27) 1Ο 2, η ο . 37. l,aιe 6ιh century B.C. Jeffery (supra η , ¹ ) 8 Ι 7. Not lisιed ßη F. Domseiff arιd Β . Hansen, Riic Η Üυ fιgòò Wüτε τ b ι hιιτ (Berrin 9 der griechischeιι Ε ßgε η τ η ν ιιυ Ι 57). (Oxford 9 D. ν ο η Boιhmer, Amazons ßιιGreek Α τ ι Ι 57) 234 (index of names); L/MC Ι (198Ι) s.v. Amazorιes ρ. 653 Ρ. Devambez and Α . Kauffmann-Samaras). Α òιιß red-figure vase-painιings: } /φ ρο , cup, Briιish Museum Ε 45, Boιhmer, 3 Ι 2, η ο . 8, ρl. 69,4; Beadey, Α RΙΙ 3Ι6,8; Addeιula2 2| 4; LIMC Ι s,V. Amazorιes η ο . 67. Η ßρρο γΙ ιò, α ) cup, Briιish Museum Ε 45 (see above, ν η dòτ Η ßρρο ); b) dinos, Briτ ish Museum | 899;Ι--21.5, Bothmer, 6 Ι 2, η ο . 12, ρl. ARιP | Ο 52,29ß Aclιlenda2 322 LIMC Ι s.V. Amazones η ο . 233; ò) squat lekythos, Neιv York, Μ τ οε ι ρο ß Ι ια η Museum of Art 3 l. l l. 13, Bothmer, Ι 62, η ο . 15, ρl. 77,| ; BeaΔey, ARV 1248,9; AddendΔz 3$; Π MC Ι s.v. Amazones η ο .242; d) squat lekytho§, Boston, Museum of Fine Aπ s 95.48, Boιhmer, 7 Ι 7, η ο . 30, ρΙ, 71,6;BeaΛ ey, ARV | 248,2ι Α ddιη Δ Ι 2 353; LIMC Is.V. Amamnes η ο . 2Φ ; e) neck-amphora, Chantilly, MusÝe CaιdÝ, º º ,2; BeaΔey, Boιhmer,l82, η ο . 68, ρl. 80,4; Beazley, ARV |Ι 76,25; ΜΙ C 33 34 35 36 37 724. Hipponikc,neck-amphora, once Naples, Boιhmer, 3 Ι 3, η ο . 19; Beazley, ARV 653,2; UMC Ι s.v. Amazones η ο . 88. Xanthippe, cup, Paris, Cabinet des MÝdailles 535+ 699, Bothmer, 132, η ο .9; Beazley, /RIl 9 Ι ,Ι 0 Ι 3; Add4nda2 8 Ι 9; Π MC Ι s.v. Amazpnes η ο . 84. For ιhe East Greek helmet see Α . Μ . Snodgrass, Arrru α ιιd Armour of ιhε Greeks Q-ondon | 967) 65-6; Κ . Η . Edrich, Der ioniscfu 1Jaln (diss. Güπ ingen 9 Ι 69); R. Μ . Cω Κ ,CΙα Ζ ο ιη ε η ßαη Sarcoplagi (Μ α ßηΖ 9 Ι 8Ι) 2Ι 3 π .99: W. R, Biers, "Α Helmeted σΙ ια η ",JWα ιΙ 42Ι43 (Ι984Ι85) 2-5. Iorιian helmets are also wom by warrioπ ο ιι Phrygian architeotural terracotθ s of the fhst half of ýe 5ι} ι cenιury: Α . λ kestrti,rn, D ie α τ òhßιò konischen Terrakoιten Κ εΙ l'η α òjε η ò (Lund 9 Ι 66) 6 Ι 8-89, ρl. 95; F. Prayon, P/ιrygσ clv ΡΙα sιßΚ (Iýbingen 1987)222, Caι 206, ρΙ, 38f. B.g. α ιν ßιτ ο τ , Olympia Museum Β 68ω , Μ . Herfort-Koch, Arclιιbchι Bronzeplasιik ,Ι α Κ ο ε ηιιßs, Boreas - Β Ε 4 (Miinster 9 Ι 86) 5 Ι , Κ 2 Ι 7, ρl. 18,1-3; J. Π oren, Die geomòtrbcln υ ιιd arclabche ΡΙα sιßΚ, Hd.A Ι (Munich | 987) 224, ρl. l8,5. Α ιhε η α , Louvre Br 4 Ι 5, Ρßρßß Ι (supra η . 2) 44 5, cat | 23,Γ ιg.66, ν ßαΙ Giulia, Boιhmer (supra η . 32) 5 Ι , η ο . 12; LIMC Ι s.v. Amazones η ο . 2; Ρßρßß Ι (supra η . 2) 5-:Ι, òα ι.14, fig. 9. Ρßρßß Ι (supra η . 2) Π -30, figs. 4Ι-3. Samos ιryarrior: Berlin, Pergamon-Museum | º 52, C. Blýmel, Dιe arclabch griechischen SΚ ιι!ριυ τ ε η der Sια ß ο ιΙ òΙν η Museen Ζ υ Bε rlιa (Berlin 9Ι 63) η ο . 39, figs. lΙ2-Ι5; Boardman (supra η . 3) fig. 176; Boren (supra η .3Ι) Ephesos frieze: Briιish Museum Β 7 Ι 3, F. Ν . Pryce, Calaloguε of SòιιΙριυτ ε ,Ι Ι (Lorιdσ rι 1928) 77, fig. l02. For ýe dalΘ see C, Α . Ρßþ η , «The Scιilpιures of the Aτ chaic Temple of Artemis α ι Ephesos", Π ρα κ τ Ü ι το υ ΧΙ δ θ ιε ν ο ýò 3 8 σ υ ν ε δ ρßου κ λ α σ Þò ικ 355, ρ1.3Ι,l. Α ρχ α λιο ο γ ßαò 3 (Α θ Þν α 9 Ι 88) 224. ηΙ relief sculpιure compare the grave relief from Anavyssos, Aýens Natiaιal Museum 4472, Boardman (supra η . 3) fig. Β 7; Β . Schmalιη 40 4L 42 43 44 45 46 4,I Griechbche GrabreliÞs (Darmsιadt 9 Ι 83) ρl. 3,Ι; sιele Museum 3476, fig.242; vaive relief of Α ιhε η α homachos, Acropolis Museum 2 Ι ,Ι W.-H. Schuchhardt ßη Η . Schrader, ed,, Die arclnbchòn MarmorbiWwòrkι der Α σΙ ο ρο b (Frankfιlrt 9 Ι Ι 39) 305, η ο . 425, fig. 35Q G. Neumann, Probleme des griechischen Weihreliefs (Γ ýbßηgε η 9 Ι º 9)25, Ρl. l4b. Langlotz (supra η . 13) 45-58, pls. 8-Ι2; Gυ ßdε dò Detplus: le MusÝe φ α ßs 9 Ι 9Ι) 49-5Ι, Μ . Th. Hanolle, FdD νΙ (Paris 9 Ι 09) 2 Ι 4, ρl. Κ l Arternision of Ephesos: Pryce (supra η , 37) Β 9 Ι 4 and 9 Ι 5, figs. 1 Ι 9-20; Β 2Ι5, fig. l32. Piσ neers: J. Boardman, Atheιian Red Fßgιιτε ν α òòò: the Arclnic Perid (-ο η dο π 9 Ι 75) ßlΙ . α ι ρ. 32, Ε . ß,α η gΙο ιΖ ßη Schrader (supra η . 38) 128-9, η ο . 87, ρl. 95, Laιιglotz ßη Schrader (supra η . 38) 8Ý90, η ο . 4Ι, pls. 53-6. Acr. Mus. 63l. Scfuader (supra η . 38) 34'Ι-52, η ο . 6ιΙ 4, ρl. l88. Briιish Museum Β 222,Pryce (supra η . 37) 88, fig. l39 and British Museum Β 223,Ρτ γ ò.ò,88, fig. l40, Schuchhardt ßη Schrader (supra η . 38) 304-5, π ο .424, ρl. l75, E.g. Α ò ιιß black-figure hydria, Paris, I-ouvre F 300, Beazley, Α Β ν 360,4; Bothmer (supra η , 32) 68, η ο . 3Ισ , LIMC Ι s.v. Amamnes ηο, 49. For HeraHes and Amazons see 7Ι-3 (Boardman); for Herakles Herakles, ρρ. 4 Ι Τ 54. UMC ν (Ι990) s.v. and Athena: ibid., ρρ, 48 West pediment of ιhε teιnple of Α ρο οΙ Daphnephoros at Eretria, Eretria Museum. Ε . Τ ο υ λ ο ýπ α , Τ α ε ν α Ýα τ ι το υ ν α ο ý το υ γ λ υ π τÜ Δα φ ν η Þüρο υ Α π üλ λ ω ν ο ò 9 Ι 83) pls. 8; 59. Qω Üν ν α ιν 49 50 Snodgrass (supra η . 33) 53. Supra η , 35. 5ι Herfon-Koch (supra η . 3Ι) 9-t0; Ρßρßß Ι (supra η . 2) 84. Ο η ιtε οΙ η ßαιι camections ofl2conia see also J. D< ßßg, "'Ε λ ε υ θ ßα", herepp.145-5l; Β ,. Lα /lσ τι α Fr ifu r bc hbclv Β ianwzerscfr ε Ζ ιΙ (Niimberg | 9Þ) Φ ;95ι Α . Λ ε µ π Ýση , Ο ι σ τη λ εò το υ 9 Ι 76) 0 Ι 4 η . 586. ψ ιη Ü (Α θ Þν α Paus. 3.12.10. Paus. 3.18.9-Ι9.5. Herfoιt-Koch (supra η . 34) 0 Ι ; Ρßρßß Ι (supra η . Ι s.V. Amazones η ο . 244, Η ßρροòhò, ιιη bell-kτ ater, Ferara, Museo Nazionale di Spina Τ 4Ι1, Bothmer, 9 Ι 8, η ο . l32, ρl. 83,7; Beadey, ARV 1Φ 9,2Ιß Addendt2 3| 7; UMCI s.v. Amazones η ο . (supra Museum 3477, Boardmaιr, 0,ο 46 m. 26 Museum 9 Ι 59, Boardman , fig. 239 Π orerι Athens Natiorιal ι. 52 53 2) 8| -2: Α . Fausω feπ i, 54 55 "The Thrale of Α ρο οΙ at Amyklai: iιs Significance and Chronology'', here ρ,ρ.159{ 6. See also ρ. 269. Jeffery (supra η . 2η m Ι @φ hß); ead., "The Inscribej Gravestones of Archaic Α π ßòα ", Β ,§Α 57 (Ι962) 5 Ι l. C. Bliimel, Α η ιßΚι Kuη styverlcz Ι 53) 3 Ι -Ι5, @erlin 9 ηο. 7; Η . zunιfriýgriechischeπ (Berlin 9 Lijryveιιbild Ι 65) Herfoπ -Koch (supra η .34) 3 Ι 0, KS 20. Gabelmaτ m,,Stιdle π 56 8 Ι , η ο .92; Δε λ η β ο ρριÜs 57 58 (supra η .l3) 4 Cf. ,Ι aτgloιz ι Ι 2, ρΙ,5Ι,2; Boardmaιι (supra η .3) fig,l24. Acropolis Museum 338. Parian maýle. Restored shield diameter, (supra η . 9), 0.185 m. Schuchhardt ßη Schrader (supra η . 38) 335, η ο . 457, figs. 393-4. Incoπ ecιly ß α bυ ιιτ dιε ιο ýe sπ iding fragment Acropolis Museum 159: her bare legs suggest Nike. See also J. Floren, Sιιιdßεη zur Typologk des Gorgonε ion (Miinsιer | 9¹ ) 6| , ρ| . 6,4. 59 Sιaaýche Anιikensammlungeπ 262β , Beazley, AR| P | 6,Ι7; Α ddειdαι 2 5 Ι 3; Π oren (supra η . 58) ρ1.9,3; LIMC Ν (Ι988) s.v. 60 6ι 62 Gorgo, Gorgones η ο . l73 (. Κ τ α υ sΚ ο ρÞ. Arhena, Delos Museum 4| 97.Island maýle. J. MarcadÝ, "Noιes ^ sur trois sculpιures archaiques lÝcemment recon§tituÝs λ DÝlos" BCH 14 (Ι950) 8 Ι -Ι 93, ρl. 32; Ph. Bruneau and J. Dυ òα ι, Gιι2 de DÝοΙ j Ι 83) 634, f:ιg. 4Ο . @aris 9 MarcadÝ (supra η . 60) fig, 8. Delos Museum Α 2932, MarcadÝ (supra η . 60) lS9-90, fig. 7. The left arm wiιh shield-band Delos 6670, fig. 6a-b does η ο ι belong to τ his sτ α ιυ ε : 63 BcH º 6'(| 952)278. Delphi Museum. Head: ßην. η ο , 4339. Shield: ßην. η ο .5739+ 42-62. Several oιher fragments. Parian maýle. Thickness of arm, 0.50 m. Thickness of shield varies from 0.03 ιο 0.06 m. Heighι of eye, 0.055 m. Height of gorgoneion ear, 0.Φ m. J. MarcadÝ, "Sculpιures inÝdiιes de Marmaria @elphes)", BCH'19 (Ι955) 379-.406; Α .ικ Κ þ σ τ ο γ λ ο υ -Δε σ π ο ßνη, Π ρο β λ Þµ α τ α τη ò gorgoneiσ rι π α ρια ν Þò π λ α σ κ τÞò ι το υ 5ο υ α ιþ ν α π .Χ . (Θ ε σ σ α λ ο ν ßκη 9 Ι 79) 54; 74; Walter-Karydi (supra π . 2) rl.Π ; Guide de Delphes: musÝe φ alis 199Ι) 37, fig. 4. Ie Αη 64 So MarcadÝ (supra η . 63), ω 0, fig. 2Ι (òο ßη), folloιyed by J. -F. Bommelaer, Gυ ßdò dò DòΙρhòò: εΙ òτ 7ε β aris 199Ι) 5S. Coura,P. Themeliε ,'Neues ýber die Giebelskulpturen des Aιhenatempels Ι ßη Delphi' ßη Η . Kyrideis, 65 Atlvna Promachos from griòchiòchò ΡΙα òτ ßκΙ Κ ι3σ τ ο γ λ ο υ -Δε σ π ο ßνη Τ òιιφ òΙΗ υ òß ιιΙ ß Ι gιιιτ α (Μ υ η ßòh (Μ α ßηΖ ed,, Arclιabche Ι 0 η, 9 Ι 86) 6 (supra Ζ4 Ι ιη d and 6 Ι 2 η, η . 63) 63:Π ; D. Ο | γΙ , 1977)| ω | 7,fτ g.7. Sparta |º5 the Acropolis of 66 frieze of Compare the galbled inscription ο η the shield of ýe η ο ιÜι Ι 2 η . l; .l03, ιhe Siphnian ιreasury α ι Delphi. Jdfery (supra η . 2¼ 0 η ο . 9; 437, η ο . 9. Supra η . 48. 36.18. Ν . Lε ßρε η ,Α ιhεια ι 44ß38 B.C. Pausanias 1.24.5; ΡΙßηγflßν Hassisclv 67 68 55. Α ε gß ,ιια (Ιο τ α ιω Ι :ιιε ιΙ 9 Ι 7Ι) ; J.Boaι,dmaι, Greek Scυ ρ ll0-12,figs.97-110. ClassicalPerioÜ (Laιdon φΙ )Ι Ρα τ h Ι sιο ε ι tlv